Liver Anatomy and Physiology

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Questions and Answers

What percentage of blood supply to the liver comes from the portal vein?

1/3

50%

2/3 (correct)

All of the above

Which of the following is NOT a main function of the liver?

Synthesis of bile

Storage and activation of vitamins

Detoxification

Digesting carbohydrates (correct)

What happens to ammonia in the liver?

It is stored as fat

It is converted to glucose

It is converted to urea (correct)

It is excreted unchanged

Which lobe is NOT one of the four anatomical lobes of the liver?

Spleen lobe Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary composition of bile produced by the liver?

Steroids and cholesterol Signup and view all the answers

How much blood circulates through the liver per minute?

1500 mL Signup and view all the answers

Which process describes the formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources in the liver?

Gluconeogenesis Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is primarily emulsified by bile to aid in absorption?

Fats Signup and view all the answers

What condition is indicated by an increase in total bilirubin?

Jaundice Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is most specific for liver cell damage?

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) Signup and view all the answers

What does an AST:ALT ratio greater than 1 indicate?

Alcoholic cirrhosis Signup and view all the answers

What does an increase in gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) suggest?

Flow of bile blocked in the liver Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is likely to lead to increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels?

Bile duct obstruction Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes indirect bilirubin from direct bilirubin?

Indirect bilirubin is a product of hemolysis Signup and view all the answers

Which abnormal laboratory finding is most likely associated with prehepatic causes of increased bilirubin?

Hemolytic anemia Signup and view all the answers

In which condition would you expect the AST:ALT ratio to be less than 1.0?

Acute hepatitis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of transamination in protein metabolism?

It transfers an amino group between compounds. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following molecules are synthesized as part of blood clotting factors?

Fibrinogen and prothrombin (PT) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of β-Oxidation in lipid metabolism?

Production of acetyl-coenzyme A for energy Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamins are primarily stored in the liver?

Fat-soluble vitamins and Vitamin B12 Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of converting carotene to Vitamin A in the liver?

To activate vitamin absorption Signup and view all the answers

Which type of lipid is involved in the synthesis and hydrolysis processes mentioned?

Triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol Signup and view all the answers

What does total bilirubin in serum indicate when elevated?

Bilirubin overproduction or defective hepatic uptake Signup and view all the answers

Which minerals are synthesized for transport by proteins in the liver?

Iron, zinc, and copper Signup and view all the answers

Which laboratory test is indicative of decreased synthesis of clotting factors in liver dysfunction?

PT Signup and view all the answers

What is a clinical manifestation commonly seen in hepatitis?

Fatigue Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of decreased albumin synthesis in liver disease?

It cannot be used as a marker of nutrition status. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hepatitis is considered acute and lasts up to six months?

Acute viral hepatitis Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is associated with the accumulation of fat in the liver but is not necessarily caused by alcohol?

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Signup and view all the answers

What typically characterizes fulminant hepatitis?

It leads to permanent liver damage. Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential cause of hepatitis?

Virus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common disease related to liver dysfunction?

Asthma Signup and view all the answers

Which hepatitis viruses are primarily transmitted through blood and body fluids?

Hepatitis B and C Signup and view all the answers

What is a common long-term consequence associated with Hepatitis B and C infection?

Cirrhosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about Hepatitis A?

It is contracted through contaminated drinking water and food. Signup and view all the answers

Hepatitis D requires which other type of hepatitis virus to replicate?

Hepatitis B Signup and view all the answers

What is the main source of infection for Hepatitis E?

Contaminated water Signup and view all the answers

Acute viral hepatitis can include which types?

A, B, C, D, and E Signup and view all the answers

Which hepatitis virus is most commonly associated with the need for a liver transplant?

Hepatitis C Signup and view all the answers

Chronic hepatitis can be classified under which specific type of liver disease?

Chronic active hepatitis Signup and view all the answers

What should be avoided when managing a patient with hepatic encephalopathy?

Protein restriction Signup and view all the answers

In a patient with stable cirrhosis, what is the recommended fluid management approach?

No fluid restriction necessary Signup and view all the answers

When managing a patient with hepatic encephalopathy, how much protein can most cirrhosis patients tolerate?

Up to 1.5 g/kg body weight Signup and view all the answers

What is a common practice for patients experiencing early satiety due to ascites?

Increasing meal frequency Signup and view all the answers

What is the appropriate sodium restriction for a patient with ascites?

2 g sodium per day Signup and view all the answers

What dietary adjustment is advised for a patient experiencing steatorrhea?

Avoid high-fat foods and trial a low fat diet Signup and view all the answers

What daily fluid intake is recommended for a patient with serum sodium levels below 128 mEq/L?

1,200 mL to 1,500 mL Signup and view all the answers

What vitamin supplementation is particularly important to prevent Wernicke's encephalopathy?

Thiamine Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Liver Structure

Located in the upper-right quadrant.
Healthy liver is brownish-red; yellowish-brown when infiltrated with fat.
Has four anatomical lobes: right, quadrate, caudate, and left.
Supplied with blood from two sources: hepatic artery (~⅓) and portal vein (~⅔).
Approximately 1500 mL of blood circulates through the liver per minute.
Blood exits via R and L hepatic veins, entering the inferior vena cava.

Liver Physiology & Functions

Performs over 500 tasks.
Critical for sustaining life (10-20% required for life).
Metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
Stores and activates vitamins and minerals.
Synthesizes and excretes bile (emulsifies fat and forms compounds with fatty acids for absorption).
Converts ammonia to urea.
Detoxifies drugs and alcohol.
Filters blood.

Liver Function Tests

Total bilirubin (serum) - elevated in overproduction or uptake defects.
Urine bilirubin - more sensitive to overproduction than total bilirubin.
Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) - increased with bile flow blockage.
Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) - increased in bile flow blockage.

Diseases of the Liver

Acute, chronic, inherited, and acquired.
Includes hepatitis (viral or alcoholic), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and cirrhosis.

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Description

Explore the intricate structure and vital functions of the liver in this comprehensive quiz. Learn about its anatomical lobes, blood supply, and the critical roles it plays in metabolism and detoxification. Test your knowledge on liver function tests as well.