22 Questions
Which of the following laboratory tests can help diagnose hypochromic anemia and indicate bleeding?
CBC
The liver has a dual blood supply from the hepatic artery and the aorta.
False
What is the function of the liver in removing bilirubin?
The liver removes, conjugates, and secretes bilirubin into the bile.
The liver produces approximately _______ mL of bile daily.
600 to 1200
Match the following liver functions with their descriptions:
Carbohydrate metabolism = Glycogenesis, glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis Protein synthesis = Production of albumin and coagulation factors Bile production = Production of bile salts for digestion and absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins
What is the primary function of the portal vein?
To carry blood from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver
The liver is responsible for the metabolism of ammonia.
True
What is the name of the functional units of the liver?
Lobules
What is one of the functions of the liver mentioned in the content?
Excretion of bilirubin
Liver failure can occur suddenly due to massive hepatic destruction.
True
What is the term for a decrease in bile flow through the intrahepatic bile ducts?
Cholestasis
What percentage of hepatic functional capacity must be lost before hepatic failure occurs?
80%
Cirrhosis represents the end stage of chronic liver disease, characterized by the replacement of normally functioning liver tissue by ________________ tissue.
fibrous
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Cholestasis = Decrease in bile flow through the intrahepatic bile ducts Hepatic Encephalopathy = Central nervous system manifestations of liver failure Cirrhosis = End stage of chronic liver disease characterized by fibrous tissue replacement
Jaundice occurs when bilirubin accumulates in the blood due to excessive red blood cell destruction.
True
What is the term for the central nervous system manifestations of liver failure, characterized by neural disturbances ranging from a lack of mental alertness to coma and convulsions?
Hepatic Encephalopathy
What is gastritis?
Inflammation of the gastric mucosa
Chronic gastritis is characterized by the presence of grossly visible erosions.
False
What are some factors that may contribute to the development of chronic gastritis?
Chronic alcohol abuse, cigarette smoking, and chronic use of NSAIDs
Acute gastritis is most commonly associated with local irritants such as _______________________.
Bacterial endotoxins, Caffeine, Alcohol, and Aspirin
What is a possible outcome of chronic gastritis?
Dysplastic changes and possible carcinoma
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Acute Gastritis = Transient inflammation of the gastric mucosa Chronic Gastritis = Characterized by chronic inflammatory changes and atrophy of the glandular epithelium
Study Notes
The Hepatobiliary System
- The hepatobiliary system consists of the liver, gallbladder, and bile ducts.
- The liver has a dual blood supply, receiving blood from the hepatic artery and the portal vein.
- The lobules are the functional units of the liver.
- The portal circulation carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract, spleen, and pancreas to the liver before returning to the heart.
Functions of the Liver
- Metabolic functions include: • Carbohydrate metabolism (glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis) • Conversion of ammonia to urea • Metabolism of drugs and hormones (steroids)
- The liver removes, conjugates, and secretes bilirubin into bile.
- The liver is responsible for protein synthesis, including the production of albumin and coagulation factors.
- The liver produces approximately 600-1200 mL of bile daily, which contains bile salts essential for digestion and absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.
Gastritis
- Gastritis is inflammation of the gastric mucosa, which can be acute or chronic.
- Acute gastritis is a transient inflammation associated with local irritants such as bacterial endotoxins, caffeine, alcohol, and aspirin.
- Chronic gastritis is characterized by the absence of grossly visible erosions, chronic inflammatory changes, and atrophy of the glandular epithelium of the stomach.
Cholestasis
- Cholestasis is a decrease in bile flow through the intrahepatic bile ducts, leading to destructive liver changes and an accumulation of bile components in the blood.
- Jaundice occurs when bilirubin accumulates in the blood due to excessive red blood cell destruction, failure of the liver to remove and conjugate bilirubin, or obstructed biliary flow.
Liver Failure
- Liver failure can result from sudden and massive hepatic destruction or progressive damage to the liver.
- At least 80-90% of hepatic functional capacity must be lost before hepatic failure occurs.
- Causes of liver failure include fulminant hepatitis, alcoholic cirrhosis, and cancer liver or extensive metastasis.
Hepatic Encephalopathy
- Hepatic encephalopathy refers to central nervous system manifestations of liver failure.
- It is characterized by neural disturbances ranging from a lack of mental alertness to confusion, coma, and convulsions.
- A very early sign of hepatic encephalopathy is a flapping tremor.
- It is due to the accumulation of neurotoxins (ammonia) in the blood because the liver has lost its detoxifying capacity.
This quiz covers the functions of the liver, including its role in excretion, and the concept of cholestasis, its effects on the liver, and its relationship to jaundice.
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