Liver Anatomy and Function Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of Kupffer cells in the liver?

  • Removal of effete erythrocytes (correct)
  • Production of bile
  • Storage of iron in complexes with the protein ferritin
  • Formation of hepatic lobules

What type of cells line the ducts carrying bile?

  • Transitional
  • Cuboidal (correct)
  • Squamous
  • Columnar

What is the primary function of the perisinusoidal space (space of Disse) within the hepatic lobule?

  • Storage of glycogen
  • Production of bile
  • Direct contact between hepatocytes and plasma (correct)
  • Filtration of blood from the portal vein

What is the name of the condition where gallstones form in the lumen of the gallbladder or biliary ducts?

<p>Cholelithiasis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the portal triad?

<p>Central vein (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common type of gallstone?

<p>Cholesterol stones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to the formation of brown or black pigment stones?

<p>Excess bilirubin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the arrangement of hepatocytes in plates radiating around a central vein?

<p>Maximizing contact of hepatocytes with blood from the portal vein. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the presence of microvilli on hepatocytes?

<p>They help to increase the surface area for absorption and secretion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the gallbladder in the formation of gallstones?

<p>It reabsorbs water from bile (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between the blood in the interlobular venule (portal vein branch) and the blood in the central vein?

<p>The blood in the interlobular venule is low in oxygen and rich in nutrients, while the blood in the central vein is rich in oxygen and low in nutrients. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it advantageous for hepatocytes to be binucleated and polyploid?

<p>It increases the capacity for protein synthesis and metabolic processes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the reticular fibers that support the hepatocyte plates?

<p>Provision of structural support and framework for the hepatic lobule. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers mitosis in hepatocytes?

<p>The action of toxic substances (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the large intercellular spaces in gallbladder epithelial cells?

<p>To facilitate the transport of water for bile concentration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Na pumps in the basolateral membrane of gallbladder epithelial cells?

<p>To actively transport water out of the gallbladder (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of cholecystokinin (CCK) in bile movement?

<p>It stimulates the contraction of the gallbladder muscularis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the gallbladder epithelial cells?

<p>Slow rate of cell renewal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the liver and the salivary glands in terms of regeneration?

<p>The liver has a stronger capacity for regeneration than the salivary glands (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the regenerated liver tissue after surgical removal organized?

<p>The regenerated tissue is well-organized, with the typical lobular arrangement, replacing the functions of the destroyed tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which bile is concentrated in the gallbladder?

<p>Active transport of water out of the gallbladder (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of liver structure, what does the term "portal area" refer to?

<p>The region where bile ducts, hepatic arteries, and portal veins converge (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the central vein in the context of liver anatomy?

<p>The main vessel that drains deoxygenated blood from the liver (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the direction of bile flow in the liver?

<p>Bile flows from the portal area to the central vein (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the hepatic sinusoids?

<p>Filtering blood and transporting it to the central vein (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between a classic hepatic lobule and a portal lobule?

<p>A classic lobule drains blood, while a portal lobule drains bile (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is steatohepatitis?

<p>A buildup of fat in the liver that can lead to inflammation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the hepatic arteriole and the portal vein in the liver?

<p>They both supply blood to the hepatocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the hepatic acinus?

<p>It drains bile into the central vein (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to consider different ways to view liver organization (classic lobule, portal lobule, hepatic acinus)?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the fact that the hepatic arteriole supplies oxygenated blood to hepatocytes?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary site of cholesterol supersaturation that can lead to gallstone formation?

<p>Gallbladder (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell is responsible for the secretion of digestive enzymes in the pancreas?

<p>Acinar cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the striated ducts of salivary glands?

<p>Electrolyte reabsorption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of salivary gland contains only serous acini?

<p>Parotid gland (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the pancreatic islets?

<p>Secrete digestive enzymes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures does bile flow through after leaving the gallbladder?

<p>Common bile duct (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the intercalated ducts in the salivary glands?

<p>Transport of saliva (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the pancreas is TRUE?

<p>The majority of the pancreas is composed of exocrine tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the structure responsible for taking up potentially toxic compounds from the perisinusoidal space?

<p>Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the microvilli in the liver cells?

<p>Increased surface area for absorption of nutrients from the blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following molecules are taken up from the perisinusoidal space and processed by the SER?

<p>Bilirubin, bile acids, and potentially toxic compounds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus in liver cells?

<p>Modify and package proteins for secretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the mitochondria in liver cells?

<p>Production of energy (ATP) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about the perisinusoidal space?

<p>It is a space between the liver cells and the blood vessels. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the fenestrations in the endothelium of the liver?

<p>Pores or openings in the cell lining of blood vessels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the desmosome in liver cells?

<p>Provide structural support and maintain cell-to-cell adhesion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Toxic junctions

Potentially harmful connections between substances in the body.

Bilirubin

A yellow compound from the breakdown of red blood cells, bound to albumin in the blood.

Bile acids

Acids produced from cholesterol, aiding in fat digestion.

Perisinusoidal space

A space in the liver where substances exchange between blood and liver cells.

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Glycogen granules

Storage form of glucose in liver and muscle cells.

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Tubulovesicular system

A network in the liver that helps process and secrete substances.

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Microvilli

Small projections on cells that increase surface area for absorption.

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Serum enzymes

Enzymes in the liver that process substances before secretion.

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Hepatocytes

Major liver cells responsible for metabolic functions.

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Hepatic Lobules

Functional units of the liver, organized in small structures.

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Portal Triad

Three structures at the periphery of hepatic lobules: a portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct.

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Space of Disse

Perisinusoidal space between hepatocytes and sinusoidal blood vessels.

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Reticulin Fibers

Delicate supportive fibers in the hepatic tissue structure.

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Kupffer Cells

Specialized macrophages in the liver that remove dead red blood cells.

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Blood Composition in Portal Vein

Nutrient-rich but oxygen-poor blood entering the liver.

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Storage of Iron in Liver

Iron is stored in liver cells complexed with ferritin.

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Cholangiocytes

Cuboidal or low columnar cells lining bile ducts.

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Cholelithiasis

The formation of gallstones in the gallbladder or bile ducts.

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Gallstones

Solid particles that form in the gallbladder from bile components.

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Biliary obstruction

Blockage in the bile ducts preventing bile flow.

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Cholecystitis

Inflammation of the gallbladder, often due to gallstones.

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Steatohepatitis

Inflammation of the liver associated with fatty deposits.

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Portal Vein

Vein that carries blood from the digestive organs to the liver.

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Central Vein

The vein at the center of a hepatic lobule that drains blood away from the liver.

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Bile Duct

Tube that carries bile from the liver to the gallbladder.

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Hepatic Acinus

Functional unit of the liver involving blood supply and metabolic activity.

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Classic Hepatic Lobule

An organized structure of the liver centered around a central vein.

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Portal Lobule

An anatomical division of the liver focusing on bile drainage.

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Sinusoids

Specialized blood vessels in the liver that facilitate exchange between blood and liver cells.

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Oxygenated Blood Supply

Blood rich in oxygen that supplies hepatocytes from the hepatic artery.

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Supersaturation of cholesterol

High levels of cholesterol in bile can lead to problems like gallstones.

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Salivary glands

Glands that secrete saliva, which contains enzymes and mucus for digestion.

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Serous cells

Cells in salivary glands that produce watery, enzyme-rich secretions.

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Mucin-secreting cells

Cells that produce mucus in salivary glands, aiding lubrication.

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Pancreatic islets

Clusters of endocrine cells in the pancreas that regulate blood sugar.

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Exocrine pancreas

Part of the pancreas that produces digestive enzymes for the duodenum.

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Salivary secretory units

Structures that produce saliva; they include serous and mucous acini.

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Gallbladder function

Stores bile produced by the liver for fat digestion.

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Mucosa

The innermost layer of an organ that includes folds and tissue.

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Gallbladder

A small organ that stores bile produced by the liver.

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Compensatory hyperplasia

Increased cell division to replace lost cells in an organ.

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Regeneration of liver

The liver's ability to regrow tissue after damage or surgery.

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Bile

A digestive fluid produced by the liver that aids in fat digestion.

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Cholecystokinin (CCK)

A hormone that stimulates gallbladder contraction to release bile.

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Na pumps

Sodium pumps in cell membranes that transport sodium and influence bile concentration.

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Study Notes

Digestive Tract Organs

  • The digestive organs include salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.
  • These organs facilitate food transport and digestion within the gastrointestinal tract.
  • Salivary glands moisten and lubricate food, initiating carbohydrate and lipid digestion.
  • They also secrete innate immune components like lysozyme and lactoferrin.
  • The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes and hormones for nutrient metabolism.
  • Bile, vital for fat digestion and absorption, is produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder.
  • The liver plays a crucial role in carbohydrate and protein metabolism, detoxification, and plasma protein synthesis.

Salivary Glands

  • Exocrine glands in the mouth produce saliva, crucial for digestion, lubrication, and protection.
  • Salivary pH (6.5-6.9) acts as a buffer and, in some species, aids evaporative cooling.
  • Major salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, sublingual) comprise ~90% of saliva production.
  • Minor glands contribute the remaining ~10%.
  • Saliva is modified by duct cells, reabsorbing sodium and chloride ions, adding growth factors and enzymes.
  • Salivary gland structure comprises secretory units arranged in lobules, drained by branching ducts.
  • Three cell types (serous, seromucous, and mucous) form the secretory units.
  • Serous cells produce enzymes and watery saliva, while mucous cells secrete lubricating mucins.
  • Myoepithelial cells, found within the basal lamina, are involved in secretion.

Pancreas

  • A mixed endocrine-exocrine gland.
  • It produces digestive enzymes and hormones.
  • The pancreas is elongated (head near duodenum, narrow body and tail).
  • The secretory acini are surrounded by basal lamina and rich capillary network.
  • Endocrine function includes pancreatic islets (Islets of Langerhans).
  • Exocrine function is the production of digestive enzymes (proteases, amylase, lipases, nucleases).
  • Enzymes are initially secreted as inactive zymogens.
  • Trypsinogen is activated to trypsin, triggering the activation cascade of other pancreatic enzymes.
  • Protease activation is restricted to the duodenum. This regulation avoids self-digestion.
  • The exocrine pancreas secretes about 1.5 Liters of alkaline pancreatic juice per day, neutralizing the acidic chyme entering from the stomach.

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