Linguistics Quiz: Antonyms and Affixes
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following types of antonyms describes pairs that exhaust all linguistic possibilities along some dimension?

  • Converse Antonyms
  • Binary Antonyms (correct)
  • Gradable Antonyms
  • Complex Antonyms

What is the term for the list of characteristics that describe a typical member of a referring expression?

  • Stereotype (correct)
  • Prototype
  • Coreference
  • Referent

Which term refers to a linguistic expression that points to another linguistic expression?

  • Coreference
  • Anaphora (correct)
  • Extension
  • Deixis

Which type of truth is represented by a sentence that is necessarily true by virtue of the words it contains?

<p>Analytic Sentence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the systematic denotation of a linguistic expression as part of a language called?

<p>Linguistic-Reference (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of inflectional affixes added to nouns?

<p>Plural and Possessive (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which suffix would be added to create the superlative form of an adjective?

<p>-est (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the part of a word that remains after removing the last suffix or prefix?

<p>Stem (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of allomorphs?

<p>They have the same meaning but different forms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples demonstrates phonological conditioning in allomorphs?

<p>Boxes and Bushes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of affix can create an infinite number of variations in word formation?

<p>Derivational affixes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the absolute stem of a word?

<p>A single morpheme with all affixes removed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary requirement for a verb phrase?

<p>It must contain a verb. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phrase consists of a preposition followed by a noun phrase?

<p>Prepositional phrase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does recursion in phrase structure allow?

<p>Embedding phrases within other phrases. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a sentence and an utterance?

<p>A sentence is an abstract concept, while an utterance is a real language use. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do tree diagrams help to visualize?

<p>The relationship between components in a phrase. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element is NOT part of an adjective phrase?

<p>Noun phrase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the operation of moving categories within a structure?

<p>Transformation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does lexical decomposition help to analyze?

<p>The sense of a word through its semantic features. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about a verb phrase is accurate?

<p>It may include a prepositional phrase but not necessarily. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the study of semantics primarily concerned with?

<p>The meaning of words, phrases, and sentences. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two areas into which the study of sense can be divided?

<p>Speaker-sense and Linguistic-sense (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following words is an example of homonymy?

<p>Ball (round object) and Ball (event) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a lexically ambiguous word?

<p>It has more than one unrelated sense (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines synonymy?

<p>Two words have the same values for all semantic features (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A superordinate term is best defined as:

<p>A term that contains the meaning of a more specific term (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pairs exemplifies polysemy?

<p>Leg (of a person) and Leg (of a table) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about absolute synonyms is accurate?

<p>They do not exist in any language (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does ambiguity differ from synonymy?

<p>Ambiguity involves more than one meaning, while synonymy involves sameness of sense (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is linguistic sense concerned with?

<p>The literal meaning of language expressions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes speaker-sense?

<p>The speaker's intention in communication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is epenthesis in linguistic terms?

<p>The insertion of a syllable within an existing string. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes metathesis?

<p>Switching the positions of two segments. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are phrases in the context of syntactic structures?

<p>Constituents that may consist of more than one word. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure involves a subject and a predicate?

<p>Structure of Prediction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do grammatical functions serve in a sentence?

<p>They identify what constituents may perform in a sentence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'left-to-right ordering' refer to in syntactic structures?

<p>The sequence of words in a sentence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about PS (Phrase Structure) rules?

<p>They describe the phrasal category and its components. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum requirement for a noun phrase (NP)?

<p>It must contain a noun. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a predicate in a sentence?

<p>It expresses an action or state. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Inflectional Affix

Adding a morpheme to the end of a word to change its grammatical function. For example, 'walk' becomes 'walked' with the past tense suffix -ed.

Plural Inflection

Plural form of a noun. It is used to indicate more than one of that noun. For example: 'boy' becomes 'boys'.

Possessive Inflection

Indicates possession or ownership. It is added to nouns to show that something belongs to someone. For example: 'boy' becomes 'boy's'.

Comparative Inflection

Indicates a higher degree of an adjective or adverb, comparing two things. For example, 'old' becomes 'older'.

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Superlative Inflection

Indicates the highest degree of an adjective or adverb, comparing more than two things. For example, 'old' becomes 'oldest'.

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Derivational Prefix

A word part that can be added to the beginning of a word to change its meaning. For example, 'happy' becomes 'unhappy' with the prefix 'un-'.

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Stem

The part of a word that remains after removing any prefixes or suffixes. For example, the stem of 'unfriendly' is 'friendly'.

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Verb Phrase (VP)

A group of words that functions as a unit and typically contains a verb.

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Adjective Phrase (AP)

A word or a group of words that modifies a noun or pronoun, providing more information about it.

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Prepositional Phrase (PP)

A combination of a preposition and a noun phrase, indicating location, time, or direction.

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Tree Diagram

A visual representation of the structure of a phrase or sentence, showing the relationship between its components.

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Labelled Bracketing

A system for representing the structure of a sentence using parentheses and labels.

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Recursion

The ability of a phrase type to contain another phrase type of the same kind, creating a nested structure.

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Transformation

An operation that changes the position of a word or phrase within a sentence.

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Sentence

A theoretical construct that represents the ideal and grammatically correct form of a sentence.

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Utterance

The actual spoken or written realization of a sentence in a specific context.

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Semantics

The study of linguistic meaning, focusing on the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences.

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String

A sequence of characters or sounds, typically a word or part of a word. For example, the word "cat" has three strings: "c", "a", and "t".

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Epenthesis

The process of adding a sound or syllable to a word, even if it wasn't originally there. For example, "planted" has the extra "t" sound compared to the original "plant."

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Metathesis

The process where sounds in a word change positions. Think of the words "ask" and "aks" – the sounds 's’ and 'k' have switched places.

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Syntax

The study of how words are arranged into phrases and sentences. Understanding how words work together to form meaningful units.

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Phrase

A unit of meaning that can be formed by one or more words. It acts as one part in a sentence. For example, "the big red ball" is a phrase that functions as the subject in the sentence "The big red ball bounced."

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Grammatical Function

The relationships between parts of a sentence or phrase. For example, in "The cat sat on the mat", different parts (noun phrase, verb phrase) fulfill specific 'functions' to make the sentence meaningful.

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Syntactic Categories

Categories that classify different types of words and phrases based on their grammatical characteristics. For example, "noun", "verb", and "adjective" are all syntactic categories.

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Phrase Structure Rules (PS Rules)

A set of principles that explains how the sequence of words within a phrase is determined. It's like a set of construction rules for sentence structure.

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Sentence Structure (S)

The basic structure of a sentence in English. It consists of two main parts: a noun phrase (subject) and a verb phrase (predicate).

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Speaker-Sense

The meaning of a word or phrase as it is used in a particular context. It can be situational or independent of the specific situation.

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Linguistic-Sense

The meaning of a word or phrase that is inherent in the language, regardless of the specific context. It is the dictionary meaning.

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Non-Literal Meaning

The meaning of a word or phrase that is not its literal meaning.

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Situational Meaning

The meaning of a word or phrase that is dependent on the specific context in which it is used.

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Ambiguity

A word that has more than one sense or meaning. This can lead to ambiguity.

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Homonymy

Two or more words that have the same pronunciation and spelling, but different, unrelated meanings.

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Polysemy

A word with multiple meanings, often related to each other through metaphorical extensions.

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Synonymy

Two words that have the same meaning. There might not be 'perfect' synonyms, as words can vary slightly in different contexts.

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Hyponymy

A word that is included within a broader category or a general word. It is a more specific term. Example: "cat" is a hyponym of "animal".

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Superordinate

A word with a more general meaning that includes the meaning of a more specific word. Example: "animal" is a superordinate of "cat".

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Superordinate term

A word that has a more general meaning than another word. For example, "tree" is a superordinate term for "oak."

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Antonyms

Words that have opposite meanings, differing only in one semantic feature. Examples include "alive" and "dead" (binary), "hot" and "cold" (gradable), and "above" and "below" (converse).

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Referent

The actual thing or person that a word or phrase refers to in the real world.

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Extension

The set of all possible referents that a word or phrase could apply to. For example, the extension of "cat" includes all cats that have ever existed, exist now, and will exist in the future.

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Prototype

A typical example of a concept. For instance, a robin might be a prototype for the word "bird."

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Study Notes

Components of Language

  • Phonology, phonetics, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics are components of language.
  • Linguistics is the scientific study of language.

Main Tasks of Phonetics

  • Provide a notation and description for each speech sound; these are transcription symbols to record speech accurately.
  • Describe the characteristics of speech sounds. International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is a transcription system with symbols for hundreds of speech sounds.

Three Branches of Phonetics

  • Articulatory Phonetics: The oldest branch examining vocal organs and their role in producing speech sounds.
  • Acoustic Phonetics: Deals with the physical properties of speech sounds as they travel through the air.
  • Auditory Phonetics: Examines how humans perceive speech sounds through the ear.

The Vocal Tract

  • Speech is produced by pushing air from the lungs through the vocal tract, manipulating variables like vocal cord vibration, velum position (mouth/nose air flow), and airflow blockage.
  • Variables include movement of lips, teeth, tongue, alveolar ridge, palate, velum, uvula, pharynx.

Phonology

  • The study of the sound system of a language, including pronunciation rules.
  • Focuses on phonemes (abstract minimal sound units distinguishing words).
  • Uses minimal pairs to identify phonemes (e.g., "pat" and "bat").

Vowel Phonemes

  • Classified by tongue height (high, mid, low), frontness/backness, lip rounding, and tenseness.
  • Vowel chart displays high-to-low, front-to-back placement of the tongue.

Consonant Phonemes

  • Classified by place and manner of articulation.
  • Place of Articulation: Location of constriction in the vocal tract (bilabial, labiodental, interdental, alveolar, palatal, velar, glottal).
  • Manner of Articulation: Type of constriction (stops, fricatives, affricates, nasals, liquids, glides).

Morphology

  • The study of morphemes (smallest meaningful units of language) and how they combine to form words.
  • Morphemes are categorized into lexical (meaningful stand-alone like "cat") and grammatical (relationship words "the," "in").
  • Derivational morphemes are prefixes and suffixes changing word meaning and grammatical class
  • Inflectional morphemes are suffixes only, changing word form (plural, past tense).
  • Examining word structure, word formation.

Word-Formation Processes

  • Derivation: Adding derivational affixes to change the syntactic category of a word.
  • Category Extension: Expanding a morpheme's use from one part of speech to another.
  • Compounding: Combining free morphemes to form new words.
  • Root Creation: Creating new words without using existing morphemes.
  • Clipping: Shortening existing words,
  • Blending: Combining parts of two words,
  • Acronyms: Using initial letters of a phrase,
  • Abbreviation: Shortening word using initial letters of prominent.
  • Proper Names: Using proper nouns to form new words.
  • Folk Etymology: Changing a word's form to seem more familiar; modifying existing words for unfamiliar forms.
  • Back Formation: Removing a mistaken affix from a word.
  • Assimilation: Sounds become more similar to nearby sounds.
  • Dissimilation: Sounds become less similar.
  • Deletion: Removing a sound segment within an existing segment
  • Epenthesis: Inserting a syllable.
  • Metathesis: Reordering sounds .

Semantics

  • The study of meaning in language (words, phrases, and sentences).
  • Lexical Decomposition: Representing a word's meaning in terms of semantic features.
  • Sense Relations: Concepts like synonymy (same sense), antonymy (opposite sense), hyponymy (part/whole), polysemy (multiple meanings for word).

Syntax

  • The study of sentence structure, phrases, and clauses in a sentence.
  • Constituents: Parts of a sentence grouped by phrase structure.
  • Phrase structure rules: Describe how phrases are constructed and ordered.
  • Transformational rules: Explain how phrases are moved or changed in syntax.

Pragmatics

  • The study of language use in context, including speaker's intent and hearer's interpretation.
  • Implicature: Implied meaning beyond the literal meaning of an utterance.
  • Cooperative Principle: Guiding principles of conversation (quantity, quality, relation, manner).
  • Speech acts: Actions performed through utterances (locutionary, illocutionary, perlocutionary).
  • Flouting: Intentionally violating conversational maxims to convey an underlying meaning

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Description

Test your knowledge on linguistics with this quiz that covers antonyms, inflectional affixes, and word formation. You'll tackle questions about linguistic expressions, truth types, and characteristics of allomorphs. Challenge yourself and see how well you understand these key concepts in language.

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