Linguistics and Note-Taking Concepts
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Questions and Answers

What is the process where a derived form is longer than the base root called?

  • Back-formation (correct)
  • Morphology
  • Affixation
  • Derivation

The study of sounds used in language is called phonetics.

True (A)

What serves as the powerhouse of speech production?

The lungs

The organs used in the production of speech sounds are known as the ______ organs.

<p>articulatory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the organs of speech with their functions:

<p>Lungs = Powerhouse of speech production Tongue = Shapes sounds and assists in articulation Teeth = Aid in producing certain phonemes Larynx = Contains the vocal cords for sound production</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step you should take before starting to write notes during a lecture?

<p>Understand the speaker's points (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Using too many abbreviations in your notes can make them difficult to understand.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should you write down in your notes?

<p>The major points of the lecture</p> Signup and view all the answers

Using __________ in note-taking can help save time and space.

<p>abbreviations</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the abbreviation with its meaning:

<p>i.e. = that is b/c = because sgm = symbol BrE = British English</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symbol is used to represent 'not equals to'?

<p>≠ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Leaving wide margins in your notes is unnecessary.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one symbol that can be used in note-taking.

<p>Any one of the following: =, &amp;, ≠, ©, &gt;, @, &lt;, *, √, TM, %, N, €, #, X, ∑</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of morpheme cannot stand alone and must be attached to a free morpheme?

<p>Bound morphemes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Derivational morphemes change the lexical word class of the root they attach to.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a root morpheme in word formation?

<p>The root morpheme serves as the nucleus to which other morphemes are added.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of adding morphemes before or after a root to create new words is known as __________.

<p>affixation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following examples with their corresponding morpheme types:

<p>s = Inflectional ish = Derivational ly = Derivational ed = Inflectional</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an inflectional morpheme?

<p>-s (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blackboard consists of one morpheme.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Provide an example of a derivational morpheme that changes a verb to a noun.

<p>teacher (from teach)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Skimming

Glancing quickly through a text to understand its main points or central idea.

Scanning

Quickly searching a text for specific information, like keywords or dates.

Extensive reading

In-depth study of course materials, usually for academic purposes, involving critical analysis and reflection.

Reading for specific purposes

Reading with a specific goal in mind, such as preparing for a test or completing an assignment.

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Finger pointing habit

Tracing words with a finger while reading, which slows down reading speed.

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Vocalized reading

Reading aloud to oneself, which can also slow down reading speed and be disruptive to others.

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Regression

Moving back to re-read already read sentences, often due to lack of focus or unfamiliar vocabulary.

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Bad reading position

Reading while standing or lying down, which can be uncomfortable and lead to fatigue.

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Listening Skills

The ability to focus on and understand spoken language, including recognizing key points, identifying relevant information, and interpreting nonverbal cues.

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Predicting Content

A strategy for improving listening comprehension by anticipating what a speaker will discuss based on context and prior knowledge.

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Guessing Unknown Words

Approaching unknown words in a text by using context clues and surrounding information to infer their meaning.

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Identifying Relevant Points

The ability to distinguish between important and unimportant information in a conversation or lecture.

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Recognizing Intonation Patterns

Paying attention to how someone speaks, specifically the rise and fall of their voice and emphasis on certain words, to understand their meaning and intent.

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Discourse Markers

Words or phrases that signal transitions, connections, or changes in a speech or writing.

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Concentration and Avoiding Distraction

Crucial for effective listening, it involves maintaining focus, minimizing distractions, and actively engaging with the speaker's ideas.

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Cultivating the Right Attitude

Maintaining an objective and unbiased perspective when listening, avoiding personal biases or emotional reactions that could distort understanding.

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Expository Essay

A type of writing where the author's purpose is to explain and inform the reader about a specific topic. It involves logical explanations of processes, concepts, terms, and events.

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Argumentative Essay

A type of writing that presents a reasoned argument for or against a specific topic. It aims to convince the reader to accept the writer's viewpoint.

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Formal Letters

Letters that are written for formal purposes, such as business or official communications. They follow a specific structure and tone.

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Explanatory Writing

A type of writing that aims to inform and explain a subject matter or process. It provides clear explanations of terms, concepts, theories, and events.

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Informal Letters

Letters written for personal or informal purposes, often between friends and family. They have a more relaxed tone and structure.

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Formal Letter Heading

The writer's address and the date, usually placed at the top right of a formal letter. There are two common formats: block and indented.

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Formal Letter Opening

The key information presented in the beginning of a formal letter. It includes the recipient's address, salutation, and the subject of the letter.

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Formal Letter Body

The main part of a formal letter, where the writer presents their message or request.

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Active Listening

Paying undivided attention to the speaker before starting to take notes.

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Understanding

Trying to grasp the meaning of the speaker's message before taking notes.

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Summarizing

Recording the main points of the lecture concisely.

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Abbreviations

Employing abbreviations for common words or phrases to save time.

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Symbols

Using symbols to represent ideas or concepts for efficiency.

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Space for Additional Insights

Leaving ample space in your notes for additional information or insights.

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Wide Margins

Creating wide margins for later comments and related references.

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Speed with Symbols

Note-taking activities become quicker when using symbols.

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Bound Morpheme

A morpheme that cannot stand alone and requires attachment to other morphemes to have meaning.

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Free Morpheme

A morpheme that can stand alone as a complete word.

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Root Morpheme

The core element of a word, to which other morphemes can be added.

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Inflectional Morpheme

A morpheme that is added to a root morpheme to change its grammatical function, but not its core meaning.

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Derivational Morpheme

A morpheme that is added to a root morpheme to change its word class and meaning.

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Affixation

The process of adding morphemes to a root to create new words. Affixes can be prefixes, suffixes, infixes, circumfixes, interfixes, or suprafixes.

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Prefix

A morpheme that is placed before a root morpheme.

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Suffix

A morpheme that is placed after a root morpheme.

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What is back-formation?

A linguistic process where a new word is created by removing a supposed affix from a longer word, often resulting in a shorter, simpler version. For example, "edit" from "editor."

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What is phonetics?

The study of the sounds used in a language, encompassing how they are produced, perceived, and organized.

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What is the role of 'spent air' in speaking?

The air expelled from the lungs during breathing, used to produce speech sounds.

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What is the role of the lungs in speech?

The lungs act as the primary source of power for speech production, providing the airflow necessary for creating sounds.

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What are the organs of speech?

These are the organs in the body used to create speech sounds. Each plays a specific role in manipulating airflow and shaping sounds.

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Study Notes

Course Information

  • Course title: Use of English
  • Course code: GST 101A
  • Semester: First
  • Level: 1000
  • Institution: Gallant 4 SUG

Course Outline - Language

  • Language is arbitrary
  • Language is conventional
  • Language is dynamic
  • Language is systematic
  • Language is not instinctive

Course Outline - Reading

  • Scanning reading
  • Skimming reading
  • Extensive reading
  • Intensive reading

Course Outline - Listening Skills

  • Dictionary & its uses
  • General dictionaries
  • Specialized dictionaries

Course Outline - Word Formation/Building & Processes

  • Morpheme
  • Derivational & inflectional morpheme
  • Affixation
  • Compounding
  • Conversion

Course Outline - Outlining

Course Outline - Writing & Speaking Skills

  • Narrative essay writing
  • Descriptive essay writing
  • Expository essay writing
  • Argumentative essay writing
  • Letter writing

Reading and Types of Reading

  • Reading is a communication process where the reader tries to understand the writer's ideas
  • Reading involves skills like visualizing, interpreting graphemes, symbols, and more
  • Different reading approaches include skimming, scanning, extensive reading, and reading for specific purposes
  • Reading effectiveness depends on the reader's knowledge of the language's alphabets and phonemes

Factors Affecting Effective Reading/Faulty Reading Habits

  • Finger pointing habit: tracing the print with hands
  • Vocalized reading: reading aloud
  • Reading under the influence of alcohol
  • Regression: moving back while reading
  • Reading in poor positions: reading while standing or lying in bed

Listening Skills

  • Listening is a primary language skill essential for communication
  • Definitions of listening from various sources
  • Listening involves actively decoding, understanding and interpreting sounds or messages
  • Effective listening requires focusing on important information, especially in academic settings

Types of Listening

  • One-way listening: focused listening to learn
  • Two-way listening: interactive and involved dialogue

Factors Affecting Effective Listening

  • External factors: noisy environments or unfamiliar vocabulary or jargon-filled messages
  • Listener's internal factors: attitudes, personal concerns, biases, and bad habits

Writing and Types of Writing

  • Writing is a process of using characters, symbols, and sounds to communicate
  • It's a literacy skill that can be improved through practice.
  • Writing involves stages including pre-writing activities; writing the draft; editing to proofread and make sure errors are free.

Characteristics of Good Writing

  • Good organization
  • Accurate expression of meaning (coherence and clarity)
  • Conciseness in using words (avoiding verbosity)
  • Simplicity in the style

Types of Writing

  • Narrative: presents accounts of events, characters, and actions
  • Descriptive: describes events, objects, people or personalities using imagery and details
  • Argumentative: presents opinions, analyses, debates to show viewpoints
  • Expository: explains a subject matter, process, ideas, concepts and terms clearly and logically

Features of a Formal Letter

  • Format: writer's address, date
  • Indented or block format

Basic Skills Needed for Effective Writing

  • Clarity: clear expression without ambiguity
  • Economy: managing words/phrases, proper proportion
  • Accuracy: precise use of grammar, pronunciation, vocabulary
  • Simplicity: avoidance of overly complex language

Note Taking and Note Making

  • Note taking is writing down key points during lectures, readings, or discussions
  • Note making is creating summaries or analysis of info
  • Effective note-taking involves selecting relevant info from a lecture
  • Note-making helps to study/review and remember info
  • Good notes can be created using symbols, abbreviations, consistent headings, and margins.

Outlining

  • Outlining is a method for representing content and structure
  • It includes main ideas, secondary ideas, and sub-divisions
  • Outlining helps to arrange ideas logically and clearly for reading and revision

The Dictionary and Its Uses

  • A dictionary is a collection of words organized alphabetically and contains definitions, synonyms, etymology, and origins
  • Dictionaries may be general or specialized covering specific fields
  • Dictionary uses include finding meanings, synonyms, antonyms, the parts of speech of words, etymology, pronunciation, usage.

Speaking Skills

  • Speaking and speech involve using sounds for expression
  • Speech organs facilitate meaningful sounds.
  • Speech is complex with tones, articulators and intonation
  • The organs of speech include lungs, glottis, soft palate, hard palate, tongue, teeth, lips, nasal and oral cavities
  • Articulatory organs are used to produce speech

Classification of Speech Sounds

  • English sounds are categorized by their production (e.g. manner, place, state of glottis):
  • Plosives, Fricatives, Affricates, Nasals and Approximants (also called Semivowels) etc.

Syllables

  • English language is made up of sounds or components (Syllalbes) which include Onset, Peak, and Coda
  • These components combine to make up words

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GST 101A Use of English PDF

Description

This quiz covers key concepts in linguistics, including phonetics, morphemes, and the functions of speech organs. Additionally, it addresses effective note-taking strategies, such as the use of abbreviations and symbols. Test your understanding of these essential topics!

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