Lipids: Fixed Oils, Fats, and Waxes

<p>By rendering with steam, possibly under pressure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycerides consist of fatty acids linked with glycerol. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cold-pressed oils are extracted at low temperatures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Food (energy) storage. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucolipids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Malonyl-CoA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The amount of free fatty acid in the oil (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreases rancidity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrolytic rancidity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nondrying oils (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Iodine number (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Slows down the development of rancidity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Produces a more saturated oil or cyclic structure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cotton oil (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formation of cyclic polymers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrogenation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Boiling point (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Creating emulsions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Generation of a 7-carbon intermediate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Moisture levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It makes fats less susceptible to rancidification (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A laxative with a usual dose of 15 to 60 ml (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As a demulcent and laxative (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serves as a solvent for injections (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Theobroma oil (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It functions as a solvent for intramuscular injections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As a base for skin creams (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a primary ingredient in many skin creams and cosmetics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Waxes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulant cathartic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fixed oils have a lower melting point than fats. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antiseptic ointments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compound lipids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Solvent for injections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nutritive and laxative (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are insoluble in water. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fat-like substance from sheep's wool (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycerol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lard (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cold-pressed oils yield higher quality. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Suppository base (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aminolipids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Olive oil (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are typically solid at room temperature. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The number of mg of KOH needed to saponify 1 gm of fat (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrolytic rancidity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The degree of unsaturation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using antioxidants (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acid value test (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aldehydes and free fatty acids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The conversion of unsaturated fats to saturated fats (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Temperature and light exposure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Malonyl-CoA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oils that contain large quantities of oleic acid glycerides. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To increase resistance to rancidification. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They react with each other to form more saturated oils. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides the 3-carbon units that form fatty acids. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They contain fewer double bonds. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heating unsaturated oils in an inert atmosphere. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Esters of fatty acids and alcohols, including fixed oils, fats, and waxes.

Glycerides (esters of glycerol alcohol and fatty acids) that are liquid or semi-solid at room temperature.

Glycerides with higher molecular weight alcohols (e.g., cetyl alcohol) instead of glycerol, typically solid at room temperature.

Esters of glycerol alcohol and fatty acids.

Fatty acids with no double bonds between carbon atoms, generally solid at room temperature.

Fatty acids with one or more double bonds between carbon atoms, usually liquid at room temperature.

Fixed oil obtained by compression at low temperatures.

Process for separating animal fats from tissues by melting with steam, with or without pressure.

Fixed oils containing both oleic and linoleic acids, resulting in a semi-solid consistency at room temperature.

Fixed oils rich in linoleic acid, known for their ability to solidify upon exposure to air, forming a hard, protective layer.

A measure of the amount of free fatty acids present in a fixed oil or fat, expressed as milligrams of potassium hydroxide (KOH) needed to neutralize 1 gram of the substance.

Indicates the amount of KOH needed to completely saponify (convert) 1 gram of fat or oil into soap.

A measure of the degree of unsaturation in a fixed oil or fat, indicating the amount of iodine absorbed per 100 grams of the substance.

Deterioration of fats and oils caused by the breakdown of triglycerides into free fatty acids, often initiated by the enzyme lipase.

Spoilage of fats and oils due to reactions with oxygen, leading to the formation of unpleasant-smelling aldehydes and ketones.

Chemicals added to fixed oils and fats to prevent or slow down oxidative rancidity.

Vegetable oils are commonly found in seeds of plants, but they can also occur in other parts of the plant. Seeds are known to contain larger quantities of oil compared to other parts.

Malonyl-CoA, a 3-carbon compound, serves as the source of 2-carbon units that are added repeatedly to build the fatty acid chain during biosynthesis.

Fat hardening is a process that involves adding hydrogen to the double bonds in unsaturated oils, converting them into more saturated and solid fats.

Heating unsaturated oils in an inert atmosphere promotes reactions between their double bonds, making them more saturated and modifying their structure. This leads to a more stable oil with less tendency for rancidity.

Hydrogenation not only changes the physical properties of fats (converting liquids into solids) but also improves their chemical stability, reducing their likelihood of becoming rancid.

Drying oils readily absorb oxygen from the air, leading to oxidation of their double bonds, which then polymerize to form hard films. Examples include linseed oil, used in paints.

Nondrying oils contain high amounts of glycerides of oleic acid. They may thicken slightly when exposed to air but don't dry completely. An example is olive oil.

The ability of a fixed oil to absorb oxygen from the air, leading to oxidation and polymerization, classifies it as a drying, semidrying, or nondrying oil.

Castor oil is extracted from the castor bean, a seed of the Ricinus communis plant. It contains about 45-55% of fixed oil and is used as a stimulant cathartic in medicine. It is also utilized in the manufacture of soaps.

Linseed oil, extracted from dried flaxseeds, acts as a demulcent and laxative. It is also used for medicinal purposes.

Olive oil, derived from olives, is a versatile substance used in various applications. It is widely used as a salad oil due to its nutritional value. It is also employed in soap making, plasters, and as a demulcent, emollient, and laxative.

Cottonseed oil is obtained from cottonseeds and serves as a solvent for injections in the pharmaceutical industry. It is also extensively used in soap manufacturing.

Sesame oil, extracted from sesame seeds, is used as a solvent for injections, primarily intramuscular. It also exhibits nutritive, laxative, demulcent, and emollient properties.

Theobroma oil, commonly known as cocoa butter, is derived from roasted cacao seeds. It is used in pharmaceuticals as a suppository base.

Lard is purified internal fat from animals, primarily the abdomen. It has emollient properties and serves as a base for ointments.

Lanolin, a purified substance from sheep wool, is utilized as an ingredient in various skincare creams and cosmetics. It has properties that make it suitable for skin products.

Lipids are esters of long-chain fatty acids and alcohols. They include fixed oils, fats, and waxes.

Fixed oils and fats are glycerides (esters of glycerol with fatty acids). Waxes use a higher molecular weight alcohol instead of glycerol.

Vegetable oils are extracted by compression. Cold compression produces 'virgin oil', while hot compression creates 'hot-pressed oil'.

Phospholipids are compound lipids that contain fatty acids, glycerol, and phosphoric acid.

Fixed oils are lighter than water, insoluble in water, greasy, leave a translucent stain on paper, and don't evaporate easily.

Animal fats are extracted by rendering, which involves melting them with steam.

Glycerides of unsaturated fatty acids are liquid (oils), while glycerides of saturated fatty acids are solid (fats).

Castor oil is unusual because it dissolves in alcohol, unlike most other fixed oils.

Malonyl-CoA acts as a building block for fatty acids. Each molecule of malonyl-CoA contributes two carbon atoms to the growing fatty acid chain during biosynthesis.

Fixed oils are categorized based on their ability to absorb oxygen from the air. This determines whether they are drying, semidrying, or nondrying oils.

Semidrying oils contain both oleic and linoleic fatty acids, giving them a semi-solid consistency at room temperature.

Drying oils are rich in linoleic acid and solidify upon exposure to air, forming a hard protective layer.

Acid value measures the amount of free fatty acids in an oil, indicating its freshness and potential for rancidity.

Saponification value tells us the amount of KOH needed to turn 1 gram of oil into soap. It reflects the oil's fatty acid composition.

Iodine number measures the degree of unsaturation in an oil - higher iodine number means more double bonds.

Hydrolytic rancidity is the breakdown of fats into free fatty acids, often caused by the enzyme lipase.

Oxidative rancidity occurs when fats react with oxygen, producing unpleasant-smelling aldehydes and ketones.

Antioxidants are added to oils to prevent or slow down oxidative rancidity, preserving their freshness and taste.

Castor oil comes from the seeds of the Ricinus communis plant.

Castor oil is used as a stimulant laxative, meaning it helps to move things along in the digestive system.

Linseed oil is extracted from the dried seeds of the Linum usitatissimum plant, also known as flaxseed.

Olive oil is obtained from the fruit of the Olea europaea plant, which produces olives.

Cottonseed oil is extracted from the seeds of the Gossypium hirsutum plant, which produces cotton.

Sesame oil is extracted from the seeds of the Sesamum indicum plant, also known as sesame seeds.

Theobroma oil is more commonly known as cocoa butter.

Lard is a purified fat extracted from the internal fat of animals, often from the abdomen.