Hepatitis: Causes and Types Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following hepatitis viruses is caused by a DNA virus that infects hepatocytes?

  • Hepatitis B (correct)
  • Hepatitis A
  • Hepatitis C
  • Hepatitis E

    • What is the primary mechanism believed to cause liver damage in Hepatitis A infections?

  • Direct cytopathic effect of the virus
  • Cellular immunity (correct)
  • Viral mutation
  • Bacterial co-infection

    • What is a significant characteristic of Hepatitis C virus infections?

  • It has a high rate of complete virus clearance.
  • It is a DNA virus causing cytopathic effects directly on liver cells.
  • It consists of at least 6 distinct genotypes with no cross protection. (correct)
  • It requires Hepatitis B surface antigen for propagation.

    • Which hepatitis virus is known to be an incomplete viral particle that depends on another virus for its propagation?

    <p>Hepatitis D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following proteins is expressed by Hepatitis B virus that triggers a cellular immune response?

    <p>Hepatitis B surface antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appropriate action for treating acute Hepatitis E infection?

    <p>Supportive therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about Hepatitis C's laboratory diagnosis is true?

    <p>Hepatitis C antibody remains positive even if the infection is cleared.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of Hepatitis B prevention, what is the primary purpose of passive immunization?

    <p>To provide post-exposure prophylaxis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the target outcome of treatment for chronic Hepatitis C infection?

    <p>Sustained virological response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant component of the vaccination strategy for Hepatitis A?

    <p>Inactivated virus vaccine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which risk group should receive pre-exposure vaccination for Hepatitis B?

    <p>Healthcare staff and high-risk individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For effective management of chronic Hepatitis E infection in transplant patients, what is a common approach?

    <p>Reduce immunosuppression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended follow-up for individuals treated for chronic Hepatitis B?

    <p>Regular liver cancer monitoring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be avoided to prevent the spread of Hepatitis C?

    <p>Sharing personal hygiene items.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the prevention measures for Hepatitis A?

    <p>Combination of hygiene, sanitation, and vaccination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for Hepatitis A?

    <p>Person-to-person via faecal-oral route</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the incubation period for Hepatitis E?

    <p>30-40 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What laboratory finding indicates the presence of replicating Hepatitis B virus?

    <p>Positive HBeAg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is commonly seen during the prodromal phase of viral hepatitis?

    <p>Fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which demographic are high levels of Hepatitis A antibodies most commonly found?

    <p>Children in developing countries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hepatitis virus is known to be vaccine preventable?

    <p>Hepatitis A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is at higher risk of Hepatitis B infection transmission?

    <p>Sexual partners of infected individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common epidemiological characteristic of Hepatitis E?

    <p>High prevalence in developing countries due to water contamination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hepatitis virus is most closely associated with undercooked pork and shellfish?

    <p>Hepatitis E</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a positive Anti-HBs indicate?

    <p>Resolved infection or vaccination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the acute phase of hepatitis B infection, which marker would first appear?

    <p>Anti-HBc IgM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable complication associated with chronic hepatitis B infection?

    <p>Increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes dark urine in patients with viral hepatitis?

    <p>Elevated bilirubin levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which serological marker is indicative of a current hepatitis B infection?

    <p>HBsAg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what scenario is a Hepatitis B patient considered most infectious?

    <p>When HBeAg is positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following viruses is NOT cytopathic and is believed to cause liver damage through cellular immunity?

    <p>Hepatitis A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an RNA virus and belongs to the enterovirus family (picornavirus)?

    <p>Hepatitis A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Hepatitis B virus cause liver damage?

    <p>By triggering an immune response after expressing viral proteins on hepatocyte surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hepatitis viruses is DNA-based?

    <p>Hepatitis B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following viruses is associated with outbreaks in regions of Africa and South America?

    <p>Yellow Fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hepatitis E is an RNA virus with how many genotypes?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for Hepatitis A?

    <p>Fecal-oral route</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following viruses is associated with an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer)?

    <p>Hepatitis B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary immune mechanism responsible for liver damage in Hepatitis B infection?

    <p>Cellular immune response to viral antigens on hepatocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hepatitis E is primarily associated with which of the following epidemiological patterns?

    <p>Waterborne outbreaks in developing countries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hepatitis viruses is more likely to cause chronic infection and long-term liver damage, such as cirrhosis?

    <p>Hepatitis B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) contains the viral DNA and is infectious?

    <p>Dane particle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hepatitis virus is primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route and has a 30-day incubation period?

    <p>Hepatitis A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary route of transmission for Hepatitis E genotypes 1 and 2?

    <p>Fecally contaminated water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hepatitis virus has a high prevalence among men who have sex with men (MSM), particularly in developed countries?

    <p>Hepatitis A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the incubation period of Hepatitis E following exposure?

    <p>30-40 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the composition of Hepatitis B virus filaments and spheres?

    <p>They contain HBsAg but lack viral DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genotype of Hepatitis E virus is dominant in Europe and is primarily transmitted through undercooked pork and shellfish?

    <p>Genotype 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C? a) Both Hepatitis B and C are vaccine-preventable. b) Hepatitis B has a vaccine, while Hepatitis C does not. c) Both Hepatitis B and C have available vaccines. d) Neither Hepatitis B nor C has a vaccine.

    <p>Hepatitis B has a vaccine, while Hepatitis C does not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average incubation period for Hepatitis C?

    <p>1-6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common transmission route for Hepatitis B?

    <p>Fecal-oral route</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the incubation period range for Hepatitis B infection?

    <p>1-6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following populations is most likely to experience acute Hepatitis B infection?

    <p>Infants and young children in high prevalence areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the transmission routes for Hepatitis C?

    <p>Parenteral routes, including sharing needles and equipment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is NOT a known risk factor for Hepatitis B transmission?

    <p>Sharing food with an infected person</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common prodromal symptom of viral hepatitis?

    <p>Fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What laboratory finding is typically elevated in patients with viral hepatitis?

    <p>Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is most indicative of increased bilirubin levels in hepatitis?

    <p>Jaundice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hepatitis virus infection is most likely to cause fulminant hepatic failure?

    <p>Hepatitis E</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical clinical course of Hepatitis A infection?

    <p>Generally resolves without chronicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which patient population is chronic Hepatitis E more likely to occur?

    <p>Immunosuppressed patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of acute Hepatitis B infections resolve completely?

    <p>90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most concerning complication of acute Hepatitis B infection?

    <p>Fulminant hepatic failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mortality rate associated with fulminant Hepatitis E in pregnant women infected with Genotype 1?

    <p>20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor increases the risk of symptomatic infection in Hepatitis A?

    <p>Age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of children with acute Hepatitis A will typically present with symptoms?

    <p>10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likelihood of developing chronic infection after Hepatitis B infection if contracted as an infant?

    <p>90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of chronic Hepatitis B infection?

    <p>Presence of HBsAg for more than 6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential complication of chronic Hepatitis B infection?

    <p>Cirrhosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding Hepatitis D?

    <p>It increases the risk of cirrhosis when superinfecting a chronic Hepatitis B carrier.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of patients with chronic Hepatitis B may experience extrahepatic manifestations?

    <p>10-20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which geographic regions is Hepatitis E most commonly transmitted via contaminated water?

    <p>Developing countries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the incubation period for Hepatitis B?

    <p>1-6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is most commonly associated with the acute phase of Hepatitis?

    <p>Dark urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of patients with acute Hepatitis C develop chronic infection?

    <p>70-85%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a typical complication of chronic Hepatitis C infection?

    <p>Myocarditis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the common extrahepatic manifestations of chronic Hepatitis C infection?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following increases the risk of progression to cirrhosis in chronic Hepatitis C infection?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms are associated with chronic Hepatitis C infection? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Both A and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a risk factor for developing chronic liver disease in a patient with Hepatitis C?

    <p>Alcohol abuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the clinical course of Hepatitis C infection? a) Most patients with acute Hepatitis C present with jaundice. b) Most patients with acute Hepatitis C are asymptomatic. c) Fulminant hepatitis is common in acute Hepatitis C. d) Chronic Hepatitis C never causes liver cancer.

    <p>Most patients with acute Hepatitis C are asymptomatic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genotypes of Hepatitis E are predominantly found in developing countries and transmitted through faecally-contaminated water?
    a) 1 and 2
    b) 3 and 4
    c) 2 and 3
    d) 4 and 5

    <p>1 and 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common method of transmission for genotype 3 Hepatitis E in Europe?

    <p>Infected shellfish or undercooked pork</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common cause of Hepatitis E outbreaks in areas with poor sanitation?

    <p>Faecally-contaminated water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following practices is a significant risk factor for the transmission of Hepatitis B and C?

    <p>Sharing personal care items like toothbrushes or razors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hepatitis B and C can be transmitted through all the following EXCEPT:

    <p>Casual physical contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a common mode of transmission for both Hepatitis B and C among drug users?

    <p>Sharing injection equipment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an acute Hepatitis A infection, which of the following markers would be positive?

    <p>Both A and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is positive in someone who has had a past infection of Hepatitis A?

    <p>anti-Hepatitis A virus IgG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an acute Hepatitis E infection, which of the following markers would be present?

    <p>Both A and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which marker is detected in the blood and stool of a patient with acute Hepatitis E infection?

    <p>Both B and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true during the prodromal phase of a Hepatitis E infection?

    <p>RNA can be detected in stool and blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the first serological marker to appear in an acute Hepatitis B infection?

    <p>HBsAg (Hepatitis B surface antigen)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the presence of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) indicate?

    <p>Acute or chronic Hepatitis B infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which marker indicates recovery and immunity from Hepatitis B infection?

    <p>Anti-HBs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the detection of Anti-HBc IgM suggest?

    <p>Recent acute Hepatitis B infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following markers is typically found in chronic Hepatitis B infection but indicates a lower level of infectivity?

    <p>Anti-HBe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which marker is used to detect active viral replication in Hepatitis B infection?

    <p>HBV DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the first serological marker to appear in an acute Hepatitis B infection?

    <p>HBsAg (Hepatitis B surface antigen)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which marker indicates recovery and immunity from Hepatitis B infection?

    <p>Anti-HBs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the detection of Anti-HBc IgM suggest?

    <p>Recent acute Hepatitis B infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the presence of Hepatitis B core antibody (Anti-HBc) suggest?

    <p>Current or past infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Hepatitis B antibody remains positive for life after an infection?

    <p>Anti-HBc IgG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does patient A have based on the serology results provided? Serology results: HBsAg (surface antigen): Positive Hep BeAg (e antigen): Positive Hep Be Ab (e antibody): Negative Anti Hep B core IgM: Positive Anti Hep B core total (IgG): Negative Anti HBs (surface antibody): Negative

    <p>Acute Hepatitis B infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the serology results provided, what does the patient have? HBsAg (surface antigen): Positive Hep BeAg (e antigen): Negative Hep Be Ab (e antibody): Positive Anti Hep B core IgM: Negative Anti Hep B core total (IgG): Positive Anti HBs (surface antibody): Negative

    <p>Chronic Hepatitis B with low infectivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Patient C have based on the provided serology results? Serology results: HBsAg (surface antigen): Negative Hep BeAg (e antigen): Negative Hep Be Ab (e antibody): Positive Anti Hep B core total (IgG): Positive Anti HBs (surface antibody): Positive

    <p>Resolved past Hepatitis B infection with immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which serological marker indicates a current Hepatitis B infection (acute or chronic)?

    <p>HBsAg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a marker that indicates a current acute or chronic Hepatitis C infection?

    <p>HCV antigen (HCV ag)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario will a patient be positive for Anti-HCV but negative for both HCV antigen and HCV RNA?

    <p>Infection has been cleared (non-infectious)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laboratory marker can differentiate between active and resolved Hepatitis C infection?

    <p>HCV RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a patient with a chronic Hepatitis C infection, which serological markers would be positive?

    <p>Anti-HCV, HCV Ag, HCV RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient tests positive for Anti-HCV and negative for HCV antigen and HCV RNA. What does this most likely indicate?

    <p>Cleared Hepatitis C infection (non-infectious)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which marker appears first following exposure to Hepatitis C, typically within 2-6 months?

    <p>Anti-HCV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is used as post-exposure prophylaxis for Hepatitis A? A) Hepatitis A vaccine B) Passive immunization (immunoglobulin) C) Direct-acting antivirals D) Hepatitis A vaccine and passive immunization

    <p>Hepatitis A vaccine and passive immunization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of people should receive the Hepatitis A vaccine as pre-exposure prophylaxis?

    <p>Travellers to endemic countries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of chronic Hepatitis B treatment?

    <p>Reducing Hepatitis B DNA to undetectable levels and seroconversion of HBeAg to HBeAb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the aim of Hepatitis C treatment in chronic infection?

    <p>To achieve a sustained virological response (no detectable RNA at end of therapy and beyond 12 weeks)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who should receive passive immunization (immunoglobulin) as post-exposure prophylaxis for Hepatitis B?

    <p>Healthcare workers after needlestick injury if not vaccinated or with inadequate antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about Hepatitis E infection management? (Select one)

    <p>Chronic infections in transplant patients may be managed by reducing immunosuppression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended minimum level of Anti-HBs antibodies after receiving the Hepatitis B vaccine to ensure protection?

    <blockquote> <p>10 IU/ml</p> </blockquote> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is used as post-exposure prophylaxis for Hepatitis A if the vaccine is not administered?

    <p>Passive immunization (Immunoglobulin)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Within how many weeks after exposure should immunoglobulin be administered for Hepatitis A post-exposure prophylaxis?

    <p>2 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of treatment has a cure rate of over 95% for Hepatitis C?

    <p>Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Patients with chronic Hepatitis C are also recommended to receive vaccines against which of the following?

    <p>Hepatitis A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following groups is recommended for pre-exposure Hepatitis A vaccination? (Select one)

    <p>Workers exposed to raw untreated sewage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of antiviral therapy in managing chronic Hepatitis B?

    <p>Reducing Hepatitis B DNA below detectable levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the goal of pre-exposure prophylaxis for Hepatitis B?

    <p>Develop antibodies to Hepatitis B surface antigen (Anti-HBs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hepatitis - Causes

    • Inflammation of the liver
    • Infectious:
      • Viral: Hepatitis A, B, C, D (with B), E, Cytomegalovirus, Epstein Barr virus, Rubella, Yellow fever
      • Bacterial
      • Others
    • Non-infectious:
      • Drugs, Alcohol, Vascular, Autoimmune, Metabolic

    Hepatitis A

    • RNA virus (enteroviruses)
    • Not cytopathic
    • Cellular immunity can cause liver damage
    • Humans only
    • Virus shed in faeces
    • Transmission:
      • Faecal-oral route
      • Contaminated food and water
    • Incubation period: 30 days (15-50)
    • Infectious period: 2 weeks before - 1 week after symptoms
    • Worldwide
      • High prevalence: developing countries
      • Developed countries: travellers to endemic countries, household/sexual contacts, men who have sex with men, foodborne outbreaks

    Hepatitis E

    • RNA virus
    • 4 genotypes
    • Infects animals and humans
    • Genotypes 1 & 2: Humans, transmitted via faecally-contaminated water in developing countries
    • Genotypes 3 & 4: Humans, pigs and others, transmission:
      • Undercooked or raw meat
      • Processed pork and shellfish
      • Direct contact with animals
      • Contaminated water
    • Incubation period: 30-40 days

    Hepatitis B

    • DNA virus - infects hepatocytes
    • Expresses viral proteins on surface triggering the cellular immune response
    • 3 forms: Dane particle, Spherical form & filaments
      • Dane particle: Infectious
      • Filaments & Spheres: Contain HBsAg, but lack DNA
    • Transmission:
      • Perinatally
      • Sexually
      • Parenterally

    Hepatitis D

    • Incomplete viral particle
    • Defective RNA virus
    • Uses hepatitis B surface antigen for propagation

    Hepatitis C

    • RNA virus (flavivirus)
    • 6 genotypes
    • No cross-protection
    • Transmission:
      • Sharing equipment used by injecting drug users
      • Haemodialysis
      • Non-sterile glucometer equipment
      • Sharing personal care items
      • Needle stick injuries
      • Ear-piercing, tattooing, acupuncture

    Hepatitis B vs C

    • Hepatitis B: Vaccine-preventable
    • Hepatitis C: No vaccine
    • Incubation period:
      • Hepatitis B: 1-6 months
      • Hepatitis C: 8 weeks
    • Hepatitis B:
      • Low prevalence areas: Acute infection sporadic
      • High prevalence areas: Acute infection in infants & young children

    Clinical Presentation of Viral Hepatitis

    • Asymptomatic
    • Symptomatic:
      • Prodromal symptoms (fever, appetite loss, nausea, fatigue, RUQ abdominal pain)
      • Dark urine
      • Pale greasy stools
      • Jaundice

    Clinical Findings for Viral Hepatitis

    • Abnormal Liver Function Tests (LFTs):
      • AST 
      • ALT 
      • Bilirubin 

    Acute Infection

    • Asymptomatic in children
    • Risk increases with age and co-infection
    • Prodromal symptoms for 1-2 weeks
    • Fulminant disease unusual
    • 6 months = potential chronic infection

    Hepatitis B Markers:

    • HBsAg (Surface antigen): Positive = current infection (acute or chronic)
    • HBeAg (e antigen): Detectable when virus actively reproducing, present in acute and chronic infection
    • HBcAb (core antibody): First detectable antibody, HBcAb (IgM) = acute infection, HBcAb (IgG) = usually positive for life.
    • Anti-HBs (surface antibody): Usually the last antibody to appear, positive = usually indicates resolved infection.

    Hepatitis C Laboratory Diagnosis

    • Hepatitis C antibody (Anti-HCV): Positive at 2-6 months post-exposure, remains positive even if infection cleared
    • Hepatitis C antigen (HCV ag): Positive in acute and chronic infection
    • Hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA: Positive in acute and chronic infection

    Hepatitis A Treatment & Prevention

    • Treatment: Supportive care
    • Prevention:
      • Hygiene
      • Sanitation
      • Vaccination
      • Travel advice
    • Vaccination:
      • Inactivated vaccine
      • Post-exposure: Contacts of cases, outbreak control
      • Pre-exposure:
        • Travellers to endemic countries
        • Chronic liver disease
        • Injecting drug users
        • Men who have sex with men
        • Workers exposed to raw sewage
    • Passive Immunization (Immunoglobulin): Post-exposure prophylaxis, within 2 weeks
      • Persons aged over 60 years
      • Immunosuppressed patients
      • Those with chronic liver disease

    Hepatitis E Treatment & Prevention

    • Acute infection: Self-limiting, symptomatic treatment
    • Chronic infection (transplant patients): Reduction in immunosuppression, antivirals
    • Vaccine: developed, but only licensed in China

    Hepatitis B Treatment & Prevention

    • Acute: Supportive therapy
    • Chronic:
      • Patient education
      • Vaccination
      • Antiviral therapy
      • Monitor for liver cancer
      • Transplant (Fulminant hepatitis, end-stage chronic hepatitis)
    • Prevention:
      • Standard precautions: Safe sex, screen blood products, clean needles, hand hygiene, safe disposal of sharps
      • Passive immunization (immunoglobulin): Post-exposure prophylaxis
      • Pre-exposure prophylaxis: Vaccination

    Hepatitis C Treatment & Prevention

    • Acute: No post-exposure prophylaxis
    • Chronic:
      • Goal: Cure = sustained virological response
      • Treatment regimens: Depend on genotype, co-infections, past treatment, degree of fibrosis
      • Directly-acting antivirals: Cure rate >95%
      • Give hepatitis A & B vaccines
    • Prevention:
      • Standard precautions: Safe sex, screen blood products, clean needles, hand hygiene, safe disposal of sharps
    • No vaccine / immunoglobulin available

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    Test your knowledge on hepatitis, its causes, and the various types of viruses, including Hepatitis A and E. This quiz will cover transmission methods, epidemiology, and the impact of infectious vs. non-infectious factors on liver health. Dive into the world of liver inflammation and enhance your understanding of this critical health topic.

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