Podcast
Questions and Answers
Explain the concept of a Command Line Interface (CLI) and provide examples of different shells.
Explain the concept of a Command Line Interface (CLI) and provide examples of different shells.
A Command Line Interface (CLI) is a text-based interface in which users communicate with the operating system by typing commands. Examples of different shells include bash, sh, ksh, and csh.
what does the pwd comand do
what does the pwd comand do
The 'pwd' command prints the current working directory
What is the purpose of the 'touch' command and what are some of its options?
What is the purpose of the 'touch' command and what are some of its options?
The 'touch' command is used to change file time stamps or create new files with 0 bytes. Some of its options include -a, -m, -r, and -t.
How would you use the 'copy' command to copy multiple files to a destination directory?
How would you use the 'copy' command to copy multiple files to a destination directory?
Explain the difference between the 'less' and 'more' commands.
Explain the difference between the 'less' and 'more' commands.
What is the purpose of the 'head' and 'tail' commands?
What is the purpose of the 'head' and 'tail' commands?
How does the 'grep' command work and what does it support?
How does the 'grep' command work and what does it support?
give an example of an alias?
give an example of an alias?
What is the significance of the /etc directory in the Linux file system and why is it important that only the root user can read its contents?
What is the significance of the /etc directory in the Linux file system and why is it important that only the root user can read its contents?
Explain the purpose of symbolic links in Linux and provide an example of how they can be used.
Explain the purpose of symbolic links in Linux and provide an example of how they can be used.
Describe the concept of file permissions in Linux and how they can be modified.
Describe the concept of file permissions in Linux and how they can be modified.
In Linux, how can the ownership of files and directories be changed?
In Linux, how can the ownership of files and directories be changed?
What information can be obtained using the ls -l command in Linux?
What information can be obtained using the ls -l command in Linux?
Explain the purpose of wildcards in Linux and the role they play in file operations.
Explain the purpose of wildcards in Linux and the role they play in file operations.
What are the two main aspects of user management in Linux?
What are the two main aspects of user management in Linux?
How is a user defined in Linux?
How is a user defined in Linux?
Why are groups used in Linux user management?
Why are groups used in Linux user management?
Where is the user account information and passwords stored in Linux?
Where is the user account information and passwords stored in Linux?
What is the purpose of the SUID (Set User ID) bit in Linux file permissions?
What is the purpose of the SUID (Set User ID) bit in Linux file permissions?
What is the purpose of the SGID (Set Group ID) bit in Linux file permissions?
What is the purpose of the SGID (Set Group ID) bit in Linux file permissions?
How is the Sticky bit used for directory access control in Linux?
How is the Sticky bit used for directory access control in Linux?
What is the default interval for requiring a user password during sudo operations in Linux?
What is the default interval for requiring a user password during sudo operations in Linux?
In what file is selective privilege delegation configured in Linux, and what is the purpose of this configuration?
In what file is selective privilege delegation configured in Linux, and what is the purpose of this configuration?
What type of encryption is used in the Shadow file for password storage, and why is it used?
What type of encryption is used in the Shadow file for password storage, and why is it used?
What is the significance of the Shadow file in Linux, and who can read it?
What is the significance of the Shadow file in Linux, and who can read it?
Explain the role of file ownership in Linux, and how can the ownership of files and directories be changed?
Explain the role of file ownership in Linux, and how can the ownership of files and directories be changed?
Which command is used to remove a package in Ubuntu?
Which command is used to remove a package in Ubuntu?
What is the purpose of the 'apt-get build-dep' command in Debian and Ubuntu?
What is the purpose of the 'apt-get build-dep' command in Debian and Ubuntu?
Which command is used to maintain the package cache and synchronize packages on the local machine in Ubuntu?
Which command is used to maintain the package cache and synchronize packages on the local machine in Ubuntu?
True or false: 192.168.1.3 with subnet 255.255.255.0 can communicate with 192.168.1.5
True or false: 192.168.1.3 with subnet 255.255.255.0 can communicate with 192.168.1.5
True or false: 192.168.1.3 with subnet 255.255.0.0 can communicate with 192.168.2.5
True or false: 192.168.1.3 with subnet 255.255.0.0 can communicate with 192.168.2.5
True or false: 10.1.1.3 with subnet 255.255.0.0 cannot communicate with 10.2.2.5
True or false: 10.1.1.3 with subnet 255.255.0.0 cannot communicate with 10.2.2.5
True or false: 172.20.1.3 with subnet 255.255.0.0 can communicate with 172.20.2.5
True or false: 172.20.1.3 with subnet 255.255.0.0 can communicate with 172.20.2.5
True or false: 192.168.8.3 with subnet 255.255.0.0 can communicate with 192.168.9.5
True or false: 192.168.8.3 with subnet 255.255.0.0 can communicate with 192.168.9.5
True or false: 172.18.1.3 with subnet 255.255.255.0 can communicate with 172.18.2.5
True or false: 172.18.1.3 with subnet 255.255.255.0 can communicate with 172.18.2.5
True or false: 10.0.10.3 with subnet 255.255.255.0 can communicate with 10.0.10.8
True or false: 10.0.10.3 with subnet 255.255.255.0 can communicate with 10.0.10.8
True or false: 10.8.1.3 with subnet 255.255.255.0 can communicate with 10.8.2.5
True or false: 10.8.1.3 with subnet 255.255.255.0 can communicate with 10.8.2.5
DNS stands for _____________.
DNS stands for _____________.
LAN stands for _______
LAN stands for _______
DHCP stands for____
DHCP stands for____
is telnet inctripted?
is telnet inctripted?
What is the purpose of the default gateway in a network?
What is the purpose of the default gateway in a network?
What is the purpose of DNS (Domain Name System)?
What is the purpose of DNS (Domain Name System)?
What is the significance of the hierarchical structure of domain names?
What is the significance of the hierarchical structure of domain names?
What is the main difference between foreground and background processes in a multitasking OS?
What is the main difference between foreground and background processes in a multitasking OS?
What does the Process ID (PID) represent in Linux?
What does the Process ID (PID) represent in Linux?
What is the purpose of the effective user ID (EUID) in Linux processes?
What is the purpose of the effective user ID (EUID) in Linux processes?
What does the Group ID (GID) represent in Linux processes?
What does the Group ID (GID) represent in Linux processes?
What is the purpose of systemctl list-units?
What is the purpose of systemctl list-units?
What is the purpose of the systemctl command-line interface?
What is the purpose of the systemctl command-line interface?
What are the various types of units in systemd?
What are the various types of units in systemd?
'Enable/Disable' in systemd is used for:
'Enable/Disable' in systemd is used for:
What is the range of values for the niceness of a process in Linux?
What is the range of values for the niceness of a process in Linux?
Which command can be used to terminate all processes with a specified command name in Linux?
Which command can be used to terminate all processes with a specified command name in Linux?
What is the immediate signal in Linux that causes a process to be terminated?
What is the immediate signal in Linux that causes a process to be terminated?
What does the 'top' command in Linux do?
What does the 'top' command in Linux do?
What does the 'kill' command in Linux require to terminate a process?
What does the 'kill' command in Linux require to terminate a process?
What does the 'nice' value of a process indicate in Linux?
What does the 'nice' value of a process indicate in Linux?
What is the purpose of the 'killall' command in Linux?
What is the purpose of the 'killall' command in Linux?
Which command can be used to monitor system processes and their resource usage in Linux?
Which command can be used to monitor system processes and their resource usage in Linux?
PID stands for_______
PID stands for_______
EUID stands for _____
EUID stands for _____
What is the purpose of the pstree command in Linux?
What is the purpose of the pstree command in Linux?
What is the purpose of the niceness value in Linux processes?
What is the purpose of the niceness value in Linux processes?
How can users change a process's nice value in Linux?
How can users change a process's nice value in Linux?
What is the significance of the 'top' command in Linux?
What is the significance of the 'top' command in Linux?
How can misbehaving processes be handled in Linux?
How can misbehaving processes be handled in Linux?
What are background processes in Linux calt?
What are background processes in Linux calt?
What is the role of the terminal driver in Linux processes?
What is the role of the terminal driver in Linux processes?
What is the function of the Multi-user.target in systemd?
What is the function of the Multi-user.target in systemd?
What is the Default.target used for in systemd?
What is the Default.target used for in systemd?
What is the purpose of the systemctl command-line interface?
What is the purpose of the systemctl command-line interface?
How can services be started, stopped, or their status checked using systemctl?
How can services be started, stopped, or their status checked using systemctl?
What is the purpose of the Enable/Disable commands in systemd?
What is the purpose of the Enable/Disable commands in systemd?
Match the following storage commands with their descriptions:
Match the following storage commands with their descriptions:
Match the following disk types with their characteristics:
Match the following disk types with their characteristics:
Match the following RAID levels with their descriptions:
Match the following RAID levels with their descriptions:
Match the following Windows volume management terms with their descriptions:
Match the following Windows volume management terms with their descriptions:
Match the following filesystems with their descriptions:
Match the following filesystems with their descriptions:
Match the following storage management terms with their descriptions:
Match the following storage management terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their respective actions in adding a disk to your system:
Match the following terms with their respective actions in adding a disk to your system:
MBR stands for _______
MBR stands for _______
EFI stands for ______?
EFI stands for ______?
LVM stands for ______?
LVM stands for ______?
What is the main purpose of RAID 5 in disk storage management?
What is the main purpose of RAID 5 in disk storage management?
What is the purpose of the /etc/fstab file in Linux?
What is the purpose of the /etc/fstab file in Linux?
What is the significance of a mirrored volume in Windows volume management?
What is the significance of a mirrored volume in Windows volume management?
What is the main purpose of RAID 5?
What is the main purpose of RAID 5?
What command should be used to test the contents of the /etc/fstab file?
What command should be used to test the contents of the /etc/fstab file?
In Windows volume management, what is the term used for the concept of disk / partition / volume that is similar to Linux?
In Windows volume management, what is the term used for the concept of disk / partition / volume that is similar to Linux?
What type of volume allows data to be written in parallel to all disks, maximizing read/write performance?
What type of volume allows data to be written in parallel to all disks, maximizing read/write performance?
What is the purpose of the /etc/fstab file in Linux?
What is the purpose of the /etc/fstab file in Linux?
What is the main purpose of RAID 5 in disk storage management?
What is the main purpose of RAID 5 in disk storage management?
What is the significance of Volume groups in storage management?
What is the significance of Volume groups in storage management?
Explain the role of the /dev directory in Linux with respect to storage devices.
Explain the role of the /dev directory in Linux with respect to storage devices.
What is the purpose of the /etc/fstab file in Linux?
What is the purpose of the /etc/fstab file in Linux?
How can you test the contents of the /etc/fstab file in Linux?
How can you test the contents of the /etc/fstab file in Linux?
What is the function of the 'lsblk' command in Linux?
What is the function of the 'lsblk' command in Linux?
What type of disk allows creation of volumes that can span more than one disk in Linux?
What type of disk allows creation of volumes that can span more than one disk in Linux?
What type of volume in RAID 5 allows recalculation of lost blocks and can tolerate the failure of one disk without data loss?
What type of volume in RAID 5 allows recalculation of lost blocks and can tolerate the failure of one disk without data loss?
What is the main purpose of RAID 10 in disk storage management?
What is the main purpose of RAID 10 in disk storage management?
What is the purpose of Logical Volume Management in storage systems?
What is the purpose of Logical Volume Management in storage systems?
What command is used to partition a new disk in Linux?
What command is used to partition a new disk in Linux?
What is the purpose of the 'mkfs' command in Linux?
What is the purpose of the 'mkfs' command in Linux?
What does the 'mount' command do in Linux?
What does the 'mount' command do in Linux?
What is the purpose of the 'swapon' command in Linux?
What is the purpose of the 'swapon' command in Linux?
What is the purpose of Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI) in GPT partitioning?
What is the purpose of Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI) in GPT partitioning?
What are the steps involved in adding a new disk to a Linux system?
What are the steps involved in adding a new disk to a Linux system?
What is the purpose of the 'mkfs' command with the '-t' option in Linux?
What is the purpose of the 'mkfs' command with the '-t' option in Linux?
What is the significance of the physical layer in partitioning schemes in Linux?
What is the significance of the physical layer in partitioning schemes in Linux?
EFI stands for
EFI stands for
DHCP stands for
DHCP stands for
UEFI allows booting from
UEFI allows booting from
PXE stands for
PXE stands for
TFTP stands for
TFTP stands for
What is the main characteristic of a public cloud?
What is the main characteristic of a public cloud?
What is the primary feature of a private cloud?
What is the primary feature of a private cloud?
What defines a hybrid cloud?
What defines a hybrid cloud?
Which company provides an example of a public cloud?
Which company provides an example of a public cloud?
Where are the computing resources physically located in a private cloud?
Where are the computing resources physically located in a private cloud?
What technology binds public and private clouds in a hybrid cloud?
What technology binds public and private clouds in a hybrid cloud?
What is the purpose of the 'swapon' command in Linux?
What is the purpose of the 'swapon' command in Linux?
What is the main purpose of RAID 5 in disk storage management?
What is the main purpose of RAID 5 in disk storage management?
What is the significance of the 'top' command in Linux?
What is the significance of the 'top' command in Linux?
What is the role of the terminal driver in Linux processes?
What is the role of the terminal driver in Linux processes?
What is the purpose of the niceness value in Linux processes?
What is the purpose of the niceness value in Linux processes?
What does the 'mount' command do in Linux?
What does the 'mount' command do in Linux?
What is the immediate signal in Linux that causes a process to be terminated?
What is the immediate signal in Linux that causes a process to be terminated?
What is the purpose of the systemctl command-line interface?
What is the purpose of the systemctl command-line interface?
'DHCP' stands for _________.
'DHCP' stands for _________.
What does the 'kill' command in Linux require to terminate a process?
What does the 'kill' command in Linux require to terminate a process?
What are background processes in Linux called?
What are background processes in Linux called?
What is the function of the Multi-user.target in systemd?
What is the function of the Multi-user.target in systemd?
What is the purpose of CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) in digital communication?
What is the purpose of CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) in digital communication?
Which method is used to represent positive, negative, and zero whole numbers on computers?
Which method is used to represent positive, negative, and zero whole numbers on computers?
What is the purpose of floating gate memory?
What is the purpose of floating gate memory?
What type of memory requires periodic refresh to maintain data integrity?
What type of memory requires periodic refresh to maintain data integrity?
Which interface is preferred for cost-effective solutions over longer distances in digital communication?
Which interface is preferred for cost-effective solutions over longer distances in digital communication?
Which type of memory generally integrates GPU and CPU together?
Which type of memory generally integrates GPU and CPU together?
What is the main function of the CPU timing being asynchronous or synchronous?
What is the main function of the CPU timing being asynchronous or synchronous?
Which type of I/O interface is used for faster data transfer over shorter distances?
Which type of I/O interface is used for faster data transfer over shorter distances?
What is the primary function of a multiplexed bus in CPU architecture?
What is the primary function of a multiplexed bus in CPU architecture?
Which type of computer memory is sensitive to static charges, temperature, and wear?
Which type of computer memory is sensitive to static charges, temperature, and wear?
In what circumstances would errors be identified using Hamming Code in digital communication?
In what circumstances would errors be identified using Hamming Code in digital communication?
What is the main purpose of the Fuse-based ROM in memory technology?
What is the main purpose of the Fuse-based ROM in memory technology?
What is the purpose of the Memory Management Unit (MMU) in a computer system?
What is the purpose of the Memory Management Unit (MMU) in a computer system?
What is the primary role of the Direct Memory Access (DMA) controller in a computer system?
What is the primary role of the Direct Memory Access (DMA) controller in a computer system?
What is the function of Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) in a computer system?
What is the function of Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) in a computer system?
What does Parallel communication primarily enable in a computer system?
What does Parallel communication primarily enable in a computer system?
What is the main purpose of serial communication in a computer system?
What is the main purpose of serial communication in a computer system?
What is the primary function of interrupts in a computer system?
What is the primary function of interrupts in a computer system?
"Level shifters" in a computer system primarily serve which purpose?
"Level shifters" in a computer system primarily serve which purpose?
"High-level programming languages" offer easier code understanding and adjustability primarily at the cost of:
"High-level programming languages" offer easier code understanding and adjustability primarily at the cost of:
"Low-level programming languages" such as machine-language and assembly language provide direct hardware control at the cost of:
"Low-level programming languages" such as machine-language and assembly language provide direct hardware control at the cost of:
The ARM Generic Interrupt Controller (GIC) handles which types of interrupts in computer systems?
The ARM Generic Interrupt Controller (GIC) handles which types of interrupts in computer systems?
What does the acronym 'UEFI' stand for in the context of computer systems?
What does the acronym 'UEFI' stand for in the context of computer systems?
What is the primary function of the 'apt-get build-dep' command in Debian and Ubuntu?
What is the primary function of the 'apt-get build-dep' command in Debian and Ubuntu?
True or false: A private cloud can only be physically located on the company’s on-site datacenter.
True or false: A private cloud can only be physically located on the company’s on-site datacenter.
True or false: Hybrid clouds combine public and private clouds, bound together by technology that allows data and applications to be shared between them.
True or false: Hybrid clouds combine public and private clouds, bound together by technology that allows data and applications to be shared between them.
True or false: Public clouds are owned and operated by the company using the computing resources.
True or false: Public clouds are owned and operated by the company using the computing resources.
True or false: Microsoft Azure is an example of a private cloud.
True or false: Microsoft Azure is an example of a private cloud.
True or false: With a public cloud, all hardware, software, and other supporting infrastructure is owned and managed by the cloud user.
True or false: With a public cloud, all hardware, software, and other supporting infrastructure is owned and managed by the cloud user.
True or false: A hybrid cloud combines private and community clouds, bound together by technology that allows data and applications to be shared between them.
True or false: A hybrid cloud combines private and community clouds, bound together by technology that allows data and applications to be shared between them.
Hybrid cloud allows data and applications to move between private and public clouds, providing business flexibility, more deployment options, and infrastructure optimization.
Hybrid cloud allows data and applications to move between private and public clouds, providing business flexibility, more deployment options, and infrastructure optimization.
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) allows users to rent IT infrastructure, including servers, storage, networks, and operating systems from a provider on a pay-as-you-go basis.
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) allows users to rent IT infrastructure, including servers, storage, networks, and operating systems from a provider on a pay-as-you-go basis.
Platform as a Service (PaaS) offers an on-demand environment for developing, testing, delivering, and managing software applications, with underlying infrastructure managed.
Platform as a Service (PaaS) offers an on-demand environment for developing, testing, delivering, and managing software applications, with underlying infrastructure managed.
Software as a Service (SaaS) involves cloud providers hosting and managing software applications and infrastructure, with users accessing applications over the Internet on a subscription basis.
Software as a Service (SaaS) involves cloud providers hosting and managing software applications and infrastructure, with users accessing applications over the Internet on a subscription basis.
The control bus is missing in the drawing of a computer system, with components including oscillator, address decoder, address bus, CPU, Flash/EEPROM memory, data bus, SRAM, and timers.
The control bus is missing in the drawing of a computer system, with components including oscillator, address decoder, address bus, CPU, Flash/EEPROM memory, data bus, SRAM, and timers.
The decimal numeral system corresponds to the number of fingers and is a symbolic representation of quantities.
The decimal numeral system corresponds to the number of fingers and is a symbolic representation of quantities.
Bits, the basic unit of information, can represent a value (number) or a command/symbol. Bits are combined into groups (nibbles, bytes, words) of various sizes.
Bits, the basic unit of information, can represent a value (number) or a command/symbol. Bits are combined into groups (nibbles, bytes, words) of various sizes.
Hexadecimal notation replaces groups of 4 binary bits with a single symbol, expanding possibilities from $2^3$ to $2^4$.
Hexadecimal notation replaces groups of 4 binary bits with a single symbol, expanding possibilities from $2^3$ to $2^4$.
ASCII codes represent letters, symbols, and commands, but do not represent a value (number).
ASCII codes represent letters, symbols, and commands, but do not represent a value (number).
Gray code is a binary code that minimizes the difference between consecutive values, reducing errors in mechanical systems.
Gray code is a binary code that minimizes the difference between consecutive values, reducing errors in mechanical systems.
Error detection methods include parity, checksum, and Hamming code. Parity checks add a bit to data to ensure an odd or even number of bits, while checksums perform operations on data and compare results. Hamming codes add parity bits to data to detect and correct errors.
Error detection methods include parity, checksum, and Hamming code. Parity checks add a bit to data to ensure an odd or even number of bits, while checksums perform operations on data and compare results. Hamming codes add parity bits to data to detect and correct errors.
Hamming Code can only identify errors, not correct them
Hamming Code can only identify errors, not correct them
CRC works with prime numbers to generate checksums
CRC works with prime numbers to generate checksums
Converting a decimal number to two's complement involves adding 1 to the inverted bits
Converting a decimal number to two's complement involves adding 1 to the inverted bits
Floating gate memory has fixed polarities for data storage
Floating gate memory has fixed polarities for data storage
Magnetic core memory is sensitive to static charges, temperature, and wear
Magnetic core memory is sensitive to static charges, temperature, and wear
CPU with multiplexed buses have separate data and address connections
CPU with multiplexed buses have separate data and address connections
DRAM requires periodic refresh to maintain data integrity
DRAM requires periodic refresh to maintain data integrity
Serial I/O interfaces are preferred for cost-effective solutions over shorter distances
Serial I/O interfaces are preferred for cost-effective solutions over shorter distances
Intel Sandybridge chip integrates GPU and CPU
Intel Sandybridge chip integrates GPU and CPU
CPUs are suitable for single-threaded performances
CPUs are suitable for single-threaded performances
Raspberry Pi is a microcontroller that uses an interface to interact with the digital computer
Raspberry Pi is a microcontroller that uses an interface to interact with the digital computer
Low-level programming languages, such as machine-language and assembly language, offer easier code understanding and adjustability, but have limitations.
Low-level programming languages, such as machine-language and assembly language, offer easier code understanding and adjustability, but have limitations.
High-level programming languages, such as BASIC and Assembly, provide direct hardware control.
High-level programming languages, such as BASIC and Assembly, provide direct hardware control.
Machine language requires extensive hardware knowledge and is less popular due to complexity and required system dependency.
Machine language requires extensive hardware knowledge and is less popular due to complexity and required system dependency.
Interrupts are signals that suspend normal program execution for immediate attention to specific events, improving system responsiveness and efficiency.
Interrupts are signals that suspend normal program execution for immediate attention to specific events, improving system responsiveness and efficiency.
The ARM Generic Interrupt Controller (GIC) handles hardware and software interrupts, prioritizing, routing, and supporting various interrupt modes.
The ARM Generic Interrupt Controller (GIC) handles hardware and software interrupts, prioritizing, routing, and supporting various interrupt modes.
Memory Management Unit (MMU) manages virtual and physical memory addresses, enhancing system efficiency and providing memory protection.
Memory Management Unit (MMU) manages virtual and physical memory addresses, enhancing system efficiency and providing memory protection.
Direct Memory Access (DMA) enables data transfer between devices and memory without CPU intervention, boosting efficiency during data handling.
Direct Memory Access (DMA) enables data transfer between devices and memory without CPU intervention, boosting efficiency during data handling.
Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) stores data across multiple disks for data redundancy and fault tolerance.
Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) stores data across multiple disks for data redundancy and fault tolerance.
RS-232 communication uses level shifters to adapt signal levels between devices with different voltage requirements.
RS-232 communication uses level shifters to adapt signal levels between devices with different voltage requirements.
Parallel communication transfers multiple bits at once, while serial communication sends single bits sequentially.
Parallel communication transfers multiple bits at once, while serial communication sends single bits sequentially.
Level shifters convert signal levels between incompatible electronic circuits or devices.
Level shifters convert signal levels between incompatible electronic circuits or devices.
ARM interrupt controller prioritizes, routes, and manages interrupts for efficient handling in ARM-based systems.
ARM interrupt controller prioritizes, routes, and manages interrupts for efficient handling in ARM-based systems.
RS232 and RS485 are types of level shifters used in serial communication for converting voltage levels.
RS232 and RS485 are types of level shifters used in serial communication for converting voltage levels.
Masa(arding) is not used in level shifters.
Masa(arding) is not used in level shifters.
Level shifters are used in synchronous serial communication for data storage.
Level shifters are used in synchronous serial communication for data storage.
One wire is used for both power and data transmission.
One wire is used for both power and data transmission.
Used in setting serial numbers in components like hard drives.
Used in setting serial numbers in components like hard drives.
Different topologies are used in communication: simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex, bus, star, ring, and web.
Different topologies are used in communication: simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex, bus, star, ring, and web.
Operating systems include DOS, Windows, Linux, Osx, and none (BIOS or Monitor).
Operating systems include DOS, Windows, Linux, Osx, and none (BIOS or Monitor).
The user program starts after the CPU reset, and the operating system is started automatically.
The user program starts after the CPU reset, and the operating system is started automatically.
Hardware abstraction layer is a collection of system functions universal for computer control.
Hardware abstraction layer is a collection of system functions universal for computer control.
UEFI is a unified extensible firmware interface that replaced the BIOS firmware interface.
UEFI is a unified extensible firmware interface that replaced the BIOS firmware interface.
RTOS is a real-time operating system with advantages such as multi-tasking, faster CPU, and modular design.
RTOS is a real-time operating system with advantages such as multi-tasking, faster CPU, and modular design.
CPU clock speed, current consumption, and power supply voltage are important factors in computer performance.
CPU clock speed, current consumption, and power supply voltage are important factors in computer performance.
What is the main purpose of cache in a computer system?
What is the main purpose of cache in a computer system?
Which technology is commonly used to implement cache hierarchies?
Which technology is commonly used to implement cache hierarchies?
What can be used to minimize cache misses by predicting future data access patterns?
What can be used to minimize cache misses by predicting future data access patterns?
What is the purpose of a hardware abstraction layer in computer control?
What is the purpose of a hardware abstraction layer in computer control?
Which factor is important in determining computer performance related to CPU speed?
Which factor is important in determining computer performance related to CPU speed?
What is the purpose of the Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI)?
What is the purpose of the Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI)?
What is the function of cache coherence protocols?
What is the function of cache coherence protocols?
What can be used to reduce cache contention in a multi-processor system?
What can be used to reduce cache contention in a multi-processor system?
'Cache thrashing' occurs when the cache is being accessed too frequently, causing a decrease in performance. Which technique can be used to minimize cache thrashing?
'Cache thrashing' occurs when the cache is being accessed too frequently, causing a decrease in performance. Which technique can be used to minimize cache thrashing?
'Cache pollution' occurs when irrelevant data is stored in the cache. What can be used to reduce cache pollution?
'Cache pollution' occurs when irrelevant data is stored in the cache. What can be used to reduce cache pollution?
What technique can be used to analyze cache behavior and optimize cache usage?
What technique can be used to analyze cache behavior and optimize cache usage?
How can cache misprediction be reduced in a computer system?
How can cache misprediction be reduced in a computer system?
Direct mapping is the only type of CACHE used in modern computer systems
Direct mapping is the only type of CACHE used in modern computer systems
The Megaprocessor uses 15,300 transistors and 8,500 LEDs
The Megaprocessor uses 15,300 transistors and 8,500 LEDs
Intel Corp. produced the world's first single chip microprocessor (4004) in 1971
Intel Corp. produced the world's first single chip microprocessor (4004) in 1971
ARM produces processors with high power consumption
ARM produces processors with high power consumption
Bit slicing is a technique to decrease the word length of a processor
Bit slicing is a technique to decrease the word length of a processor
ARM was founded in 1990 as a joint venture between Acorn, Apple, and VLSI
ARM was founded in 1990 as a joint venture between Acorn, Apple, and VLSI
Hyper threading allows a single processor to execute two tasks at the same time
Hyper threading allows a single processor to execute two tasks at the same time
Conditional instruction execution always results in a branch prediction
Conditional instruction execution always results in a branch prediction
Pipelining is a CPU technique that processes multiple instructions sequentially
Pipelining is a CPU technique that processes multiple instructions sequentially
Super scalar CPU can execute only one instruction per cycle
Super scalar CPU can execute only one instruction per cycle
The CORTEX A series of ARM processors is designed for household devices and gaming applications
The CORTEX A series of ARM processors is designed for household devices and gaming applications
MAM is used to manage the cache in computer systems
MAM is used to manage the cache in computer systems
What is the purpose of the Memory Addressing Matrix (MAM) in cache management?
What is the purpose of the Memory Addressing Matrix (MAM) in cache management?
What does the term 'Conditional instruction execution' refer to in CPU operations?
What does the term 'Conditional instruction execution' refer to in CPU operations?
What is the main purpose of bit slicing in processor design?
What is the main purpose of bit slicing in processor design?
Which company produced the world's first single chip microprocessor, the 4004, in 1971?
Which company produced the world's first single chip microprocessor, the 4004, in 1971?
What type of devices does ARM offer under its CORTEX series for different applications?
What type of devices does ARM offer under its CORTEX series for different applications?
What is the primary function of hyper threading in CPU technology?
What is the primary function of hyper threading in CPU technology?
In disk storage management, what is the main purpose of RAID 10?
In disk storage management, what is the main purpose of RAID 10?
What is the significance of volume groups in storage management?
What is the significance of volume groups in storage management?
'Pipelining' in CPU operations involves:
'Pipelining' in CPU operations involves:
Study Notes
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pwd command: prints the physical directory without symbolic links if run with -P option
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touch command: changes file time stamp or creates new file with 0 bytes; options include -a, -m, -r, and -t
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copy command: cp source_file dest_file or cp file1 file2 file3 dest_directory; rsync for syncing directories
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move command: mv old_file new_file; delete command: rm filename_to_be_deleted or rm -r directoryName
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escaping special characters: prevent shell interpretation by "masking" with a backslash
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less and more commands: display file contents page by page; less supports compressed files and has more functionalities than more
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head and tail commands: display first or last n lines, respectively, of a file
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grep command: search for patterns in files; supports regular expressions through egrep or grep -E
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find command: search for files based on certain criteria; options include -path, -name, -user, -size, and -type
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data channels: standard input, output, and error for Linux processes; file descriptors for stdin, stdout, and stderr are 0, 1, and 2, respectively
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channel redirection: output of one command can be input for another through pipes, or combined using the tee command
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command substitution: command1 $(command2) executes command2 and inserts its output into command1
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aliases: allow easier command usage; defined in .bashrc file in Ubuntu Linux, or in a separate .alias file; examples include ll for ls -al.
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Linux file system structure includes directories: /bin, /sbin, lib, lib64, etc, dev, and /etc
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/bin: essential binaries for all users, contains executables required when no other file systems are mounted
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/sbin: system binaries, contains programs important for system administration, typically run by root user
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Libraries: shared objects used by many programs, end with the .so extension, located in /lib and /lib/modules
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/etc: configuration files, contains system and services configuration files, most are ASCII files, important that only root user can read them
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/usr: Unix System Resources, contains binaries, libraries, and application directories, almost every installed system has configuration files here or subdirectories
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Linux command-line interface (CLI) is perfect for automation and management tasks, available shells listed in /etc/shells
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Wildcards (special tokens) used to reference multiple files, Bash shell uses them for operations
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/bin and /sbin: essential and system binaries, respectively, used for basic commands such as cd, ls, pwd, etc
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Libraries: /lib and /lib/modules, contain shared objects used by programs
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/etc: contains configuration files, important for system security that only root user can read them
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Common CLI commands: navigate the file system, manipulate files, display file contents, search files, process text, and archive files
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LS command: lists files, directories, and their attributes, most important options are: -a (all files including hidden files), -l (long format), and -la (all files in long format)
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File types: regular files, directories, symbolic links, and others
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Symbolic links: created using the ln -s command, can be used when file and link are not in the same file system
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Ownership: files and directories have owners, can be changed using chown command
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Permissions: files and directories have permissions, can be changed using chmod command
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Syncing files: rsync command is used for synchronizing files, can be used to transfer and update files between systems or backups
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Disk space: used, available, and total disk space can be checked using the df command
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Disk usage: used, available, and total disk usage can be checked using the du command
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Disk quotas: used to limit disk space usage for users, can be checked using the quota command
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File permissions: read, write, and execute permissions, can be checked using the ls -l command
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File ownership: can be checked using the ls -l command, can be changed using the chown command
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File modification: last modification time, can be checked using the ls -l command
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File size: size of files, can be checked using the ls -l command or du command.
− Hashing: one-way encryption used in Shadow file for password storage − Only root user can read Shadow file − Login process: username entered, user's encrypted password in Shadow file is compared to entered password − Users can belong to one or more groups − Security is defined based on users and groups − Identity switching: "su" and "sudo" commands for user privilege escalation − Sudoers file for selective privilege delegation − By default, user password is required every five minutes for sudo operations − Files have file permissions that can be modified using chmod command − File permissions can be changed using octal numbers or letters representing permissions − Sticky bit for directory access control − SUID (Set User ID) bit to run commands with owner's ID − SGID (Set Group ID) bit for executing files under the owning group's ID − Access Control Lists (ACLs) for simpler file access management − SUID and SGID bits have no effect on directories − SUID bit allows a file to be executed under the user ID of the file's owner − SGID bit applies to the owning group of the file, making files created in the directory to be owned by the group that owns the directory − ACLs offer an alternative to creating groups and granting access to specific users.
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The text discusses various aspects of managing processes in Linux, including access to files and resources, process prioritization, and terminating misbehaving processes.
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The Linux kernel determines which files and resources each process has access to, and some processes share commonalities in behavior, such as the ability to output to a tty.
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Processes belong to sessions and can be signaled for communication or termination. The terminal driver can send signals like Ctrl-C and Ctrl-Z (SIGQUIT), and the kill command can be used to terminate a process by its PID (Process ID).
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The niceness of a process is an indication of its priority, with lower nice values indicating higher priority. Values range from -20 to +19.
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Users can change a process's nice value to give priority to other processes, but they need sudo privileges to decrease a process's nice value.
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Top is a command used to monitor system processes and their resource usage. It can be sorted by different fields, and users can press certain keys (c, d, k, r, and h) for various actions.
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To manage processes, users can use the kill and killall commands to terminate a process. The killall command kills all processes with a specified command name, and the kill command requires the process PID.
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When a process receives a kill signal, it can react to it or ignore it, but it does not have control over how the kernel handles certain signals like SIGKILL or SIGSTOP.
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SIGKILL and SIGSTOP are immediate signals that cause a process to be terminated or stopped, respectively.
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To end a misbehaving process, users should first try sending a SIGTERM signal and wait for the process to clean up. If the process is still hung, then a SIGKILL signal can be sent.
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Background processes include system processes and services like web servers and NFS services.
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Services can be managed by starting and stopping them manually or automatically at boot time or on a schedule.
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System V is a legacy Linux init system that reads the /etc/inittab file to determine which scripts to run at bootup. It has shortcomings like starting services one by one and not supporting dependencies.
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Systemd is a modern init system that has replaced System V in most Linux distributions. It manages devices, login, network connections, and logging, and includes the init system.
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The init process is the first process to start after booting and goes through various runlevels (0 through 6) depending on the distribution.
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In System V, the /etc/inittab file defines which scripts to run for each runlevel, and they are organized in subdirectories according to their startup priority.
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Systemd uses target-units to provide the same functionality as the run-levels in System V. It creates symbolic links for each run-level and maps them to the equivalent target unit.
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Systemd is a system and service manager in Linux that manages units, which store their configuration on disk
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Multi-user.target: multi-user system support, no graphical environment
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Halt.target, Poweroff.target, Reboot.target, Rescue.target: system targets to halt, power off, reboot, or rescue the system
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Default.target: not a real target, used to call the default defined target
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44 system objects: system units in systemd
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systemctl: systemd command-line interface to manage units
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systemctl list-units, list-unit-files: list units and their files
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systemctl start/stop/status: start, stop, or check the status of services
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Enable/Disable: start or disable services automatically at boot-up
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45 Devices, Mounted Volumes, System timers, Targets, Network Sockets: various types of systemd units
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46 systemctl list-unit-files –t service: filter by service type
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47 systemctl list-units (-t service): list units that systemd currently has in memory
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Start/Stop services: use systemctl command
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Enable/Disable services: enable or disable services to start automatically
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nginx web server service: an example of a service
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48-50: handling targets, scheduling tasks, and AT jobs (one-time tasks)
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51-58: cron jobs, notifications, and logging
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59-60: crontab format
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61-64: systemd timers, successor of cron, and example of running a command in a service file
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65: checking status, timer types, and oncalendar
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66-68: Windows services, service account, and finding corresponding services
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69-70: managing services, service properties, and other legitimate windows processes
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71-73: managing services and other system tasks
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74: authentic processes, some malware uses process names to hide
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75-77: process explorer, Windows task scheduler, and task wizard
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78: task wizard for weekly, monthly, and action to execute
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90: systemd is a Linux system and service manager that uses units to manage various system components, including services, devices, and processes, and provides features like multi-user support, automatic start-up, and service management through the command-line interface systemctl.
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CACHE: CACHE comes in different types: direct mapping, X-way set associative, and fully associative.
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MAM: Memory Addressing Matrix (MAM) is used to manage the cache.
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Conditional instruction execution: If a condition is met, the instruction performs one action; otherwise, it performs another action.
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Pipelining: A CPU technique that processes multiple instructions simultaneously by dividing them into stages and executing them concurrently.
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Super scalar CPU: A CPU that can execute multiple instructions per cycle.
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Hyper threading: A technology that allows a single processor to execute two tasks at the same time, improving efficiency and performance.
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The Megaprocessor: A massive 16-bit processor with 7 registers, 256 bytes of RAM, and a questionable amount of PROM. It uses 500W, most of which goes to the LEDs, and weighs about half a ton. It consists of 15,300 transistors and 8,500 LEDs; the RAM has 27,000 transistors and 2,048 LEDs.
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Bit slicing: A technique to increase the word length of a processor by using modules with smaller bit breadth.
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Intel Corp.: Founded in 1968 by Robert Noyce, Gordon Moore, and Andy Grove for the purpose of designing "INTegrated ELectronics." They produced the world's first single chip microprocessor (4004) in 1971, with 2000 transistors and a 4-bit architecture. They marketed the 8008-bit microprocessor in 1972, which was used in the Altair 8800 computer, popularizing the concept of a "home computer."
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ARM: Founded in 1990 as a joint venture between Acorn, Apple, and VLSI. The company designs components called Intellectual Property and licenses them to other companies for manufacturing. They produce RISC, low power, and low transistor count processors. They offer various CORTEX devices, including the CORTEX M, R, and A series, which cater to different applications like household devices, gaming, automotive, wireless applications, subsystems, high performance, real-time, safe, and mobile applications.
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Description
Test your knowledge of Linux filesystem commands with this quiz. Learn about the command-line interface (CLI) and different types of shells. Explore the use of commands and the help command for an overview of available commands.
