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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the liver?
What is the primary function of the liver?
Which virus is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route?
Which virus is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route?
What is the result of chronic hepatitis infection?
What is the result of chronic hepatitis infection?
Which of the following is NOT a cause of hepatitis?
Which of the following is NOT a cause of hepatitis?
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What is the functional unit of the liver?
What is the functional unit of the liver?
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What is one of the primary prevention methods against Hepatitis A?
What is one of the primary prevention methods against Hepatitis A?
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Which organ is responsible for detoxifying substances in the blood?
Which organ is responsible for detoxifying substances in the blood?
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What is a common characteristic of acute liver infection?
What is a common characteristic of acute liver infection?
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What condition develops due to blood backing up in the portal vein?
What condition develops due to blood backing up in the portal vein?
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Which complication is caused by splenomegaly?
Which complication is caused by splenomegaly?
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What is the primary risk associated with esophageal varices?
What is the primary risk associated with esophageal varices?
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Which symptom is indicative of hepatic encephalopathy?
Which symptom is indicative of hepatic encephalopathy?
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Which medication is commonly used to manage portal hypertension?
Which medication is commonly used to manage portal hypertension?
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What is a primary cause of ascites formation in patients with liver disease?
What is a primary cause of ascites formation in patients with liver disease?
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Which of the following is a common treatment option for ascites?
Which of the following is a common treatment option for ascites?
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What neurotoxic substance accumulates in hepatic encephalopathy due to liver dysfunction?
What neurotoxic substance accumulates in hepatic encephalopathy due to liver dysfunction?
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What is a characteristic feature of cirrhosis?
What is a characteristic feature of cirrhosis?
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Which of the following is a common cause of cirrhosis?
Which of the following is a common cause of cirrhosis?
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What is an early clinical manifestation of cirrhosis?
What is an early clinical manifestation of cirrhosis?
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Which symptom is typically associated with late-stage cirrhosis?
Which symptom is typically associated with late-stage cirrhosis?
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Which laboratory test is commonly used to evaluate liver function in cirrhosis?
Which laboratory test is commonly used to evaluate liver function in cirrhosis?
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What does 'Caput Medusae' refer to in the context of cirrhosis?
What does 'Caput Medusae' refer to in the context of cirrhosis?
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Which of the following is NOT a potential complication of advanced cirrhosis?
Which of the following is NOT a potential complication of advanced cirrhosis?
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What is portal hypertension?
What is portal hypertension?
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What does an IgM antibody indicate in the context of hepatitis?
What does an IgM antibody indicate in the context of hepatitis?
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Which nutritional vitamins are recommended for someone with hepatitis?
Which nutritional vitamins are recommended for someone with hepatitis?
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What does the HCV RNA quantitative test measure?
What does the HCV RNA quantitative test measure?
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Which of the following is a potential side effect of interferon therapy?
Which of the following is a potential side effect of interferon therapy?
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What type of drug therapy involves reducing viral load and decreasing liver damage?
What type of drug therapy involves reducing viral load and decreasing liver damage?
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What is the primary focus of nursing care for patients with acute or chronic hepatitis?
What is the primary focus of nursing care for patients with acute or chronic hepatitis?
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Which of the following should be avoided in nursing care for hepatitis patients?
Which of the following should be avoided in nursing care for hepatitis patients?
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What is the purpose of the HBV DNA quantitative test?
What is the purpose of the HBV DNA quantitative test?
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What is a significant risk factor for developing chronic disease from a hepatitis B virus infection?
What is a significant risk factor for developing chronic disease from a hepatitis B virus infection?
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Which of the following is a common mode of transmission for hepatitis C virus?
Which of the following is a common mode of transmission for hepatitis C virus?
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What percentage of people with acute hepatitis C develop chronic disease?
What percentage of people with acute hepatitis C develop chronic disease?
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What does the Acute Hepatitis Panel primarily detect?
What does the Acute Hepatitis Panel primarily detect?
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Which liver function test enzyme has normal values ranging from 7-55 IU/L?
Which liver function test enzyme has normal values ranging from 7-55 IU/L?
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Which symptom is NOT typically associated with hepatitis infection?
Which symptom is NOT typically associated with hepatitis infection?
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What is the diagnostic procedure used to assess fibrosis or cirrhosis in the liver?
What is the diagnostic procedure used to assess fibrosis or cirrhosis in the liver?
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Which lab test measures the time for blood clotting and is a protein made in the liver?
Which lab test measures the time for blood clotting and is a protein made in the liver?
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What is the recommended diet for a patient with cirrhosis?
What is the recommended diet for a patient with cirrhosis?
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Which medication is commonly prescribed to manage symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy?
Which medication is commonly prescribed to manage symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy?
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What is a complication that may arise during the treatment of cirrhosis?
What is a complication that may arise during the treatment of cirrhosis?
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Which of the following should be avoided by a patient with cirrhosis?
Which of the following should be avoided by a patient with cirrhosis?
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What characterizes hepatocellular carcinoma?
What characterizes hepatocellular carcinoma?
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What is advised for the management of fluid balance in cirrhosis?
What is advised for the management of fluid balance in cirrhosis?
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Which treatment is appropriate for ascites in cirrhosis patients?
Which treatment is appropriate for ascites in cirrhosis patients?
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What is a common sign of hepatic encephalopathy?
What is a common sign of hepatic encephalopathy?
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Study Notes
Liver Disease Overview
- Liver is the largest internal organ, located in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen.
- It has four lobes and its functional unit is the lobule.
- Blood circulates to the liver from the stomach, intestines, spleen, and pancreas.
- The liver is responsible for metabolism, storage, detoxification, bile production, and synthesizes proteins.
Hepatitis
- Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver.
- Causes include viral (A, B, C, D, E), drugs, chemicals, and autoimmune diseases.
- Hepatitis can be acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term).
- Acute inflammation may lead to liver failure, but liver tissue can usually regenerate after resolution.
- Chronic hepatitis can lead to fibrosis and cirrhosis which are irreversible.
Hepatitis A Virus (HAV)
- HAV is transmitted through the fecal-oral route.
- HAV can be contracted through contaminated food or water, poor hygiene, and improper food handling.
- Oral sex can also transmit the virus if fecal material is present.
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
- HBV is transmitted through blood and bodily fluids.
- HBV infections in children often lead to chronic disease.
- It is often spread percutaneously (through IV use, needle-sticks).
- Exposure to infectious blood, blood products, and bodily fluids (semen, vaginal fluids, saliva) can also spread the virus.
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)
- HCV can lead to chronic disease in 85% of affected individuals.
- It's a leading cause of hepatocellular carcinoma.
- HCV is spread through blood and bodily fluids.
- Injection drug use, high-risk sexual behavior, and occupational exposure (tattoos/medical procedures) are common transmission routes.
Diagnostic Studies (Liver)
- Liver function tests (LFTs): Measure liver enzymes (ALT, AST, GGT) and proteins (albumin, bilirubin).
- Hepatitis panel: Screens for specific viral hepatitis antibodies and antigens.
- Genotype testing: Is used to determine the type of HBV and HCV viruses present.
- Liver biopsy: Examines liver tissue for inflammation or fibrosis (scarring).
- Ultrasound, CT, or MRI: Visualize the liver's structure and detect abnormalities.
Clinical Manifestations: Hepatitis
- Common symptoms include fatigue, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, abdominal pain, jaundice, dark urine, and light-colored stools.
Nursing Care for Patients with Hepatitis
- Encourage a balanced diet, including vitamins A, D, E, and K.
- Rest periods are necessary.
- Avoid or limit alcohol consumption and medications that cause liver damage.
- Monitor skin condition and notify the healthcare provider if necessary.
- Notify healthcare providers of any potential risk of contact or transmission to others.
Drug Therapy for Chronic Hepatitis
- Interferon injections (PEG-interferon): Can lead to flu-like symptoms.
- Oral antiviral drugs (e.g., nucleoside and nucleotide analogs): Reduce viral load and prevent liver damage.
Portal Hypertension
- Increased pressure in the portal vein causes blood to back up, leading to collateral circulation and leaks into the peritoneum.
- Complications include splenomegaly, ascites, and esophageal varices.
- Diagnosis relies on symptoms as well as diagnostics.
Complications of Hepatitis
- Can lead to acute liver failure (fulminant hepatitis).
- Can lead to hepatic encephalopathy (brain dysfunction from ammonia).
- Chronic hepatitis can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer.
Cirrhosis
- Is a progressive liver disease that involves scar tissue replacing healthy liver tissue, which leads to irregular shaped and sized lobules.
- Common causes include chronic hepatitis C, alcohol abuse, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD/NASH).
Clinical Manifestations of Cirrhosis
- Early (compensated) cirrhosis is often asymptomatic.
- Late (decompensated) cirrhosis is characterized by symptoms such as ascites, varices, hepatic encephalopathy, and coagulopathy.
- Other symptoms include jaundice, esophageal varices, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, hemorrhoids, changes in neurological status (e.g., confusion), spider angiomas, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and coagulation disorders.
Diagnostic Studies for Cirrhosis
- Liver function tests (LFTs)
- Complete blood count (CBC)
- Prothrombin time/international normalized ratio (PT/INR)
- Ammonia level, Ultrasound, and Liver Biopsy
Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC)
- HCC is a type of liver cancer that often develops in the context of chronic liver disease.
- Similar symptoms to cirrhosis including abdominal pain, abdominal mass, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, anorexia, and jaundice etc.
Diagnostic Studies for HCC
- Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a tumor marker.
- Ultrasound, CT, or MRI
- Liver biopsy
Nursing care for cirrhosis:
- Supportive care, Pain management, medication administration , and education.
- Referral to community or home health nurse is often recommended.
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Description
This quiz explores key concepts related to liver disease, including its anatomy, functions, and the various forms of hepatitis. Understand the differences between acute and chronic hepatitis, and learn about the causes and transmission routes of Hepatitis A. Test your knowledge on liver health and disease prevention.
