Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following hepatitis viruses is caused by a DNA virus that infects hepatocytes?
Which of the following hepatitis viruses is caused by a DNA virus that infects hepatocytes?
- Hepatitis B (correct)
- Hepatitis A
- Hepatitis C
- Hepatitis E
What is the primary mechanism believed to cause liver damage in Hepatitis A infections?
What is the primary mechanism believed to cause liver damage in Hepatitis A infections?
- Direct cytopathic effect of the virus
- Cellular immunity (correct)
- Viral mutation
- Bacterial co-infection
What is a significant characteristic of Hepatitis C virus infections?
What is a significant characteristic of Hepatitis C virus infections?
- It has a high rate of complete virus clearance.
- It is a DNA virus causing cytopathic effects directly on liver cells.
- It consists of at least 6 distinct genotypes with no cross protection. (correct)
- It requires Hepatitis B surface antigen for propagation.
Which hepatitis virus is known to be an incomplete viral particle that depends on another virus for its propagation?
Which hepatitis virus is known to be an incomplete viral particle that depends on another virus for its propagation?
Which of the following proteins is expressed by Hepatitis B virus that triggers a cellular immune response?
Which of the following proteins is expressed by Hepatitis B virus that triggers a cellular immune response?
What is the appropriate action for treating acute Hepatitis E infection?
What is the appropriate action for treating acute Hepatitis E infection?
Which of the following statements about Hepatitis C's laboratory diagnosis is true?
Which of the following statements about Hepatitis C's laboratory diagnosis is true?
In the context of Hepatitis B prevention, what is the primary purpose of passive immunization?
In the context of Hepatitis B prevention, what is the primary purpose of passive immunization?
What is the target outcome of treatment for chronic Hepatitis C infection?
What is the target outcome of treatment for chronic Hepatitis C infection?
What is a significant component of the vaccination strategy for Hepatitis A?
What is a significant component of the vaccination strategy for Hepatitis A?
Which risk group should receive pre-exposure vaccination for Hepatitis B?
Which risk group should receive pre-exposure vaccination for Hepatitis B?
For effective management of chronic Hepatitis E infection in transplant patients, what is a common approach?
For effective management of chronic Hepatitis E infection in transplant patients, what is a common approach?
What is the recommended follow-up for individuals treated for chronic Hepatitis B?
What is the recommended follow-up for individuals treated for chronic Hepatitis B?
What should be avoided to prevent the spread of Hepatitis C?
What should be avoided to prevent the spread of Hepatitis C?
Which of the following best describes the prevention measures for Hepatitis A?
Which of the following best describes the prevention measures for Hepatitis A?
What is the primary mode of transmission for Hepatitis A?
What is the primary mode of transmission for Hepatitis A?
Which of the following best describes the incubation period for Hepatitis E?
Which of the following best describes the incubation period for Hepatitis E?
What laboratory finding indicates the presence of replicating Hepatitis B virus?
What laboratory finding indicates the presence of replicating Hepatitis B virus?
Which of the following symptoms is commonly seen during the prodromal phase of viral hepatitis?
Which of the following symptoms is commonly seen during the prodromal phase of viral hepatitis?
In which demographic are high levels of Hepatitis A antibodies most commonly found?
In which demographic are high levels of Hepatitis A antibodies most commonly found?
What type of hepatitis virus is known to be vaccine preventable?
What type of hepatitis virus is known to be vaccine preventable?
Which group is at higher risk of Hepatitis B infection transmission?
Which group is at higher risk of Hepatitis B infection transmission?
What is a common epidemiological characteristic of Hepatitis E?
What is a common epidemiological characteristic of Hepatitis E?
Which hepatitis virus is most closely associated with undercooked pork and shellfish?
Which hepatitis virus is most closely associated with undercooked pork and shellfish?
What does a positive Anti-HBs indicate?
What does a positive Anti-HBs indicate?
During the acute phase of hepatitis B infection, which marker would first appear?
During the acute phase of hepatitis B infection, which marker would first appear?
What is a notable complication associated with chronic hepatitis B infection?
What is a notable complication associated with chronic hepatitis B infection?
What causes dark urine in patients with viral hepatitis?
What causes dark urine in patients with viral hepatitis?
Which serological marker is indicative of a current hepatitis B infection?
Which serological marker is indicative of a current hepatitis B infection?
In what scenario is a Hepatitis B patient considered most infectious?
In what scenario is a Hepatitis B patient considered most infectious?
Which of the following viruses is NOT cytopathic and is believed to cause liver damage through cellular immunity?
Which of the following viruses is NOT cytopathic and is believed to cause liver damage through cellular immunity?
Which of the following is an RNA virus and belongs to the enterovirus family (picornavirus)?
Which of the following is an RNA virus and belongs to the enterovirus family (picornavirus)?
How does the Hepatitis B virus cause liver damage?
How does the Hepatitis B virus cause liver damage?
Which of the following hepatitis viruses is DNA-based?
Which of the following hepatitis viruses is DNA-based?
Which of the following viruses is associated with outbreaks in regions of Africa and South America?
Which of the following viruses is associated with outbreaks in regions of Africa and South America?
Hepatitis E is an RNA virus with how many genotypes?
Hepatitis E is an RNA virus with how many genotypes?
What is the primary mode of transmission for Hepatitis A?
What is the primary mode of transmission for Hepatitis A?
Which of the following viruses is associated with an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer)?
Which of the following viruses is associated with an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer)?
What is the primary immune mechanism responsible for liver damage in Hepatitis B infection?
What is the primary immune mechanism responsible for liver damage in Hepatitis B infection?
Hepatitis E is primarily associated with which of the following epidemiological patterns?
Hepatitis E is primarily associated with which of the following epidemiological patterns?
Which of the following hepatitis viruses is more likely to cause chronic infection and long-term liver damage, such as cirrhosis?
Which of the following hepatitis viruses is more likely to cause chronic infection and long-term liver damage, such as cirrhosis?
Which of the following structures of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) contains the viral DNA and is infectious?
Which of the following structures of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) contains the viral DNA and is infectious?
Which hepatitis virus is primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route and has a 30-day incubation period?
Which hepatitis virus is primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route and has a 30-day incubation period?
What is the primary route of transmission for Hepatitis E genotypes 1 and 2?
What is the primary route of transmission for Hepatitis E genotypes 1 and 2?
Which hepatitis virus has a high prevalence among men who have sex with men (MSM), particularly in developed countries?
Which hepatitis virus has a high prevalence among men who have sex with men (MSM), particularly in developed countries?
What is the incubation period of Hepatitis E following exposure?
What is the incubation period of Hepatitis E following exposure?
Which of the following describes the composition of Hepatitis B virus filaments and spheres?
Which of the following describes the composition of Hepatitis B virus filaments and spheres?
Which genotype of Hepatitis E virus is dominant in Europe and is primarily transmitted through undercooked pork and shellfish?
Which genotype of Hepatitis E virus is dominant in Europe and is primarily transmitted through undercooked pork and shellfish?
Which of the following statements is true regarding Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C? a) Both Hepatitis B and C are vaccine-preventable. b) Hepatitis B has a vaccine, while Hepatitis C does not. c) Both Hepatitis B and C have available vaccines. d) Neither Hepatitis B nor C has a vaccine.
Which of the following statements is true regarding Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C? a) Both Hepatitis B and C are vaccine-preventable. b) Hepatitis B has a vaccine, while Hepatitis C does not. c) Both Hepatitis B and C have available vaccines. d) Neither Hepatitis B nor C has a vaccine.
What is the average incubation period for Hepatitis C?
What is the average incubation period for Hepatitis C?
Which of the following is NOT a common transmission route for Hepatitis B?
Which of the following is NOT a common transmission route for Hepatitis B?
What is the incubation period range for Hepatitis B infection?
What is the incubation period range for Hepatitis B infection?
Which of the following populations is most likely to experience acute Hepatitis B infection?
Which of the following populations is most likely to experience acute Hepatitis B infection?
Which of the following best describes the transmission routes for Hepatitis C?
Which of the following best describes the transmission routes for Hepatitis C?
Which method is NOT a known risk factor for Hepatitis B transmission?
Which method is NOT a known risk factor for Hepatitis B transmission?
Which of the following is a common prodromal symptom of viral hepatitis?
Which of the following is a common prodromal symptom of viral hepatitis?
What laboratory finding is typically elevated in patients with viral hepatitis?
What laboratory finding is typically elevated in patients with viral hepatitis?
What symptom is most indicative of increased bilirubin levels in hepatitis?
What symptom is most indicative of increased bilirubin levels in hepatitis?
Which hepatitis virus infection is most likely to cause fulminant hepatic failure?
Which hepatitis virus infection is most likely to cause fulminant hepatic failure?
What is the typical clinical course of Hepatitis A infection?
What is the typical clinical course of Hepatitis A infection?
In which patient population is chronic Hepatitis E more likely to occur?
In which patient population is chronic Hepatitis E more likely to occur?
What percentage of acute Hepatitis B infections resolve completely?
What percentage of acute Hepatitis B infections resolve completely?
What is the most concerning complication of acute Hepatitis B infection?
What is the most concerning complication of acute Hepatitis B infection?
What is the mortality rate associated with fulminant Hepatitis E in pregnant women infected with Genotype 1?
What is the mortality rate associated with fulminant Hepatitis E in pregnant women infected with Genotype 1?
What factor increases the risk of symptomatic infection in Hepatitis A?
What factor increases the risk of symptomatic infection in Hepatitis A?
What percentage of children with acute Hepatitis A will typically present with symptoms?
What percentage of children with acute Hepatitis A will typically present with symptoms?
What is the likelihood of developing chronic infection after Hepatitis B infection if contracted as an infant?
What is the likelihood of developing chronic infection after Hepatitis B infection if contracted as an infant?
What is the main characteristic of chronic Hepatitis B infection?
What is the main characteristic of chronic Hepatitis B infection?
What is a potential complication of chronic Hepatitis B infection?
What is a potential complication of chronic Hepatitis B infection?
Which of the following is true regarding Hepatitis D?
Which of the following is true regarding Hepatitis D?
What percentage of patients with chronic Hepatitis B may experience extrahepatic manifestations?
What percentage of patients with chronic Hepatitis B may experience extrahepatic manifestations?
In which geographic regions is Hepatitis E most commonly transmitted via contaminated water?
In which geographic regions is Hepatitis E most commonly transmitted via contaminated water?
What is the incubation period for Hepatitis B?
What is the incubation period for Hepatitis B?
Which symptom is most commonly associated with the acute phase of Hepatitis?
Which symptom is most commonly associated with the acute phase of Hepatitis?
What percentage of patients with acute Hepatitis C develop chronic infection?
What percentage of patients with acute Hepatitis C develop chronic infection?
Which of the following is NOT a typical complication of chronic Hepatitis C infection?
Which of the following is NOT a typical complication of chronic Hepatitis C infection?
What are the common extrahepatic manifestations of chronic Hepatitis C infection?
What are the common extrahepatic manifestations of chronic Hepatitis C infection?
Which of the following increases the risk of progression to cirrhosis in chronic Hepatitis C infection?
Which of the following increases the risk of progression to cirrhosis in chronic Hepatitis C infection?
Which of the following symptoms are associated with chronic Hepatitis C infection? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following symptoms are associated with chronic Hepatitis C infection? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following is a risk factor for developing chronic liver disease in a patient with Hepatitis C?
Which of the following is a risk factor for developing chronic liver disease in a patient with Hepatitis C?
Which of the following is true about the clinical course of Hepatitis C infection?
a) Most patients with acute Hepatitis C present with jaundice.
b) Most patients with acute Hepatitis C are asymptomatic.
c) Fulminant hepatitis is common in acute Hepatitis C.
d) Chronic Hepatitis C never causes liver cancer.
Which of the following is true about the clinical course of Hepatitis C infection? a) Most patients with acute Hepatitis C present with jaundice. b) Most patients with acute Hepatitis C are asymptomatic. c) Fulminant hepatitis is common in acute Hepatitis C. d) Chronic Hepatitis C never causes liver cancer.
Which genotypes of Hepatitis E are predominantly found in developing countries and transmitted through faecally-contaminated water?
a) 1 and 2
b) 3 and 4
c) 2 and 3
d) 4 and 5
Which genotypes of Hepatitis E are predominantly found in developing countries and transmitted through faecally-contaminated water?
a) 1 and 2
b) 3 and 4
c) 2 and 3
d) 4 and 5
Which of the following is a common method of transmission for genotype 3 Hepatitis E in Europe?
Which of the following is a common method of transmission for genotype 3 Hepatitis E in Europe?
Which of the following is a common cause of Hepatitis E outbreaks in areas with poor sanitation?
Which of the following is a common cause of Hepatitis E outbreaks in areas with poor sanitation?
Which of the following practices is a significant risk factor for the transmission of Hepatitis B and C?
Which of the following practices is a significant risk factor for the transmission of Hepatitis B and C?
Hepatitis B and C can be transmitted through all the following EXCEPT:
Hepatitis B and C can be transmitted through all the following EXCEPT:
Which is a common mode of transmission for both Hepatitis B and C among drug users?
Which is a common mode of transmission for both Hepatitis B and C among drug users?
In an acute Hepatitis A infection, which of the following markers would be positive?
In an acute Hepatitis A infection, which of the following markers would be positive?
Which of the following is positive in someone who has had a past infection of Hepatitis A?
Which of the following is positive in someone who has had a past infection of Hepatitis A?
In an acute Hepatitis E infection, which of the following markers would be present?
In an acute Hepatitis E infection, which of the following markers would be present?
Which marker is detected in the blood and stool of a patient with acute Hepatitis E infection?
Which marker is detected in the blood and stool of a patient with acute Hepatitis E infection?
Which of the following is true during the prodromal phase of a Hepatitis E infection?
Which of the following is true during the prodromal phase of a Hepatitis E infection?
Which of the following is the first serological marker to appear in an acute Hepatitis B infection?
Which of the following is the first serological marker to appear in an acute Hepatitis B infection?
What does the presence of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) indicate?
What does the presence of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) indicate?
Which marker indicates recovery and immunity from Hepatitis B infection?
Which marker indicates recovery and immunity from Hepatitis B infection?
What does the detection of Anti-HBc IgM suggest?
What does the detection of Anti-HBc IgM suggest?
Which of the following markers is typically found in chronic Hepatitis B infection but indicates a lower level of infectivity?
Which of the following markers is typically found in chronic Hepatitis B infection but indicates a lower level of infectivity?
Which marker is used to detect active viral replication in Hepatitis B infection?
Which marker is used to detect active viral replication in Hepatitis B infection?
Which of the following is the first serological marker to appear in an acute Hepatitis B infection?
Which of the following is the first serological marker to appear in an acute Hepatitis B infection?
Which marker indicates recovery and immunity from Hepatitis B infection?
Which marker indicates recovery and immunity from Hepatitis B infection?
What does the detection of Anti-HBc IgM suggest?
What does the detection of Anti-HBc IgM suggest?
What does the presence of Hepatitis B core antibody (Anti-HBc) suggest?
What does the presence of Hepatitis B core antibody (Anti-HBc) suggest?
Which Hepatitis B antibody remains positive for life after an infection?
Which Hepatitis B antibody remains positive for life after an infection?
What does patient A have based on the serology results provided?
Serology results:
HBsAg (surface antigen): Positive
Hep BeAg (e antigen): Positive
Hep Be Ab (e antibody): Negative
Anti Hep B core IgM: Positive
Anti Hep B core total (IgG): Negative
Anti HBs (surface antibody): Negative
What does patient A have based on the serology results provided? Serology results: HBsAg (surface antigen): Positive Hep BeAg (e antigen): Positive Hep Be Ab (e antibody): Negative Anti Hep B core IgM: Positive Anti Hep B core total (IgG): Negative Anti HBs (surface antibody): Negative
Based on the serology results provided, what does the patient have?
HBsAg (surface antigen): Positive
Hep BeAg (e antigen): Negative
Hep Be Ab (e antibody): Positive
Anti Hep B core IgM: Negative
Anti Hep B core total (IgG): Positive
Anti HBs (surface antibody): Negative
Based on the serology results provided, what does the patient have? HBsAg (surface antigen): Positive Hep BeAg (e antigen): Negative Hep Be Ab (e antibody): Positive Anti Hep B core IgM: Negative Anti Hep B core total (IgG): Positive Anti HBs (surface antibody): Negative
What does Patient C have based on the provided serology results?
Serology results:
HBsAg (surface antigen): Negative
Hep BeAg (e antigen): Negative
Hep Be Ab (e antibody): Positive
Anti Hep B core total (IgG): Positive
Anti HBs (surface antibody): Positive
What does Patient C have based on the provided serology results? Serology results: HBsAg (surface antigen): Negative Hep BeAg (e antigen): Negative Hep Be Ab (e antibody): Positive Anti Hep B core total (IgG): Positive Anti HBs (surface antibody): Positive
Which serological marker indicates a current Hepatitis B infection (acute or chronic)?
Which serological marker indicates a current Hepatitis B infection (acute or chronic)?
Which of the following is a marker that indicates a current acute or chronic Hepatitis C infection?
Which of the following is a marker that indicates a current acute or chronic Hepatitis C infection?
In which scenario will a patient be positive for Anti-HCV but negative for both HCV antigen and HCV RNA?
In which scenario will a patient be positive for Anti-HCV but negative for both HCV antigen and HCV RNA?
Which laboratory marker can differentiate between active and resolved Hepatitis C infection?
Which laboratory marker can differentiate between active and resolved Hepatitis C infection?
In a patient with a chronic Hepatitis C infection, which serological markers would be positive?
In a patient with a chronic Hepatitis C infection, which serological markers would be positive?
A patient tests positive for Anti-HCV and negative for HCV antigen and HCV RNA. What does this most likely indicate?
A patient tests positive for Anti-HCV and negative for HCV antigen and HCV RNA. What does this most likely indicate?
Which marker appears first following exposure to Hepatitis C, typically within 2-6 months?
Which marker appears first following exposure to Hepatitis C, typically within 2-6 months?
Which of the following is used as post-exposure prophylaxis for Hepatitis A?
A) Hepatitis A vaccine
B) Passive immunization (immunoglobulin)
C) Direct-acting antivirals
D) Hepatitis A vaccine and passive immunization
Which of the following is used as post-exposure prophylaxis for Hepatitis A? A) Hepatitis A vaccine B) Passive immunization (immunoglobulin) C) Direct-acting antivirals D) Hepatitis A vaccine and passive immunization
Which group of people should receive the Hepatitis A vaccine as pre-exposure prophylaxis?
Which group of people should receive the Hepatitis A vaccine as pre-exposure prophylaxis?
What is the goal of chronic Hepatitis B treatment?
What is the goal of chronic Hepatitis B treatment?
What is the aim of Hepatitis C treatment in chronic infection?
What is the aim of Hepatitis C treatment in chronic infection?
Who should receive passive immunization (immunoglobulin) as post-exposure prophylaxis for Hepatitis B?
Who should receive passive immunization (immunoglobulin) as post-exposure prophylaxis for Hepatitis B?
Which of the following is true about Hepatitis E infection management? (Select one)
Which of the following is true about Hepatitis E infection management? (Select one)
What is the recommended minimum level of Anti-HBs antibodies after receiving the Hepatitis B vaccine to ensure protection?
What is the recommended minimum level of Anti-HBs antibodies after receiving the Hepatitis B vaccine to ensure protection?
Which of the following is used as post-exposure prophylaxis for Hepatitis A if the vaccine is not administered?
Which of the following is used as post-exposure prophylaxis for Hepatitis A if the vaccine is not administered?
Within how many weeks after exposure should immunoglobulin be administered for Hepatitis A post-exposure prophylaxis?
Within how many weeks after exposure should immunoglobulin be administered for Hepatitis A post-exposure prophylaxis?
Which type of treatment has a cure rate of over 95% for Hepatitis C?
Which type of treatment has a cure rate of over 95% for Hepatitis C?
Patients with chronic Hepatitis C are also recommended to receive vaccines against which of the following?
Patients with chronic Hepatitis C are also recommended to receive vaccines against which of the following?
Which of the following groups is recommended for pre-exposure Hepatitis A vaccination? (Select one)
Which of the following groups is recommended for pre-exposure Hepatitis A vaccination? (Select one)
What is the primary goal of antiviral therapy in managing chronic Hepatitis B?
What is the primary goal of antiviral therapy in managing chronic Hepatitis B?
Which of the following describes the goal of pre-exposure prophylaxis for Hepatitis B?
Which of the following describes the goal of pre-exposure prophylaxis for Hepatitis B?
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Study Notes
Hepatitis - Causes
- Inflammation of the liver
- Infectious:
- Viral: Hepatitis A, B, C, D (with B), E, Cytomegalovirus, Epstein Barr virus, Rubella, Yellow fever
- Bacterial
- Others
- Non-infectious:
- Drugs, Alcohol, Vascular, Autoimmune, Metabolic
Hepatitis A
- RNA virus (enteroviruses)
- Not cytopathic
- Cellular immunity can cause liver damage
- Humans only
- Virus shed in faeces
- Transmission:
- Faecal-oral route
- Contaminated food and water
- Incubation period: 30 days (15-50)
- Infectious period: 2 weeks before - 1 week after symptoms
- Worldwide
- High prevalence: developing countries
- Developed countries: travellers to endemic countries, household/sexual contacts, men who have sex with men, foodborne outbreaks
Hepatitis E
- RNA virus
- 4 genotypes
- Infects animals and humans
- Genotypes 1 & 2: Humans, transmitted via faecally-contaminated water in developing countries
- Genotypes 3 & 4: Humans, pigs and others, transmission:
- Undercooked or raw meat
- Processed pork and shellfish
- Direct contact with animals
- Contaminated water
- Incubation period: 30-40 days
Hepatitis B
- DNA virus - infects hepatocytes
- Expresses viral proteins on surface triggering the cellular immune response
- 3 forms: Dane particle, Spherical form & filaments
- Dane particle: Infectious
- Filaments & Spheres: Contain HBsAg, but lack DNA
- Transmission:
- Perinatally
- Sexually
- Parenterally
Hepatitis D
- Incomplete viral particle
- Defective RNA virus
- Uses hepatitis B surface antigen for propagation
Hepatitis C
- RNA virus (flavivirus)
- 6 genotypes
- No cross-protection
- Transmission:
- Sharing equipment used by injecting drug users
- Haemodialysis
- Non-sterile glucometer equipment
- Sharing personal care items
- Needle stick injuries
- Ear-piercing, tattooing, acupuncture
Hepatitis B vs C
- Hepatitis B: Vaccine-preventable
- Hepatitis C: No vaccine
- Incubation period:
- Hepatitis B: 1-6 months
- Hepatitis C: 8 weeks
- Hepatitis B:
- Low prevalence areas: Acute infection sporadic
- High prevalence areas: Acute infection in infants & young children
Clinical Presentation of Viral Hepatitis
- Asymptomatic
- Symptomatic:
- Prodromal symptoms (fever, appetite loss, nausea, fatigue, RUQ abdominal pain)
- Dark urine
- Pale greasy stools
- Jaundice
Clinical Findings for Viral Hepatitis
- Abnormal Liver Function Tests (LFTs):
- AST 
- ALT 
- Bilirubin 
Acute Infection
- Asymptomatic in children
- Risk increases with age and co-infection
- Prodromal symptoms for 1-2 weeks
- Fulminant disease unusual
- 6 months = potential chronic infection
Hepatitis B Markers:
- HBsAg (Surface antigen): Positive = current infection (acute or chronic)
- HBeAg (e antigen): Detectable when virus actively reproducing, present in acute and chronic infection
- HBcAb (core antibody): First detectable antibody, HBcAb (IgM) = acute infection, HBcAb (IgG) = usually positive for life.
- Anti-HBs (surface antibody): Usually the last antibody to appear, positive = usually indicates resolved infection.
Hepatitis C Laboratory Diagnosis
- Hepatitis C antibody (Anti-HCV): Positive at 2-6 months post-exposure, remains positive even if infection cleared
- Hepatitis C antigen (HCV ag): Positive in acute and chronic infection
- Hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA: Positive in acute and chronic infection
Hepatitis A Treatment & Prevention
- Treatment: Supportive care
- Prevention:
- Hygiene
- Sanitation
- Vaccination
- Travel advice
- Vaccination:
- Inactivated vaccine
- Post-exposure: Contacts of cases, outbreak control
- Pre-exposure:
- Travellers to endemic countries
- Chronic liver disease
- Injecting drug users
- Men who have sex with men
- Workers exposed to raw sewage
- Passive Immunization (Immunoglobulin): Post-exposure prophylaxis, within 2 weeks
- Persons aged over 60 years
- Immunosuppressed patients
- Those with chronic liver disease
Hepatitis E Treatment & Prevention
- Acute infection: Self-limiting, symptomatic treatment
- Chronic infection (transplant patients): Reduction in immunosuppression, antivirals
- Vaccine: developed, but only licensed in China
Hepatitis B Treatment & Prevention
- Acute: Supportive therapy
- Chronic:
- Patient education
- Vaccination
- Antiviral therapy
- Monitor for liver cancer
- Transplant (Fulminant hepatitis, end-stage chronic hepatitis)
- Prevention:
- Standard precautions: Safe sex, screen blood products, clean needles, hand hygiene, safe disposal of sharps
- Passive immunization (immunoglobulin): Post-exposure prophylaxis
- Pre-exposure prophylaxis: Vaccination
Hepatitis C Treatment & Prevention
- Acute: No post-exposure prophylaxis
- Chronic:
- Goal: Cure = sustained virological response
- Treatment regimens: Depend on genotype, co-infections, past treatment, degree of fibrosis
- Directly-acting antivirals: Cure rate >95%
- Give hepatitis A & B vaccines
- Prevention:
- Standard precautions: Safe sex, screen blood products, clean needles, hand hygiene, safe disposal of sharps
- No vaccine / immunoglobulin available
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