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Questions and Answers
What is the optimal value for triglycerides in a lipid profile test?
What is the optimal value for triglycerides in a lipid profile test?
Which of the following factors does NOT affect the reliability of a lipid profile test?
Which of the following factors does NOT affect the reliability of a lipid profile test?
What is the genetic characteristic of Familial Hypercholesterolemia?
What is the genetic characteristic of Familial Hypercholesterolemia?
In primary dyslipidemia, which of the following conditions would lead to increased lipid levels due to gene mutations?
In primary dyslipidemia, which of the following conditions would lead to increased lipid levels due to gene mutations?
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Which condition is associated with eruptive xanthomas and massive accumulation of chylomicrons?
Which condition is associated with eruptive xanthomas and massive accumulation of chylomicrons?
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Study Notes
Lipid Profile Tests
- Lipid profile tests require a 10-hour overnight fast before blood sample collection.
- Screening tests use finger-prick samples for quicker results, but aren't as comprehensive as diagnostic tests.
- Diagnostic tests utilize venous blood samples and specialized reagents, providing a reliable and comprehensive analysis.
Factors Affecting Lipid Test Reliability
- Diet: High-fat meals the night before can alter results.
- Physiological stress: Exercise, infection, or surgery can impact lipid levels.
- Medications: Lipid-lowering drugs and corticosteroids can affect the results.
- Alcohol intake: Alcohol consumption may interfere with accurate readings.
- Pregnancy: Pregnancy is a factor that can modify results.
Optimal Blood Lipid Values
- Triglycerides (TG): < 1.7 mmol/L
- Total Cholesterol (TC): < 5.2 mmol/L
- Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C): < 2.6 mmol/L
- High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C): > 1.6 mmol/L
Dyslipidemia
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Definition: Characterized by abnormal lipid levels, which can be one or more of the following:
- Triglycerides (TG) > 1.7 mmol/L
- Total Cholesterol (TC) > 5.2 mmol/L
- LDL-C > 3.4 mmol/L
- HDL-C < 1.0 mmol/L (males) or < 1.2 mmol/L (females)
Primary Dyslipidemia
- Caused by genetic mutations affecting lipid metabolism pathways:
- LDL receptor
- Lipoprotein lipase enzyme
- ABCA-1 transporter
- CETP molecule
- Results in excessive lipid production or poor clearance, leading to elevated cholesterol and triglycerides.
- Classified based on lipoprotein patterns (Fredrickson classification).
Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH)
- Type IIa: Autosomal dominant disorder.
- Heterozygous: Two times increased LDL levels (typically onset between ages 30-40).
- Homozygous: 5-7 times increased LDL levels (typically earlier onset, around age 20).
- Reduced LDL receptor function leads to elevated LDL cholesterol in the blood.
- Symptoms: Tuberous xanthomas (lumps of fat) on tendons and under skin.
Familial Hyperchylomicronemia
- Type I: Rare, autosomal recessive disorder.
- Also known as familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency.
- Mutations in the LPL gene cause a malfunctioning lipoprotein lipase enzyme.
- Massive accumulation of chylomicrons (a type of lipoprotein) in the blood.
- Symptoms: Creamy top layer in blood plasma, eruptive xanthomas.
Secondary Dyslipidemia
- Caused by underlying medical conditions like type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), obesity, insulin resistance, and chronic inflammation.
- Often a significant association with T2DM and obesity: High triglycerides (TG), low HDL, and high levels of small, dense LDL particles.
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Description
Explore the essential aspects of lipid profile tests, including preparation, testing methods, and factors affecting reliability. Understand optimal blood lipid values and what they mean for overall health. This quiz will enhance your knowledge of lipid testing and its significance.
