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Linux Filesystem Commands Quiz

Test your knowledge of Linux filesystem commands with this quiz. Learn about the command-line interface (CLI) and different types of shells. Explore the use of commands and the help command for an overview of available commands.

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Questions and Answers

Explain the concept of a Command Line Interface (CLI) and provide examples of different shells.

A Command Line Interface (CLI) is a text-based interface in which users communicate with the operating system by typing commands. Examples of different shells include bash, sh, ksh, and csh.

what does the pwd comand do

The 'pwd' command prints the current working directory

What is the purpose of the 'touch' command and what are some of its options?

The 'touch' command is used to change file time stamps or create new files with 0 bytes. Some of its options include -a, -m, -r, and -t.

How would you use the 'copy' command to copy multiple files to a destination directory?

<p>You can use the 'copy' command as follows: cp file1 file2 file3 dest_directory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between the 'less' and 'more' commands.

<p>Both 'less' and 'more' commands display file contents page by page, but 'less' supports compressed files and has more functionalities than 'more'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'head' and 'tail' commands?

<p>The 'head' command displays the first n lines of a file, while the 'tail' command displays the last n lines of a file.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the 'grep' command work and what does it support?

<p>The 'grep' command is used to search for patterns in files and supports regular expressions through egrep or grep -E.</p> Signup and view all the answers

give an example of an alias?

<p>An example of an alias is 'll' for 'ls -al'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the /etc directory in the Linux file system and why is it important that only the root user can read its contents?

<p>The /etc directory contains system and services configuration files, most of which are ASCII files. It is important that only the root user can read its contents to ensure system security and prevent unauthorized access to sensitive configuration files.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the purpose of symbolic links in Linux and provide an example of how they can be used.

<p>Symbolic links are created using the ln -s command and are used to reference another file. An example of their use is to create a symbolic link to a program in a directory that is not in the system's default executable search path.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the concept of file permissions in Linux and how they can be modified.

<p>File permissions in Linux include read, write, and execute permissions, which can be modified using the chmod command.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Linux, how can the ownership of files and directories be changed?

<p>The ownership of files and directories can be changed using the chown command in Linux.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What information can be obtained using the ls -l command in Linux?

<p>The ls -l command provides information on file permissions, ownership, last modification time, and file size in Linux.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the purpose of wildcards in Linux and the role they play in file operations.

<p>Wildcards are special tokens used to reference multiple files and are used in file operations such as copying, moving, and deleting files in the Bash shell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main aspects of user management in Linux?

<p>Authentication and Authorization</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is a user defined in Linux?

<p>A user is defined via a username and a User ID (UID).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are groups used in Linux user management?

<p>Groups make system management easier and allow easier definition of security for a whole group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the user account information and passwords stored in Linux?

<p>User account information is stored in /etc/passwd, and passwords are stored in /etc/shadow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the SUID (Set User ID) bit in Linux file permissions?

<p>The SUID bit allows a file to be executed with the permissions of the file's owner.(owing user not is always root))</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the SGID (Set Group ID) bit in Linux file permissions?

<p>The SGID bit allows files to be executed with the permissions of the owning group.(owing group)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the Sticky bit used for directory access control in Linux?

<p>The Sticky bit is used to allow only the owner of a file to delete or rename it within a directory, regardless of the file's permissions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the default interval for requiring a user password during sudo operations in Linux?

<p>By default, the user password is required every five minutes for sudo operations in Linux.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what file is selective privilege delegation configured in Linux, and what is the purpose of this configuration?

<p>Selective privilege delegation is configured in the Sudoers file, which allows specific users or groups to run specific commands with elevated privileges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of encryption is used in the Shadow file for password storage, and why is it used?

<p>Hashing, which is one-way encryption, is used in the Shadow file for password storage to enhance security.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Shadow file in Linux, and who can read it?

<p>The Shadow file is significant for password storage, and only the root user can read it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the role of file ownership in Linux, and how can the ownership of files and directories be changed?

<p>File ownership in Linux determines which user and group has control over a file or directory. The ownership of files and directories can be changed using the chown and chgrp commands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which command is used to remove a package in Ubuntu?

<p>apt-get remove</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'apt-get build-dep' command in Debian and Ubuntu?

<p>Resolving dependencies before installing a package</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which command is used to maintain the package cache and synchronize packages on the local machine in Ubuntu?

<p>apt-get update</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: 192.168.1.3 with subnet 255.255.255.0 can communicate with 192.168.1.5

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: 192.168.1.3 with subnet 255.255.0.0 can communicate with 192.168.2.5

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: 10.1.1.3 with subnet 255.255.0.0 cannot communicate with 10.2.2.5

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: 172.20.1.3 with subnet 255.255.0.0 can communicate with 172.20.2.5

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: 192.168.8.3 with subnet 255.255.0.0 can communicate with 192.168.9.5

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: 172.18.1.3 with subnet 255.255.255.0 can communicate with 172.18.2.5

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: 10.0.10.3 with subnet 255.255.255.0 can communicate with 10.0.10.8

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: 10.8.1.3 with subnet 255.255.255.0 can communicate with 10.8.2.5

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

DNS stands for _____________.

<p>Domain Name System</p> Signup and view all the answers

LAN stands for _______

Signup and view all the answers

DHCP stands for____

Signup and view all the answers

is telnet inctripted?

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the default gateway in a network?

<p>To allow a host to communicate with hosts in other networks</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of DNS (Domain Name System)?

<p>To translate a name to an IP-address, making it easier to work with names than addresses</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the hierarchical structure of domain names?

<p>It organizes domain names into a manageable and structured system</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between foreground and background processes in a multitasking OS?

<p>Foreground processes interact with the user, while background processes do not</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Process ID (PID) represent in Linux?

<p>A unique ID for each process</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the effective user ID (EUID) in Linux processes?

<p>Determines the privileges of the process</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Group ID (GID) represent in Linux processes?

<p>The group ID of the user that created the process</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of systemctl list-units?

<p>To list system objects in systemd</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the systemctl command-line interface?

<p>To manage services and service properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the various types of units in systemd?

<p>Devices, Mounted Volumes, System timers, Targets, Network Sockets</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Enable/Disable' in systemd is used for:

<p><code>Start or disable services automatically at boot-up</code></p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the range of values for the niceness of a process in Linux?

<p>-20 to +19</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which command can be used to terminate all processes with a specified command name in Linux?

<p>killall</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the immediate signal in Linux that causes a process to be terminated?

<p>SIGKILL</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'top' command in Linux do?

<p>Display system processes and their resource usage</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'kill' command in Linux require to terminate a process?

<p>Process ID (PID)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'nice' value of a process indicate in Linux?

<p>Priority</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'killall' command in Linux?

<p>Terminate all processes with a specified command name</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which command can be used to monitor system processes and their resource usage in Linux?

<p>ps</p> Signup and view all the answers

PID stands for_______

<p>The PID is the unique ID for each process, allowing the operating system to identify and manage individual processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

EUID stands for _____

<p>Effective User ID</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the pstree command in Linux?

<p>The pstree command displays the process tree, showing the hierarchical relationship between parent and child processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the niceness value in Linux processes?

<p>The niceness value indicates the priority of a process, with lower values indicating higher priority.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can users change a process's nice value in Linux?

<p>Users can change a process's nice value to give priority to other processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the 'top' command in Linux?

<p>The top command is used to monitor system processes and their resource usage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can misbehaving processes be handled in Linux?

<p>First try sending a SIGTERM signal and wait for the process to clean up. If the process is still hung, then a SIGKILL signal can be sent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are background processes in Linux calt?

<p>JOBS</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the terminal driver in Linux processes?

<p>The terminal driver can send signals like Ctrl-C and Ctrl-Z (SIGQUIT) to processes, and it allows processes to output to a tty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Multi-user.target in systemd?

<p>Multi-user.target provides multi-user system support without a graphical environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Default.target used for in systemd?

<p>Default.target is not a real target, but it is used to call the default defined target.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the systemctl command-line interface?

<p>systemctl is a systemd command-line interface used to manage units.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can services be started, stopped, or their status checked using systemctl?

<p>Services can be started, stopped, or their status checked using the systemctl start/stop/status commands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Enable/Disable commands in systemd?

<p>The Enable/Disable commands are used to start or disable services automatically at boot-up.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following storage commands with their descriptions:

<p>df = Disk space usage lsblk = Show disks and partitions fdisk -l = More info on disks and partitions du = Disk usage statistics per (sub-)directory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following disk types with their characteristics:

<p>Basic disk = Legacy type MBR or GPT partitioning Dynamic disk = Allows creation of volumes that can span more than 1 disk Simple volume = Similar to a basic partition Striped volume = Maximizes read/write performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following RAID levels with their descriptions:

<p>RAID 0 = Striping RAID 1 = Mirroring RAID 10 = Combination of striping and mirroring RAID 5 = Striping + distributed parity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following Windows volume management terms with their descriptions:

<p>Basic disk = Legacy type MBR or GPT partitioning Dynamic disk = Allows creation of volumes that can span more than 1 disk Spanned volume = Merge of parts on different disks Mirrored volume = Data is written to two equal-size dynamic disks for redundancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following filesystems with their descriptions:

<p>ext2 = Considered the standard filesystem ext3 = Added journaling to ext2 ext4 = The latest update mkfs command = Creates a filesystem on your partition(s)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following storage management terms with their descriptions:

<p>Volume groups = = collection of physical volumes Physical layer = /dev/sda Logical volume = Flexible, dynamic: volumes can shrink or grow Filesystem layer = /home /opt /spare</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their respective actions in adding a disk to your system:

<p>fdisk command = Partition the disk mkfs command = Format the partition(s) /dev/sda1 = Mounts partition sda1 to /mnt/temp /dev/hdb = Will be mounted on directory /mnt/cdrom</p> Signup and view all the answers

MBR stands for _______

Signup and view all the answers

EFI stands for ______?

Signup and view all the answers

LVM stands for ______?

Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of RAID 5 in disk storage management?

<p>Effective storage capacity with distributed parity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the /etc/fstab file in Linux?

<p>To configure partitions to be automatically mounted at the start of each new session</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of a mirrored volume in Windows volume management?

<p>Redundancy and fault tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of RAID 5?

<p>Redundancy and fault tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

What command should be used to test the contents of the /etc/fstab file?

<p>mount -a</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Windows volume management, what is the term used for the concept of disk / partition / volume that is similar to Linux?

<p>Basic disk</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of volume allows data to be written in parallel to all disks, maximizing read/write performance?

<p>Striped volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the /etc/fstab file in Linux?

<p>To configure partitions to be automatically mounted on startup</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of RAID 5 in disk storage management?

<p>Redundancy and fault tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Volume groups in storage management?

<p>They form a pool of storage for logical volumes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the role of the /dev directory in Linux with respect to storage devices.

<p>It represents all physical devices as device files.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the /etc/fstab file in Linux?

<p>To configure partitions for automatic mounting at the start of each new session</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can you test the contents of the /etc/fstab file in Linux?

<p>Using the 'mount -a' command</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the 'lsblk' command in Linux?

<p>To show disks and partitions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of disk allows creation of volumes that can span more than one disk in Linux?

<p>Dynamic disk</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of volume in RAID 5 allows recalculation of lost blocks and can tolerate the failure of one disk without data loss?

<p>RAID 5</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of RAID 10 in disk storage management?

<p>Combination of striping and mirroring for increased performance and fault tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Logical Volume Management in storage systems?

<p>To create/delete volumes, grow/shrink volumes, and move volumes between physical devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

What command is used to partition a new disk in Linux?

<p>fdisk</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'mkfs' command in Linux?

<p>To create a filesystem on a partition</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'mount' command do in Linux?

<p>It adds a filesystem to the host filesystem, making it accessible</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'swapon' command in Linux?

<p>It determines which partition the system will use for swapping and paging</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI) in GPT partitioning?

<p>To overcome the MBR limit of 2TB per disk</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the steps involved in adding a new disk to a Linux system?

<p>Partition the new disk, format the partition(s), and mount the partition(s)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'mkfs' command with the '-t' option in Linux?

<p>To create a filesystem of a specific type on a given partition</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the physical layer in partitioning schemes in Linux?

<p>It represents the actual hard disks in the system</p> Signup and view all the answers

EFI stands for

<p>Extensible Firmware Interface</p> Signup and view all the answers

DHCP stands for

<p>Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol</p> Signup and view all the answers

UEFI allows booting from

<p>removable media (USB)</p> Signup and view all the answers

PXE stands for

<p>Preboot eXecution Environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

TFTP stands for

<p>Trivial File Transfer Protocol</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of a public cloud?

<p>Delivers computing resources over the Internet</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary feature of a private cloud?

<p>Physically located on the company’s on-site datacenter</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a hybrid cloud?

<p>Combines public and private clouds, sharing data and applications</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which company provides an example of a public cloud?

<p>Microsoft Azure</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are the computing resources physically located in a private cloud?

<p>On the company’s on-site datacenter</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technology binds public and private clouds in a hybrid cloud?

<p>Technology that allows sharing of data and applications</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'swapon' command in Linux?

<p>To enable and activate swap space on devices or files</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of RAID 5 in disk storage management?

<p>To replicate data across multiple disks for redundancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the 'top' command in Linux?

<p>To display running processes and their resource usage</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the terminal driver in Linux processes?

<p>To regulate access to device files</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the niceness value in Linux processes?

<p>To indicate a process's priority for CPU time</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'mount' command do in Linux?

<p>To attach a file system to the system's directory tree</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the immediate signal in Linux that causes a process to be terminated?

<p>SIGKILL</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the systemctl command-line interface?

<p>To control system services and view their status</p> Signup and view all the answers

'DHCP' stands for _________.

<p>Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'kill' command in Linux require to terminate a process?

<p>Process ID (PID)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are background processes in Linux called?

<p>Daemon processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Multi-user.target in systemd?

<p>Serving as a high-level synchronization point during system boot</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) in digital communication?

<p>To detect errors in the data</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is used to represent positive, negative, and zero whole numbers on computers?

<p>Two's complement</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of floating gate memory?

<p>To store data with no fixed polarities</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory requires periodic refresh to maintain data integrity?

<p>DRAM</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which interface is preferred for cost-effective solutions over longer distances in digital communication?

<p>I2C</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory generally integrates GPU and CPU together?

<p>Intel Sandybridge chip</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the CPU timing being asynchronous or synchronous?

<p>To dictate the timing of instructions execution</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of I/O interface is used for faster data transfer over shorter distances?

<p>Parallel I/O interfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a multiplexed bus in CPU architecture?

<p>To dictate the timing of instructions execution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of computer memory is sensitive to static charges, temperature, and wear?

<p>Magnetic core memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what circumstances would errors be identified using Hamming Code in digital communication?

<p>When single bits are corrupted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the Fuse-based ROM in memory technology?

<p>To provide long-term data retention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Memory Management Unit (MMU) in a computer system?

<p>Translating virtual addresses to physical addresses</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the Direct Memory Access (DMA) controller in a computer system?

<p>Handling data transfer between devices and memory without CPU intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) in a computer system?

<p>Storing data across multiple disks for redundancy and fault tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Parallel communication primarily enable in a computer system?

<p>Transferring multiple bits simultaneously for faster data transfer rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of serial communication in a computer system?

<p>Sending data sequentially, one bit at a time</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of interrupts in a computer system?

<p>Handling hardware and software interrupts</p> Signup and view all the answers

"Level shifters" in a computer system primarily serve which purpose?

<p>Adapting signal levels between electronic devices with incompatible voltage requirements</p> Signup and view all the answers

"High-level programming languages" offer easier code understanding and adjustability primarily at the cost of:

<p>Complexity and required system dependency</p> Signup and view all the answers

"Low-level programming languages" such as machine-language and assembly language provide direct hardware control at the cost of:

<p>Increased hardware knowledge requirement</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ARM Generic Interrupt Controller (GIC) handles which types of interrupts in computer systems?

<p>Both hardware and software interrupts</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the acronym 'UEFI' stand for in the context of computer systems?

<p>Unified Extensible Firmware Interface</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the 'apt-get build-dep' command in Debian and Ubuntu?

<p>Managing dependencies for building source packages</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: A private cloud can only be physically located on the company’s on-site datacenter.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: Hybrid clouds combine public and private clouds, bound together by technology that allows data and applications to be shared between them.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: Public clouds are owned and operated by the company using the computing resources.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: Microsoft Azure is an example of a private cloud.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: With a public cloud, all hardware, software, and other supporting infrastructure is owned and managed by the cloud user.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: A hybrid cloud combines private and community clouds, bound together by technology that allows data and applications to be shared between them.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hybrid cloud allows data and applications to move between private and public clouds, providing business flexibility, more deployment options, and infrastructure optimization.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) allows users to rent IT infrastructure, including servers, storage, networks, and operating systems from a provider on a pay-as-you-go basis.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Platform as a Service (PaaS) offers an on-demand environment for developing, testing, delivering, and managing software applications, with underlying infrastructure managed.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Software as a Service (SaaS) involves cloud providers hosting and managing software applications and infrastructure, with users accessing applications over the Internet on a subscription basis.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The control bus is missing in the drawing of a computer system, with components including oscillator, address decoder, address bus, CPU, Flash/EEPROM memory, data bus, SRAM, and timers.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The decimal numeral system corresponds to the number of fingers and is a symbolic representation of quantities.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bits, the basic unit of information, can represent a value (number) or a command/symbol. Bits are combined into groups (nibbles, bytes, words) of various sizes.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hexadecimal notation replaces groups of 4 binary bits with a single symbol, expanding possibilities from $2^3$ to $2^4$.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

ASCII codes represent letters, symbols, and commands, but do not represent a value (number).

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gray code is a binary code that minimizes the difference between consecutive values, reducing errors in mechanical systems.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Error detection methods include parity, checksum, and Hamming code. Parity checks add a bit to data to ensure an odd or even number of bits, while checksums perform operations on data and compare results. Hamming codes add parity bits to data to detect and correct errors.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hamming Code can only identify errors, not correct them

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

CRC works with prime numbers to generate checksums

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Converting a decimal number to two's complement involves adding 1 to the inverted bits

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Floating gate memory has fixed polarities for data storage

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Magnetic core memory is sensitive to static charges, temperature, and wear

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

CPU with multiplexed buses have separate data and address connections

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

DRAM requires periodic refresh to maintain data integrity

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Serial I/O interfaces are preferred for cost-effective solutions over shorter distances

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Intel Sandybridge chip integrates GPU and CPU

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

CPUs are suitable for single-threaded performances

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Raspberry Pi is a microcontroller that uses an interface to interact with the digital computer

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Low-level programming languages, such as machine-language and assembly language, offer easier code understanding and adjustability, but have limitations.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

High-level programming languages, such as BASIC and Assembly, provide direct hardware control.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Machine language requires extensive hardware knowledge and is less popular due to complexity and required system dependency.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Interrupts are signals that suspend normal program execution for immediate attention to specific events, improving system responsiveness and efficiency.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ARM Generic Interrupt Controller (GIC) handles hardware and software interrupts, prioritizing, routing, and supporting various interrupt modes.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Memory Management Unit (MMU) manages virtual and physical memory addresses, enhancing system efficiency and providing memory protection.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Direct Memory Access (DMA) enables data transfer between devices and memory without CPU intervention, boosting efficiency during data handling.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) stores data across multiple disks for data redundancy and fault tolerance.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

RS-232 communication uses level shifters to adapt signal levels between devices with different voltage requirements.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Parallel communication transfers multiple bits at once, while serial communication sends single bits sequentially.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Level shifters convert signal levels between incompatible electronic circuits or devices.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

ARM interrupt controller prioritizes, routes, and manages interrupts for efficient handling in ARM-based systems.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

RS232 and RS485 are types of level shifters used in serial communication for converting voltage levels.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Masa(arding) is not used in level shifters.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Level shifters are used in synchronous serial communication for data storage.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

One wire is used for both power and data transmission.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Used in setting serial numbers in components like hard drives.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Different topologies are used in communication: simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex, bus, star, ring, and web.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Operating systems include DOS, Windows, Linux, Osx, and none (BIOS or Monitor).

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The user program starts after the CPU reset, and the operating system is started automatically.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hardware abstraction layer is a collection of system functions universal for computer control.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

UEFI is a unified extensible firmware interface that replaced the BIOS firmware interface.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

RTOS is a real-time operating system with advantages such as multi-tasking, faster CPU, and modular design.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

CPU clock speed, current consumption, and power supply voltage are important factors in computer performance.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of cache in a computer system?

<p>To store frequently used data for faster access</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technology is commonly used to implement cache hierarchies?

<p>DRAM</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be used to minimize cache misses by predicting future data access patterns?

<p>Cache prefetching</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a hardware abstraction layer in computer control?

<p>To provide system functions universal for computer control</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is important in determining computer performance related to CPU speed?

<p>CPU clock speed</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI)?

<p>To replace the BIOS firmware interface</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of cache coherence protocols?

<p>To maintain consistency between data in multiple caches</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be used to reduce cache contention in a multi-processor system?

<p>Cache partitioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Cache thrashing' occurs when the cache is being accessed too frequently, causing a decrease in performance. Which technique can be used to minimize cache thrashing?

<p>Demand paging algorithms</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Cache pollution' occurs when irrelevant data is stored in the cache. What can be used to reduce cache pollution?

<p>Cache replacement algorithms</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technique can be used to analyze cache behavior and optimize cache usage?

<p>Cache simulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can cache misprediction be reduced in a computer system?

<p>Branch prediction algorithms</p> Signup and view all the answers

Direct mapping is the only type of CACHE used in modern computer systems

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Megaprocessor uses 15,300 transistors and 8,500 LEDs

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Intel Corp. produced the world's first single chip microprocessor (4004) in 1971

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

ARM produces processors with high power consumption

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bit slicing is a technique to decrease the word length of a processor

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

ARM was founded in 1990 as a joint venture between Acorn, Apple, and VLSI

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hyper threading allows a single processor to execute two tasks at the same time

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Conditional instruction execution always results in a branch prediction

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pipelining is a CPU technique that processes multiple instructions sequentially

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Super scalar CPU can execute only one instruction per cycle

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The CORTEX A series of ARM processors is designed for household devices and gaming applications

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

MAM is used to manage the cache in computer systems

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Memory Addressing Matrix (MAM) in cache management?

<p>To manage the mapping of memory addresses to cache locations</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Conditional instruction execution' refer to in CPU operations?

<p>Executing different actions based on a condition being met or not met</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of bit slicing in processor design?

<p>To increase the word length of the processor</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which company produced the world's first single chip microprocessor, the 4004, in 1971?

<p>Intel Corp.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of devices does ARM offer under its CORTEX series for different applications?

<p>Household appliances and gaming devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of hyper threading in CPU technology?

<p>To execute multiple tasks simultaneously on a single processor core</p> Signup and view all the answers

In disk storage management, what is the main purpose of RAID 10?

<p>To provide fault tolerance through data mirroring and striping</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of volume groups in storage management?

<p>To group multiple physical volumes into logical volumes for easier management</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Pipelining' in CPU operations involves:

<p>Executing multiple instructions simultaneously by dividing them into stages and executing them concurrently</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

  • pwd command: prints the physical directory without symbolic links if run with -P option

  • touch command: changes file time stamp or creates new file with 0 bytes; options include -a, -m, -r, and -t

  • copy command: cp source_file dest_file or cp file1 file2 file3 dest_directory; rsync for syncing directories

  • move command: mv old_file new_file; delete command: rm filename_to_be_deleted or rm -r directoryName

  • escaping special characters: prevent shell interpretation by "masking" with a backslash

  • less and more commands: display file contents page by page; less supports compressed files and has more functionalities than more

  • head and tail commands: display first or last n lines, respectively, of a file

  • grep command: search for patterns in files; supports regular expressions through egrep or grep -E

  • find command: search for files based on certain criteria; options include -path, -name, -user, -size, and -type

  • data channels: standard input, output, and error for Linux processes; file descriptors for stdin, stdout, and stderr are 0, 1, and 2, respectively

  • channel redirection: output of one command can be input for another through pipes, or combined using the tee command

  • command substitution: command1 $(command2) executes command2 and inserts its output into command1

  • aliases: allow easier command usage; defined in .bashrc file in Ubuntu Linux, or in a separate .alias file; examples include ll for ls -al.

  • Linux file system structure includes directories: /bin, /sbin, lib, lib64, etc, dev, and /etc

  • /bin: essential binaries for all users, contains executables required when no other file systems are mounted

  • /sbin: system binaries, contains programs important for system administration, typically run by root user

  • Libraries: shared objects used by many programs, end with the .so extension, located in /lib and /lib/modules

  • /etc: configuration files, contains system and services configuration files, most are ASCII files, important that only root user can read them

  • /usr: Unix System Resources, contains binaries, libraries, and application directories, almost every installed system has configuration files here or subdirectories

  • Linux command-line interface (CLI) is perfect for automation and management tasks, available shells listed in /etc/shells

  • Wildcards (special tokens) used to reference multiple files, Bash shell uses them for operations

  • /bin and /sbin: essential and system binaries, respectively, used for basic commands such as cd, ls, pwd, etc

  • Libraries: /lib and /lib/modules, contain shared objects used by programs

  • /etc: contains configuration files, important for system security that only root user can read them

  • Common CLI commands: navigate the file system, manipulate files, display file contents, search files, process text, and archive files

  • LS command: lists files, directories, and their attributes, most important options are: -a (all files including hidden files), -l (long format), and -la (all files in long format)

  • File types: regular files, directories, symbolic links, and others

  • Symbolic links: created using the ln -s command, can be used when file and link are not in the same file system

  • Ownership: files and directories have owners, can be changed using chown command

  • Permissions: files and directories have permissions, can be changed using chmod command

  • Syncing files: rsync command is used for synchronizing files, can be used to transfer and update files between systems or backups

  • Disk space: used, available, and total disk space can be checked using the df command

  • Disk usage: used, available, and total disk usage can be checked using the du command

  • Disk quotas: used to limit disk space usage for users, can be checked using the quota command

  • File permissions: read, write, and execute permissions, can be checked using the ls -l command

  • File ownership: can be checked using the ls -l command, can be changed using the chown command

  • File modification: last modification time, can be checked using the ls -l command

  • File size: size of files, can be checked using the ls -l command or du command.

− Hashing: one-way encryption used in Shadow file for password storage − Only root user can read Shadow file − Login process: username entered, user's encrypted password in Shadow file is compared to entered password − Users can belong to one or more groups − Security is defined based on users and groups − Identity switching: "su" and "sudo" commands for user privilege escalation − Sudoers file for selective privilege delegation − By default, user password is required every five minutes for sudo operations − Files have file permissions that can be modified using chmod command − File permissions can be changed using octal numbers or letters representing permissions − Sticky bit for directory access control − SUID (Set User ID) bit to run commands with owner's ID − SGID (Set Group ID) bit for executing files under the owning group's ID − Access Control Lists (ACLs) for simpler file access management − SUID and SGID bits have no effect on directories − SUID bit allows a file to be executed under the user ID of the file's owner − SGID bit applies to the owning group of the file, making files created in the directory to be owned by the group that owns the directory − ACLs offer an alternative to creating groups and granting access to specific users.

  • The text discusses various aspects of managing processes in Linux, including access to files and resources, process prioritization, and terminating misbehaving processes.

  • The Linux kernel determines which files and resources each process has access to, and some processes share commonalities in behavior, such as the ability to output to a tty.

  • Processes belong to sessions and can be signaled for communication or termination. The terminal driver can send signals like Ctrl-C and Ctrl-Z (SIGQUIT), and the kill command can be used to terminate a process by its PID (Process ID).

  • The niceness of a process is an indication of its priority, with lower nice values indicating higher priority. Values range from -20 to +19.

  • Users can change a process's nice value to give priority to other processes, but they need sudo privileges to decrease a process's nice value.

  • Top is a command used to monitor system processes and their resource usage. It can be sorted by different fields, and users can press certain keys (c, d, k, r, and h) for various actions.

  • To manage processes, users can use the kill and killall commands to terminate a process. The killall command kills all processes with a specified command name, and the kill command requires the process PID.

  • When a process receives a kill signal, it can react to it or ignore it, but it does not have control over how the kernel handles certain signals like SIGKILL or SIGSTOP.

  • SIGKILL and SIGSTOP are immediate signals that cause a process to be terminated or stopped, respectively.

  • To end a misbehaving process, users should first try sending a SIGTERM signal and wait for the process to clean up. If the process is still hung, then a SIGKILL signal can be sent.

  • Background processes include system processes and services like web servers and NFS services.

  • Services can be managed by starting and stopping them manually or automatically at boot time or on a schedule.

  • System V is a legacy Linux init system that reads the /etc/inittab file to determine which scripts to run at bootup. It has shortcomings like starting services one by one and not supporting dependencies.

  • Systemd is a modern init system that has replaced System V in most Linux distributions. It manages devices, login, network connections, and logging, and includes the init system.

  • The init process is the first process to start after booting and goes through various runlevels (0 through 6) depending on the distribution.

  • In System V, the /etc/inittab file defines which scripts to run for each runlevel, and they are organized in subdirectories according to their startup priority.

  • Systemd uses target-units to provide the same functionality as the run-levels in System V. It creates symbolic links for each run-level and maps them to the equivalent target unit.

  • Systemd is a system and service manager in Linux that manages units, which store their configuration on disk

  • Multi-user.target: multi-user system support, no graphical environment

  • Halt.target, Poweroff.target, Reboot.target, Rescue.target: system targets to halt, power off, reboot, or rescue the system

  • Default.target: not a real target, used to call the default defined target

  • 44 system objects: system units in systemd

  • systemctl: systemd command-line interface to manage units

  • systemctl list-units, list-unit-files: list units and their files

  • systemctl start/stop/status: start, stop, or check the status of services

  • Enable/Disable: start or disable services automatically at boot-up

  • 45 Devices, Mounted Volumes, System timers, Targets, Network Sockets: various types of systemd units

  • 46 systemctl list-unit-files –t service: filter by service type

  • 47 systemctl list-units (-t service): list units that systemd currently has in memory

  • Start/Stop services: use systemctl command

  • Enable/Disable services: enable or disable services to start automatically

  • nginx web server service: an example of a service

  • 48-50: handling targets, scheduling tasks, and AT jobs (one-time tasks)

  • 51-58: cron jobs, notifications, and logging

  • 59-60: crontab format

  • 61-64: systemd timers, successor of cron, and example of running a command in a service file

  • 65: checking status, timer types, and oncalendar

  • 66-68: Windows services, service account, and finding corresponding services

  • 69-70: managing services, service properties, and other legitimate windows processes

  • 71-73: managing services and other system tasks

  • 74: authentic processes, some malware uses process names to hide

  • 75-77: process explorer, Windows task scheduler, and task wizard

  • 78: task wizard for weekly, monthly, and action to execute

  • 90: systemd is a Linux system and service manager that uses units to manage various system components, including services, devices, and processes, and provides features like multi-user support, automatic start-up, and service management through the command-line interface systemctl.

  • CACHE: CACHE comes in different types: direct mapping, X-way set associative, and fully associative.

  • MAM: Memory Addressing Matrix (MAM) is used to manage the cache.

  • Conditional instruction execution: If a condition is met, the instruction performs one action; otherwise, it performs another action.

  • Pipelining: A CPU technique that processes multiple instructions simultaneously by dividing them into stages and executing them concurrently.

  • Super scalar CPU: A CPU that can execute multiple instructions per cycle.

  • Hyper threading: A technology that allows a single processor to execute two tasks at the same time, improving efficiency and performance.

  • The Megaprocessor: A massive 16-bit processor with 7 registers, 256 bytes of RAM, and a questionable amount of PROM. It uses 500W, most of which goes to the LEDs, and weighs about half a ton. It consists of 15,300 transistors and 8,500 LEDs; the RAM has 27,000 transistors and 2,048 LEDs.

  • Bit slicing: A technique to increase the word length of a processor by using modules with smaller bit breadth.

  • Intel Corp.: Founded in 1968 by Robert Noyce, Gordon Moore, and Andy Grove for the purpose of designing "INTegrated ELectronics." They produced the world's first single chip microprocessor (4004) in 1971, with 2000 transistors and a 4-bit architecture. They marketed the 8008-bit microprocessor in 1972, which was used in the Altair 8800 computer, popularizing the concept of a "home computer."

  • ARM: Founded in 1990 as a joint venture between Acorn, Apple, and VLSI. The company designs components called Intellectual Property and licenses them to other companies for manufacturing. They produce RISC, low power, and low transistor count processors. They offer various CORTEX devices, including the CORTEX M, R, and A series, which cater to different applications like household devices, gaming, automotive, wireless applications, subsystems, high performance, real-time, safe, and mobile applications.

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