Biology Chapter 5: Carbohydrates & Lipids
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Questions and Answers

What does hydrophobic mean?

Water avoiding

What is a polymer?

Long chain of small molecular units

What is a steroid?

Lipid molecule with 4 fused carbon rings

What is dehydration in the context of molecular bonding?

<p>Two monomers bond together, releasing H2O</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is glucose?

<p>Main sugar in our bodies used for cellular work (C6H12O6)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a phospholipid?

<p>Molecule that makes a two-layer sandwich surrounding cell membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a monomer?

<p>Small molecular unit; building block of a larger molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are monosaccharides?

<p>Simple sugars containing one sugar unit</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an unsaturated fat?

<p>Plant fat; fatty acids contain carbon double bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hydrolysis?

<p>Water is used to break down a polymer into monomers</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is saturated fat?

<p>Animal fat; 3 fatty acids have maximum number of hydrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is starch?

<p>Plant polysaccharide for energy storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a hydrocarbon?

<p>Organic molecule composed of only hydrogen and carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does organic mean in chemistry?

<p>Carbon based molecule with carbon backbone</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does hydrophilic mean?

<p>Attracts water molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cellulose?

<p>Plant polysaccharide; forms rigid cell walls and fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a carbohydrate?

<p>Organic molecule made of sugars (CH2O)n</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is carbon?

<p>Element that forms 4 bonds; provides backbone for biomolecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is fat composed of?

<p>Glycerol + 3 fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the hydroxyl group?

<p>OH-; creates alcohols and hydrophilic molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a disaccharide?

<p>Double sugar (e.g., sucrose, lactose)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a lipid?

<p>Water avoiding compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

KMnO4 was found to be hydrophobic.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Koolaid represents thousands of very polar sugar molecules.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major difference between carbohydrates and lipids?

<p>Carbohydrates are polar and hydrophilic; lipids are nonpolar and hydrophobic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of lipids?

<p>Energy and insulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What allows lipids to perform their function?

<p>Lipids contain many CH bonds, providing a lot of energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Hydrophobic

A property of lipids (fats and oils) that makes them repel water and form separate layers.

Polymer

A large molecule made up of repeating smaller units called monomers.

Steroid

A type of lipid with four fused carbon rings, including hormones like testosterone and estrogen, and cholesterol.

Dehydration Reaction

A chemical reaction that joins two monomers together by removing a water molecule.

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Glucose

The primary sugar used by cells for energy, with the chemical formula C6H12O6.

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Phospholipid

A type of lipid that forms the cell membrane, creating a barrier between the inside and outside of the cell.

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Monomer

The basic unit that makes up larger molecules, like amino acids.

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Mono-saccharides

Simple sugars with one sugar unit, like glucose, fructose, and galactose.

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Unsaturated Fats

Fats found in plant oils that have double bonds in their fatty acids, making them liquid at room temperature.

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Hydrolysis

A chemical process that uses water to break down polymers into monomers.

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Saturated Fats

Fatty acids found in animal fats that have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms, making them solid at room temperature.

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Starch

A plant polysaccharide composed of many glucose units, used as an energy storage substance.

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Hydrocarbon

Organic molecules made only of hydrogen and carbon.

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Organic Molecules

Molecules that contain carbon, often with a backbone of carbon atoms.

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Hydrophilic

Substances that attract water molecules, like sugars, hydroxyl (OH) groups, and carboxyl (COOH) groups.

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Cellulose

A plant polysaccharide that forms rigid cell walls and fibers, making plants strong and sturdy.

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Carbohydrate

Organic compounds primarily made of sugars, often with the ratio (CH2O)n.

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Carbon

An element that forms four covalent bonds and is the backbone for many biomolecules.

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Fat

A type of lipid composed of glycerol and three fatty acids, used for energy storage and insulation.

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Hydroxyl Group (OH-)

A functional group that makes alcohols and contributes to the hydrophilic nature of molecules.

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Disaccharide

A sugar formed from two monosaccharides, like sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk sugar), and maltose.

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Lipid Characteristics

A general term for compounds that avoid water, like fats and oils.

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Carbohydrates vs. Lipids

Carbohydrates are polar and hydrophilic, dissolving in water due to their hydroxyl bonds.

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Carbohydrates vs. Lipids

Lipids (fats) are nonpolar and hydrophobic, not dissolving in water due to the lack of polar bonds.

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Primary Function of Lipids

The primary function of lipids like fats is to store energy and provide insulation.

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Energy Storage in Lipids

Lipids have many hydrocarbon bonds, which store a lot of energy.

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Energy Storage in Lipids

The nonpolar nature of lipids contributes to the insulation surrounding cell membranes.

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Study Notes

Carbohydrates & Lipids Key Concepts

  • Hydrophobic: Properties of lipids that cause them to avoid water.

  • Polymer: Formed from long chains of smaller molecular units.

  • Steroid: A lipid characterized by four fused carbon rings, including hormones like sex hormones and cholesterol.

  • Dehydration Reaction: Process where two monomers bond by releasing water, also known as condensation.

  • Glucose: The primary sugar utilized in cells for energy, chemically represented as C6H12O6, and is sweet in taste.

  • Phospholipid: Key component of cell membranes, forming a bilayer structure that acts as a barrier.

  • Monomer: The basic building block of larger molecules, such as amino acids.

  • Mono-saccharides: Simple sugars with one sugar unit (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose).

  • Unsaturated Fats: Found in plant oils, characterized by fatty acids containing double bonds and are liquid at room temperature.

  • Hydrolysis: The chemical process that uses water to break down polymers into monomers, similar to digestion.

  • Saturated Fats: Fatty acids found in animal fats that contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms, solid at room temperature.

  • Starch: A plant polysaccharide composed of many glucose units, serving as an energy storage substance.

  • Hydrocarbon: Organic molecules made exclusively of hydrogen and carbon.

  • Organic Molecules: Molecules that are carbon-based, typically possessing a carbon backbone.

  • Hydrophilic: Substances that attract water molecules, such as sugars, hydroxyl (OH), and carboxyl (COOH) groups.

  • Cellulose: A type of plant polysaccharide that forms rigid cell walls and fibers, contributing to the structure of plants.

  • Carbohydrate: Organic compounds made primarily of sugars, typically in the ratio of (CH2O)n.

  • Carbon: An essential element forming four covalent bonds, acting as the backbone for many biomolecules.

  • Fat: Composed of glycerol and three fatty acids, serving for energy storage and insulation.

  • Hydroxyl Group (OH-): A functional group that creates alcohols and contributes to the hydrophilic nature of molecules.

  • Disaccharide: A sugar formed by two monosaccharides, examples include sucrose, lactose, and maltose.

  • Lipid Characteristics: Generally considered water-avoiding compounds.

True and False Statements

  • KMnO4 is falsely identified as hydrophobic.
  • Koolaid symbolizes many polar sugar molecules, which is true.

Differences and Functions

  • Carbohydrates vs. Lipids: Carbohydrates are polar and hydrophilic, dissolving well in water due to the presence of hydroxyl (OH) bonds. In contrast, lipids are nonpolar and hydrophobic, making them insoluble in water due to the lack of such bonds.

  • Primary Function of Lipids: Primarily used for energy storage and insulation.

  • Energy Storage in Lipids: Lipids are composed of many hydrocarbon (CH) bonds, providing substantial energy. Phospholipids' nonpolar characteristics also contribute to insulation surrounding cell membranes.

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Test your knowledge on essential terms related to carbohydrates and lipids with these flashcards. Each card features a key word along with a concise definition. Perfect for biology students looking to reinforce their understanding of these important biomolecules.

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