Linguistics: Equivalence and Word Formation

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following expressions of measure is correctly categorized as a determiner?

much

every

both (correct)

What is a correct example of a possessive phrase that can precede quantifiers?

Tom's many cars (correct)

her many friends

his every achievement (correct)

Jerry's a few books

Which quantifier should be used with the countable noun 'apples'?

much

many (correct)

less

a little

Which of the following is NOT a determiner that can combine with countable nouns?

much (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which article is considered indefinite in English?

a (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between English and Polish concerning determiners?

Only a few Polish determiners are restricted to countable nouns. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an expression of measure that can precede a noun?

a great deal of money (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following quantifiers can combine with both countable and uncountable nouns?

some (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding 'each' and 'every' is correct?

Every can refer only to two items, while each cannot. (B) Signup and view all the answers

When should 'each' be used with a plural verb?

When it follows a noun. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples correctly uses 'like' and 'as'?

He works like a slave. (A), You look like an artist. (B), Do it like we do. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is true about adverbs that share the same form as their corresponding adjectives?

They are always considered flat adverbs. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which phrase correctly represents a comparative expression?

Comparatively better (A), Less interesting (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of syntax in a language?

To combine words into phrases and phrases into sentences. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly demonstrates the use of 'adjectives ending in -ly'?

He is deadly in his field. (A), She laughed in a silly way. (B), He acted cowardly. (C), She is a lively dancer. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the use of 'each' in a sentence?

It is never used in negative forms. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'proper' primarily refer to in British English?

Something that is real or of good standard (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which genitive form is used in the phrase 'my son's wife'?

Inflected NP-'s genitive (A) Signup and view all the answers

In which context is the inflected genitive preferred?

With geographical names (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a usage for the inflected genitive?

To describe a place where an event occurs (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does the phrase 'my parents’ house' illustrate?

Saxon genitive (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct form for the genitive when referring to a single person with a name ending in -s?

Either ‘s or just an apostrophe is acceptable (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following phrases represents a correct usage of genitive to express an amount?

Fifty pounds worth of groceries (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these options is a correct application of the Saxon genitive?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Equivalence and Congruence

Equivalent constructions are mutually translatable
Congruent constructions are equivalent and have the same word order

Syntactic Contrast

Structural contrast: Polish has subjectless finite clauses, English does not
Categorial contrast: Corresponding elements in sentences may belong to different syntactic categories (e.g., NP, VP, AdjP, PP) in different languages
Functional contrast: Counterpart elements of syntactic structures can have different syntactic functions in different languages

Word Formation

Affixation and compounding are common processes for creating new words
Suffixation is more frequent than prefixation in both languages
Compounding involves combining two lexical items

Blending

Blending creates new words by merging parts of words
Examples in English include smog, motel, żelbeton, domofon

Acronyms

Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters or parts of names
Types include letter words (AIDS), syllable words (Benelux), and combined methods (radar)

Clipping

Clipping is reducing a word's length
Types include back-clipping, fore-clipping, and simultaneous back-and-fore-clipping

Lexical Transfer

Similarities in sounds and meanings can aid in language learning
False friends involve similar-sounding words with different meanings

Confusing Words

"Each" and "every" : "Each" refers to individual items in a group, while "every" refers to all items in a group
More than one translation: Some words have multiple translations in another language

Semantic Fields

Vocabulary in specific fields (e.g., sports, emotions) can pose challenges
Differences in meaning within a field are often subtle

Adverbs with or Without -LY

Many adverbs in English end in -ly (e.g., proudly)
Some adjectives also end in -ly (e.g., unlikely)
Flat adverbs: adverbs that look like adjectives

Premodification

Determiners come before quantifiers or numerals, pre-modifying adjectives
Possessive phrases (e.g., John's car) are often mutually exclusive with determiners
In Polish, demonstratives (this, that) can follow the head noun

Postmodification

Postmodifiers typically appear immediately after the head noun
English has greater restrictions on the order of post-modifiers

Determiners

English determiner order is fixed
Polish determiners have greater flexibility in position within the noun phrase
Polish uses articles differently from English

Adjective Modifiers

English adjective modifiers generally precede the head noun
Complex modifiers usually follow the head noun in English
Polish has more flexibility in adjective order

Gender

English gender is typically natural, based on biological sex
Polish often dictates the grammatical gender of a noun, which may or may not align with the natural sex of the referent

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Description

Explore the fascinating topic of equivalence and congruence in linguistics with a focus on syntactic contrasts and word formation processes. This quiz delves into structural, categorial, and functional contrasts, as well as methods like blending and acronym creation. Test your understanding of how languages construct meaning and form new vocabulary.