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Questions and Answers

In the equation of a straight line, $y = mx + c$, what does the constant 'm' represent?

  • The point where the line intersects both axes
  • The y-intercept
  • The x-intercept
  • The slope or gradient of the line (correct)

If the value of 'c' in the equation $y = mx + c$ is negative, how does the graph of the line shift in relation to the origin?

  • Vertically downwards (correct)
  • Horizontally to the left
  • Horizontally to the right
  • Vertically upwards

What is the domain of a straight-line graph represented by the equation $y = mx + c$?

  • All negative real numbers
  • All real numbers (correct)
  • All integers
  • All positive real numbers

What is the primary characteristic used to calculate the y-intercept of any graph?

<p>Setting $x = 0$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of a straight-line graph is determined by the ratio of vertical change to horizontal change?

<p>Gradient (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a quadratic function of the form $y = ax^2 + q$, what effect does changing the value of 'q' have on the parabola?

<p>Vertical shift (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If 'a' is less than 0 in the quadratic equation $y = ax^2 + q$, what is the shape of the parabola?

<p>A 'frown' with a maximum turning point (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the axis of symmetry for functions of the form $f(x) = ax^2 + q$?

<p>The y-axis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For a hyperbola described by the equation $y = \frac{a}{x} + q$, what value is excluded from the domain?

<p>$x = 0$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the general form equation $y = \frac{a}{x} + q$ representing hyperbolic functions, what does the value of 'q' primarily affect?

<p>The vertical shift (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the equations of the axes of symmetry for a hyperbola of the form $y = \frac{a}{x} + q$?

<p>$y = x + q$ and $y = -x + q$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For an exponential function of the form $y = ab^x + q$, which element determines the horizontal asymptote?

<p>q (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the function $y = a \sin \theta + q$, how does the value of 'a' affect the graph of the sine function?

<p>It changes the amplitude of the graph (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What transformation occurs to the graph of $y = \cos \theta$ when it becomes $y = a \cos \theta$ where $a < 0$?

<p>Reflection about the x-axis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between the graphs of $y = \sin \theta$ and $y = \cos \theta$?

<p>The cosine graph is shifted horizontally by 90° relative to the sine graph (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Regarding the tangent function $y = \tan \theta$, which statement accurately describes its asymptotes?

<p>It has asymptotes at $\theta = 90°$ and $\theta = 270$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can you determine the equation of a parabola from its graph?

<p>By determining the sign of 'a', the y-intercept, and using another point to solve for 'a' (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does examining the location of a hyperbola's curves on a graph help in determining its equation?

<p>It helps to determine the sign of 'a' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a right-angled triangle, side 'b' is the hypotenuse, and 'a' and 'c' are the other two sides. According to the Theorem of Pythagoras, which equation is correct?

<p>$b^2 = a^2 + c^2$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of triangle has all three interior angles measuring less than 90°?

<p>Acute triangle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sum of the interior angles in any triangle?

<p>180° (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A triangle has angles measuring 45°, 45°, and 90°. What type of triangle is it?

<p>Right-angled isosceles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'congruent' mean in the context of triangles?

<p>Having the same shape and the same size (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If two triangles have three pairs of equal corresponding angles, what can be said about the two triangles?

<p>They are similar (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a quadrilateral?

<p>A four-sided polygon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property is unique to rectangles compared to general parallelograms?

<p>All angles are 90° (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key attribute that distinguishes a rhombus from other parallelograms?

<p>All sides are equal in length (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which quadrilateral has diagonals that bisect each other at 90° and bisect both pairs of opposite angles?

<p>Rhombus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apart from having all sides equal in length, what other property must a rhombus possess to be classified as a square?

<p>Having all angles equal to 90° (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of a trapezium?

<p>One pair of parallel sides (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A quadrilateral has two pairs of adjacent sides equal in length. Which shape does this describe?

<p>Kite (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Mid-Point Theorem state regarding the line segment joining the mid-points of two sides of a triangle?

<p>It is parallel to the third side and half its length (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key conclusion when proving that MNOP is a parallelogram, given that ABCD is a parallelogram and AW, BX, CY, and DZ are angle bisectors?

<p>Both pairs of opposite angles of MNOP are equal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given triangle ABC, where D and E are the midpoints of sides AB and AC respectively, and DE is parallel to BC. If BC = 10 cm, what is the length of DE?

<p>5 cm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In parallelogram ABCD, angle bisectors AW, BX, CY, and DZ are drawn, creating quadrilateral MNOP inside. After proving $\triangle CDZ \equiv \triangle ABX$ using the Angle-Angle-Side (AAS) criterion, which corresponding parts are concluded to be equal?

<p>$CZ = AX$ and $CZD\hat{} = AXB\hat{}$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Let's imagine an obtuse-angled triangle ABC, where angle ABC is obtuse. Point D lies on AC such that BD is perpendicular to AC. Which of the following statements is definitively true regarding the lengths of the sides?

<p>$BC^2 = CD^2 + BD^2$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider a scenario where you have two lines, $l1$ and $l2$ on a Cartesian plane. $l1$ is defined by the equation $y = m1x + c1$ and l2 is defined by $y = m2x + c2$. They intersect at point P. Now, a third line, $l3$, must be drawn such that it passes through point P and bisects the angle formed between lines $l1$ and $l2$. Without knowing anything about $m1, m2, c1,$ or $c2$, which general statement must always be true regarding slopes?

<p>The tangents of the angles that $l1$ and $l2$ make with $l3$ are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the linear equation $y = mx + c$, what geometrical property does 'm' define?

<p>The steepness of the line. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does increasing the value of 'm' affect the graph of the linear function $y = mx + c$?

<p>It increases the steepness of the graph. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For a linear equation represented as $y = mx + c$, if $m < 0$, what is the direction of the slope of the line?

<p>Downwards from left to right. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'c' represent in the linear equation $y = mx + c$?

<p>The y-intercept of the graph. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If $c > 0$ in the equation $y = mx + c$, how does this affect the position of the graph?

<p>It shifts the graph vertically upwards. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What geometrical feature does the constant 'q' primarily affect in the quadratic function $y = ax^2 + q$?

<p>The vertical position of the parabola. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a parabolic function of the form $y = ax^2 + q$, what effect does a negative 'a' have on the shape of the graph?

<p>It opens the parabola downwards. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For a hyperbola described by the equation $y = \frac{a}{x} + q$, what is the significance of the value of $x = 0$?

<p>It defines a vertical asymptote. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the hyperbolic function $y = \frac{a}{x} + q$, what does the value of 'q' indicate?

<p>The horizontal asymptote. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of the exponential function $y = ab^x + q$ is determined by the constant 'q'?

<p>The horizontal asymptote. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does 'a' play in the trigonometric function $y = a \sin \theta + q$?

<p>It affects the amplitude of the function. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the graph of a cosine function, $y = \cos \theta$, when it is transformed into $y = a \cos \theta$ where $a$ is a negative number?

<p>It is reflected about the x-axis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the range of the sine function $y = \sin \theta$?

<p>$[-1; 1]$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the asymptotes of the tangent function $y = \tan \theta$?

<p>$\theta = 90^\circ$ and $\theta = 270^\circ$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a quadratic function $y = ax^2 + q$, how does the sign of 'a' affect the range of the function?

<p>If $a &gt; 0$, the range is $[q; \infty)$. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the hyperbolic function $y = \frac{a}{x} + q$, what equations define its axes of symmetry?

<p>$y = x + q$ and $y = -x + q$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For an exponential function $y = ab^x + q$, what is the key determinant of whether the function represents exponential growth or decay?

<p>The value of 'b'. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the graph of $y = \cos \theta$ differ from the graph of $y = \sin \theta$?

<p>The cosine graph is a sine graph shifted by $90^\circ$. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given a parabola on a graph, what is the first step in determining its equation in the form $y = ax^2 + q$?

<p>Determine the y-intercept to find 'q'. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When examining a hyperbola's graph, how does the position of its curves relate to the sign of 'a' in the equation $y = \frac{a}{x} + q$?

<p>The sign of 'a' determines in which quadrants the curves lie. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which set of conditions is sufficient to prove two triangles are congruent using the Side-Angle-Side (SAS) criterion?

<p>Two sides and the included angle of one triangle are equal to the corresponding sides and included angle of the other triangle. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apart from all sides being equal, what additional property categorizes a rhombus as a square?

<p>Having all angles equal to 90. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A quadrilateral is defined as a kite if it possesses which of the following properties?

<p>Two pairs of adjacent sides are equal. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Converse of the Mid-Point Theorem state?

<p>If a line bisects one side of a triangle and is parallel to another side, it bisects the third side. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In parallelogram ABCD, if it's proven that $\triangle CDZ \equiv \triangle ABX$ using AAS, what conclusion can be drawn about sides CZ and AX?

<p>$CZ = AX$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the value of 'a' influence the range of the exponential function $y = ab^x + q$ when $a < 0$?

<p>The range is ${f(x) : f(x) &lt; q}$. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the geometrical significance if in triangle ABC points D and E are midpoints of sides AB and AC, respectively, and DE is parallel to BC?

<p>Triangle ADE is similar to triangle ABC. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conditions must be satisfied for a quadrilateral to be classified as a square, building upon the properties of a rhombus?

<p>All angles must be equal to 90 and its diagonals must be equal. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In trigonometric functions, how does the value of 'a' in equations of the form $y = a \sin \theta + q$ or $y = a \cos \theta + q$ affect the range of the function?

<p>It compresses or stretches the range, changing its amplitude. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider the task of solving for 'a' and 'q' to define an unknown hyperbola given its graph. What initial assessment is most crucial for efficiently formulating simultaneous equations?

<p>Identifying points on the graph that simplify the algebraic manipulation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When proving geometrical properties using angle bisectors in a parallelogram, which congruence criterion is best suited to establishing initial relationships between triangles formed by these bisectors?

<p>Angle-Angle-Side (AAS). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider an exponential function $y = ab^x + q$. Without knowing the specific values of $a$ and $b$, how can the value of 'q' be graphically determined?

<p>By observing the limit of $y$ as $x$ approaches infinity, assuming the limit exists. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given a complex transformation of a trigonometric function involving both 'a' and 'q' in $y = a \sin \theta + q$, describe a scenario where determining 'a' is impossible without additional information beyond standard intercepts and turning points.

<p>If multiple transformations obscure the original shape, and no additional known point exists on the graph. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Suppose you are given two functions, a parabola $y = a_1 x^2 + q_1$ and a hyperbola $y = \frac{a_2}{x} + q_2$, that intersect at two points. What is the minimum number of additional constraints needed to uniquely determine all four parameters $a_1, q_1, a_2,$ and $q_2$?

<p>Two additional distinct points, with each on a different curve. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of proving that MNOP is a parallelogram formed by angle bisectors within parallelogram ABCD, why is establishing $\triangle CDZ \equiv \triangle ABX$ crucial?

<p>It establishes equalities needed to prove that opposite angles of MNOP are equal. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the standard form of a linear equation, $y = mx + c$, what is the graphical effect if the value of $m$ is changed while keeping $c$ constant?

<p>The steepness of the line changes, pivoting around the y-intercept. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For a quadratic function in the form $y = ax^2 + q$, if $a > 0$, which of the following statements accurately describes the range of the function?

<p>The range is restricted to values greater than or equal to $q$, i.e., $[q, \infty)$. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider a hyperbolic function described by the equation $y = \frac{a}{x} + q$. What are the equations of its axes of symmetry?

<p>$y = x + q$ and $y = -x + q$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an exponential function of the form $y = ab^x + q$, what is the primary effect of the sign of the parameter 'a' (assuming $b > 0$ and $b eq 1$)?

<p>It dictates whether the graph curves upwards or downwards. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is the most accurate description of the Angle-Angle-Side (AAS) congruency criterion for triangles?

<p>Two triangles are congruent if two angles and a non-included side of one triangle are equal to the corresponding two angles and non-included side of another triangle. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the equation $y = mx + c$, what does increasing the value of $m$ do to the straight-line graph?

<p>Increases the gradient of the graph. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the graph of the equation $y = mx + c$ slopes downwards from left to right, what must be true about the value of $m$?

<p>$m &lt; 0$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following must be done to calculate the x-intercept of a straight-line graph?

<p>Let $y = 0$. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the domain of the function $y = mx + c$?

<p>${ x : x \in \mathbb{R} }$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the value of $q$ affect the graph of $f(x) = ax^2 + q$?

<p>It shifts the graph vertically. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the graph of $f(x) = ax^2 + q$ when $a < 0$?

<p>It is a 'frown' with a maximum turning point. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the axis of symmetry for the graph of the function $f(x) = ax^2 + q$?

<p>The y-axis, where $x = 0$. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For the hyperbolic function $y = \frac{a}{x} + q$, what value of $x$ is excluded from the domain?

<p>$0$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the value of $q$ have on the graph of the hyperbola $y = \frac{a}{x} + q$?

<p>It shifts the graph vertically. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the equations of the axes of symmetry for a hyperbola defined by $y = \frac{a}{x} + q$?

<p>$y = x + q$ and $y = -x + q$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For an exponential function of the form $y = ab^x + q$, what does the value of $q$ determine?

<p>The horizontal asymptote. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If $y = \cos \theta$ is transformed into $y = a \cos \theta$ where $a < 0$, what transformation occurs?

<p>Reflection about the x-axis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the graphs of $y = \sin \theta$ and $y = \cos \theta$?

<p>Their phase shift. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When visually inspecting the graph of a parabola, what is the first characteristic to observe to help determine its equation?

<p>Whether it opens upwards or downwards. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When examining the graph of a hyperbola, how does considering the location of its curves help in determining its equation?

<p>It helps determine the sign of $a$. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Triangles can be classified by their sides. Which type of triangle has all three sides of different lengths?

<p>Scalene (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A triangle has one interior angle greater than 90°. What type of triangle is it?

<p>Obtuse (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If two triangles are congruent, what can be said about their corresponding sides and angles?

<p>Sides and angles are both equal. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Two triangles have all three pairs of corresponding angles equal. What can be said about the two triangles?

<p>They are similar. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following properties is exclusive to rectangles when compared to parallelograms?

<p>All angles are equal to 90°. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property uniquely defines a rhombus compared to other parallelograms?

<p>All sides are equal. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the additional characteristic that a rhombus must possess to be classified as a square?

<p>Having all angles equal to 90°. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a trapezium?

<p>One pair of parallel sides. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key statement of the Mid-Point Theorem?

<p>The line segment joining the mid-points of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side and equal to half its length. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In parallelogram ABCD, angle bisectors AW, BX, CY, and DZ are drawn, forming quadrilateral MNOP inside. What is the primary conclusion about quadrilateral MNOP after proving $\triangle CDZ \equiv \triangle ABX$ and $\triangle ADW \equiv \triangle CBY$?

<p>MNOP is a parallelogram. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider triangle ABC, where D and E are the midpoints of sides AB and AC, respectively. According to the Mid-Point Theorem, what is the relationship between DE and BC?

<p>$DE = \frac{1}{2}BC$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In proving that quadrilateral MNOP, formed by angle bisectors within parallelogram ABCD, is also a parallelogram, what is the decisive step after establishing $\triangle CDZ \equiv \triangle ABX$?

<p>Demonstrating that opposite angles of MNOP are equal. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given an exponential function $y = ab^x + q$ with $b > 1$, which of the following conditions will result in the function having a range of $(-\infty, q)$?

<p>$a &lt; 0$ and $q &gt; 0$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Triangle ABC is defined such that point D lies on AC, and BD forms a perpendicular line with AC. If angle $ABC > 90^\circ$ (making the triangle obtuse), which relationship between the lengths of sides AB, BC, AD, and DC can be definitively inferred?

<p>No definitive relationship can be inferred without additional information. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lines $l_1$ and $l_2$ intersect at point P. A third line, $l_3$, bisects the angle formed by $l_1$ and $l_2$ and passes through P. What slope condition involving the three lines is always true?

<p>The angle between $l_1$ and $l_3$ equals the angle between $l_2$ and $l_3$. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In attempting to determine the equation of a hyperbola ($y = \frac{a}{x} + q$) from its graph, consider a scenario where the hyperbola's curves are positioned symmetrically about the origin in the first and third quadrants. Which parameter can be immediately deduced?

<p>$q = 0$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of proving geometrical theorems in a parallelogram, why is Triangle congruence crucial?

<p>To establish equality between certain line segments and angles, facilitating further deductions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the equation of a straight line, $y = mx + c$, what effect does increasing the value of $m$ have on the graph?

<p>It increases the gradient of the graph. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If $m < 0$ in the equation $y = mx + c$, how would you describe the slope of the line?

<p>The graph slopes downwards from left to right. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a straight-line equation $y = mx + c$, what does 'c' represent?

<p>The y-intercept of the graph. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the function $f(x) = mx + c$, what must be true for the function to be defined for all real numbers?

<p>There are no restrictions on $x$. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the y-intercept of a straight-line graph calculated?

<p>By setting $x = 0$ and solving for $y$. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider a parabola described by the equation $y = ax^2 + q$. What describes the effect of changing the value of $q$?

<p>It shifts the parabola vertically up or down. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For the quadratic equation $y = ax^2 + q$, if $a < 0$, what is the general shape of the parabola?

<p>A 'frown' (opens downwards). (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation of the axis of symmetry for the function $f(x) = ax^2 + q$?

<p>$x = 0$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the range of the function $y = ax^2 + q$ if $a > 0$?

<p>$[q, ∞)$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the equation $y = rac{a}{x} + q$, which parameter determines the vertical shift of the hyperbola?

<p>q (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the horizontal asymptote of the hyperbolic function given by $y = \frac{a}{x} + q$?

<p>$y = q$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A hyperbola is defined by the equation $y = \frac{a}{x} + q$. What happens to the graph as $'a'$ changes from positive to negative?

<p>The graph reflects across both axes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For an exponential function of the form $y = ab^x + q$, which factor determines whether the function represents exponential growth or decay?

<p>The value of $b$. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the function $y = ab^x + q$, what is the significance of 'q'?

<p>It defines the horizontal asymptote. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When graphing an exponential function of the form $y = ab^x + q$, what is the first characteristic to determine?

<p>The sign of $a$. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the value of 'a' affect the graph of the sine function $y = a \sin \theta + q$?

<p>It affects the amplitude of the graph. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the transformed cosine function $y = a \cos \theta + q$, what happens when $a$ is negative?

<p>The graph is reflected about the x-axis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For $y = a \sin \theta + q$, what transformation does 'q' apply to the standard sine graph?

<p>Vertical shift (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the range of the function $y = \tan \theta$?

<p>All real numbers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the graph of $y = \tan \theta$ as $a$ increases in the function $y = a \tan \theta + q$?

<p>The graph becomes steeper. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When given the graph of a parabola opening upwards, which of these steps is essential for determining its equation in the form $y = ax^2 + q$?

<p>Finding the turning point and using another point on the graph. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When examining a hyperbola's graph, how does the position of its curves help determine the equation $y = \frac{a}{x} + q$?

<p>The quadrants in which the curves lie indicate the sign of $a$. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about the x-intercept of a hyperbola described by the equation $y = \frac{a}{x} + q$?

<p>It is found by setting $y = 0$ in the equation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Triangles can be classified based on their sides and angles. What characterizes an isosceles triangle?

<p>Two sides are equal in length. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines an acute triangle?

<p>All angles are less than 90°. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If all three sides of one triangle are equal to the corresponding sides of another triangle, what can be concluded about the two triangles?

<p>The triangles are congruent. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Two triangles have identical angle measures, but different side lengths. Which of the following statements applies?

<p>The triangles must be similar. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following properties is exclusive to rectangles compared to other parallelograms?

<p>All interior angles are equal to 90°. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Compared to other parallelograms, what property is unique to a rhombus?

<p>All sides are equal in length. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a square from all other rhombuses?

<p>All interior angles are equal to 90°. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is unique to a trapezium?

<p>One pair of parallel sides. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Mid-Point Theorem state?

<p>The line segment joining the mid-points of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side and equal to half its length. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In parallelogram ABCD, if angle bisectors AW, BX, CY and DZ are drawn, forming quadrilateral MNOP inside, what is the key property used when proving $\triangle CDZ \equiv \triangle ABX$?

<p>Opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In triangle ABC, point D and E are the midpoints of sides AB and AC, respectively. If DE is 6 cm, what is the length of BC?

<p>12 cm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given parallelogram ABCD, with angle bisectors AW, BX, CY, and DZ forming quadrilateral MNOP. After proving $\triangle CDZ \equiv \triangle ABX$ using AAS, what conclusion can be made about CZ and AX?

<p>CZ is equal in length to AX. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider an obtuse-angled triangle ABC, where angle ABC is obtuse. Point D lies on AC such that BD is perpendicular to AC. What is a true statement?

<p>No general relationship about the side lengths can be definitively inferred. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Two lines, $l_1$ and $l_2$, intersect at a point P. A third line $l_3$ passes through P and bisects the angle between $l_1$ and $l_2$. What can be said about the slopes of these lines?

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If in an obtuse triangle ABC, with obtuse angle at B, a point D is positioned on AC with BD perpendicular to AC, what is the most precise relationship that necessarily holds concerning the segments AD, DC, and BD?

<p>$AB^2 = AD^2 + BD^2$ and $BC^2 = DC^2 + BD^2$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For any parallelogram ABCD, if angle bisectors are drawn from each vertex and form a quadrilateral MNOP inside the parallelogram, why is it crucial to establish that $\triangle CDZ \equiv \triangle ABX$ in proving that MNOP is also a parallelogram?

<p>To deduce that opposite angles of MNOP are equal, thereby proving MNOP is a parallelogram. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider the functions $f(x) = ax^2 + q$ and $g(x) = \frac{a}{x} + q$, where both functions share the same 'a' and 'q' parameters. If you know the x-intercept of $f(x)$, what can be directly determined about the graph of $g(x)$ without further calculation?

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Given a complex transformation of a trigonometric function described by $y = a \sin \theta + q$, under what precise condition is it fundamentally impossible to uniquely determine the 'a' parameter solely from the standard intercepts and turning points without additional information?

<p>When the maximum and minimum values of the function are equidistant from the x-axis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following indicates that the line $y = mx + c$ slopes upwards from left to right?

<p>$m &gt; 0$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the curves of a hyperbola, represented by the equation $y = \frac{a}{x} + q$, lie in the second and fourth quadrants, what can be inferred about the constant 'a'?

<p>$a &lt; 0$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition involving parameter 'a' in the function $y = ab^x + q$ suggests that the range is ${f(x) : f(x) < q}$?

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In the context of trigonometric functions, how does the value of 'a' influence the function $y = a \cos \theta + q$?

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Consider a hyperbola defined by $y = \frac{a}{x} + q$. If another hyperbola perfectly overlaps this one after undergoing transformations that only involve reflections across both the x-axis and the y-axis, what must be true about the relationship between the constants $a$ and $q$ in the original and transformed hyperbolas?

<p>Both $a$ and $q$ remain unchanged. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Linear functions

Functions of the form y = mx + c , where m and c are constants.

Gradient (m)

The value of m in the equation y = mx + c . It affects the steepness and direction of the line.

Y-intercept (c)

In the equation y = mx + c , is the point where the line intersects the y-axis.

Domain of a Linear Function

The set of all possible input values (x) for which the function is defined.

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Range of a Linear Function

The set of all possible output values (f(x) or y) that the function can produce.

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X-intercept

The point where the line intersects the x-axis. Found by setting y = 0.

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Dual Intercept Method

A method to sketch a straight-line graph by finding the x and y intercepts.

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Gradient and y-intercept Method

Sketching a straight-line graph using the gradient (m) and the y-intercept (c)

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Quadratic Functions

Functions of the form y = ax^2 + q , creating a parabolic shape.

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Effect of q

In y = ax^2 + q, a vertical shift of the parabola

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Effect of a

In y = ax^2 + q , it determines the shape of the parabola (smile or frown).

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Minimum Turning Point

The lowest point on a 'smile' parabola (a > 0).

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Maximum Turning Point

The highest point on a 'frown' parabola (a < 0).

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Axes of Symmetry

Imaginary line dividing the parabola into two symmetrical halves.

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Domain of a Parabola

For y = ax^2 + q, all possible x values (all real numbers).

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Range of a Parabola

For y = ax^2 + q, it depends on the sign of a. If a > 0, range is [q, ∞) , and if a < 0, range is (−∞, q] .

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Turning Points

Point where the parabola changes direction.

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Hyperbolic Functions

Functions of the form y = a/x + q.

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Domain of a Hyperbola

For y = a/x + q , undefined for x = 0, so it is {x : x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ 0} .

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Range of a Hyperbola

For y = a/x + q, {f(x) : f(x) ∈ ℝ, f(x) ≠ q}.

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Asymptotes

Lines that the hyperbola approaches but never touches.

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Axes of Symmetry (Hyperbola)

Lines y = x + q and y = −x + q for y = a/x + q .

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Effect of q (Hyperbola)

In y = a/x + q , it shifts the graph vertically.

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Effect of a (Hyperbola)

For y = a/x + q , if a > 0 , graph lies in the first and third quadrants; if a < 0 , graph lies in the second and fourth quadrants.

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Exponential Functions

Functions of the general form y = ab^x + q .

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Domain of Exponential Function

For y = ab^x + q , it is {x : x ∈ ℝ} .

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Range of Exponential Function

For y = ab^x + q , it depends on the sign of a : For a > 0 , it is {f(x) : f(x) > q}; for a < 0 , it is {f(x) : f(x) < q}.

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Asymptotes (Exponential)

A line that the graph approaches but never touches as x goes to infinity.

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Effect of q (Exponential)

In y = ab^x + q , shifts the graph vertically and is the horizontal asymptote.

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Effect of a (Exponential)

In y = ab^x + q , it determines if the graph curves upwards (a > 0) or downwards (a < 0).

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Effect of b (Exponential)

In y = ab^x + q , if b > 1 , it's growth; if 0 < b < 1 , it's decay.

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Sine Function

Functions of the form y = sin θ .

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Range (Sine Function)

The y-values that the function can take. For y = a sin θ + q, it is determined by the values of a and q.

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Period (Sine Function)

The horizontal length of one complete cycle of the trigonometric function.

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Effect of q (Sine Function)

In y = a sin θ + q , it shifts the graph vertically.

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Effect of a (Sine Function)

In y = a sin θ + q , it changes the vertical stretch of the graph.

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Cosine Function

Functions of the form y = cos θ .

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Effect of q (Cosine Function)

In y = a cos θ + q , it shifts the graph vertically.

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Effect of a (Cosine Function)

In y = a cos θ + q , it changes the vertical stretch of the graph.

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Tangent Function

Functions of the form y = tan θ .

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Effect of q (Tangent Function)

In y = a tan θ + q , it shifts the graph vertically.

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Asymptotes (Tangent)

Lines where the function is undefined and approaches infinity.

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Quadrilateral

Closed shape consisting of four straight line segments.

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Parallelogram

A quadrilateral with both pairs of opposite sides parallel.

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Rectangle

A parallelogram that has all four angles equal to 90°.

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Rhombus

A parallelogram with all four sides of equal length.

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Square

A rhombus with all four interior angles equal to 90°.

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Trapezium

A quadrilateral with one pair of opposite sides parallel.

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Kite

A quadrilateral with two pairs of adjacent sides equal.

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The Mid-Point Theorem

The line segment joining the mid-points of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side and equals half its length.

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Straight Line Function

A function of the form (y = mx + c), where (m) and (c) are constants that determine a straight line on a graph.

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Positive Gradient

When (m > 0), the straight line on the graph slopes upwards from left to right.

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Negative Gradient

When (m < 0), the straight line on the graph slopes downwards from left to right.

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Sketching Linear Graphs

A method for sketching graphs of the form (f(x) = mx + c) by determining the sign of (m), the y-intercept, and the x-intercept.

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Parabolic Functions

Functions of the general form (y = ax^2 + q), where (a) and (q) are constants that influence the shape and position of the curve.

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Parabola with a > 0

If (a > 0), the parabola opens upwards, creating a 'smile' with a minimum turning point.

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Parabola with a < 0

If (a < 0), the parabola opens downwards, creating a 'frown' with a maximum turning point.

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Sketching Quadratic Graphs

To sketch a graph of the form (f(x) = ax^2 + q), determine the sign of (a), y-intercept, x-intercept, and turning point.

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Exponential Range (a > 0)

For ( y = ab^x + q ), if ( a > 0 ) the range consists of all values greater than ( q ), denoted as ( {f(x) : f(x) > q} ).

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Tangent 'a' Effect

In trigonometric graphs of the form ( y = a \tan \theta + q ), the steepness of the graph branches changes.

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Find Parabola Equation

To determine the equation of a parabola ( y = ax^2 + q ), identify the direction and vertical shift, then solve for ( a ) using a point on the graph.

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Mid-Point Theorem

states that the line segment joining the mid-points of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side and is equal to half the length of the third side.

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RHS or 90°HS Congruency Rule

If the hypotenuse and one side of a right-angled triangle are equal to those of another right-angled triangle, then the triangles are congruent

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SSS (Side-Side-Side) Congruency Rule

If three sides of a triangle are equal to the corresponding sides of another triangle, then the triangles are congruent.

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SAS or S∠S (Side-Angle-Side) Congruency Rule

If two sides and the included angle of a triangle are equal to those of another triangle, then the triangles are congruent.

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AAS or ∠∠S (Angle-Angle-Side) Congruency Rule

If one side and two angles of a triangle are equal to the corresponding side and angles of another triangle, then the triangles are congruent.

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AAA (Angle-Angle-Angle) Similarity Rule

If all three pairs of corresponding angles of two triangles are equal, the triangles are similar.

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SSS (Side-Side-Side) Similarity Rule

If all three pairs of corresponding sides of two triangles are in proportion, the triangles are similar.

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Theorem of Pythagoras

For a right-angled triangle, ( b^2 = a^2 + c^2 ) where b is the hypotenuse.

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Properties of a Kite

bisects the other diagonal. One pair of opposite angles are equal (the angles between unequal sides). The diagonal between equal sides bisects the interior angles and is an axis of symmetry.Diagonals intersect at 90°.

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Study Notes

Linear Functions

  • Linear functions have the form (y = mx + c), where (m) and (c) are constants.
  • (m) affects the slope; a larger (m) means a steeper slope.
  • If (m > 0), the line slopes upwards from left to right.
  • If (m < 0), the line slopes downwards from left to right.
  • (m) is the gradient of the straight line.
  • (c) affects the y-axis intercept, known as the y-intercept.
  • If (c > 0), the graph shifts vertically upwards.
  • If (c < 0), the graph shifts vertically downwards.
  • The domain of a straight-line graph is ( { x : x \in \mathbb{R} } ).
  • The range of ( f(x) = mx + c ) is ( { f(x) : f(x) \in \mathbb{R} } ).
  • To find the y-intercept, set ( x = 0 ).
  • To find the x-intercept, set ( y = 0 ).

Sketching Linear Functions

  • To sketch ( f(x) = mx + c ), determine the sign of ( m ), the y-intercept, and the x-intercept.
  • The dual intercept method involves plotting the x and y-intercepts to draw the line.
  • To use the gradient and y-intercept method, first find the y-intercept ((0, c)).
  • The gradient is defined as: [ m = \frac{\text{change in } y}{\text{change in } x} = \frac{\text{vertical change}}{\text{horizontal change}} ]

Quadratic Functions

  • Quadratic functions have the general form ( y = ax^2 + q ), forming a parabola.
  • The effect of ( q ) is a vertical shift of the graph.
  • For ( q > 0 ), the graph shifts upwards by ( q ) units.
  • For ( q < 0 ), the graph shifts downwards by ( q ) units.
  • The sign of ( a ) determines the shape of the parabola.
  • If ( a > 0 ), the parabola opens upwards ("smile") with a minimum turning point at ((0; q)); larger ( a ) values make the graph narrower.
  • If ( 0 < a < 1 ), the graph becomes wider as ( a ) approaches 0.
  • If ( a < 0 ), the parabola opens downwards ("frown") with a maximum turning point at ((0; q)); smaller ( a ) values make the graph narrower.
  • If ( -1 < a < 0 ), the graph becomes wider as ( a ) approaches 0.
  • The domain is ({ x : x \in \mathbb{R} }) for all parabolas.
  • If ( a > 0 ), the range is ([q; \infty)).
  • If ( a < 0 ), the range is ((-\infty; q]).
  • The y-intercept is found by setting ( x = 0 ).
  • The x-intercepts are found by setting ( y = 0 ).
  • The turning point is at ((0; q)).
  • The axis of symmetry is the y-axis, represented by the line ( x = 0 ).

Sketching Quadratic Functions

  • To sketch ( f(x) = ax^2 + q ), find the sign of ( a ), the y-intercept, the x-intercepts, and the turning point.

Hyperbolic Functions

  • Hyperbolic functions have the form ( y = \frac{a}{x} + q ).
  • The domain is ({x : x \in \mathbb{R}, x \neq 0}).
  • The range is ({f(x) : f(x) \in \mathbb{R}, f(x) \neq q}).
  • There is no y-intercept, as the function is undefined at ( x = 0 ).
  • The x-intercept is found by setting ( y = 0 ).
  • The horizontal asymptote is the line ( y = q ).
  • The vertical asymptote is the y-axis, the line ( x = 0 ).
  • The axes of symmetry are the lines ( y = x + q ) and ( y = -x + q ).
  • The effect of ( q ) is a vertical shift.
  • For ( q > 0 ), the graph shifts vertically upwards by ( q ) units.
  • For ( q < 0 ), the graph shifts vertically downwards by ( q ) units.
  • The sign of ( a ) determines the shape of the graph.
  • For ( a > 0 ), the graph lies in the first and third quadrants.
  • For ( a < 0 ), the graph lies in the second and fourth quadrants.

Sketching Hyperbolic Functions

  • To sketch ( y = \frac{a}{x} + q ), determine the sign of ( a ), the y-intercept, the x-intercept, and the asymptotes.

Exponential Functions

  • Exponential functions have the general form ( y = ab^x + q ).
  • The domain is ({x : x \in \mathbb{R}}).
  • If ( a > 0 ), the range is ({f(x) : f(x) > q}).
  • If ( a < 0 ), the range is ({f(x) : f(x) < q}).
  • The y-intercept is found by setting ( x = 0 ).
  • The x-intercept is found by setting ( y = 0 ).
  • The horizontal asymptote is the line ( y = q ).
  • The effect of ( q ) is a vertical shift.
  • For ( q > 0 ), the graph shifts vertically upwards by ( q ) units.
  • For ( q < 0 ), the graph shifts vertically downwards by ( q ) units.
  • The horizontal asymptote is shifted by ( q ) units and is the line ( y = q ).
  • For ( a > 0 ) and ( b > 1 ), the graph curves upwards.
  • For ( a < 0 ) and ( b > 1 ), the graph curves downwards.
  • For ( b > 1 ), the function represents exponential growth.
  • For ( 0 < b < 1 ), the function represents exponential decay.

Sketching Exponential Functions

  • To sketch ( y = ab^x + q ), determine the sign of ( a ), the y-intercept, the x-intercept, and the asymptote.

Trigonometric Functions

Sine Function

  • For ( y = \sin \theta ):
    • Domain: ([0^\circ; 360^\circ])
    • Range: ([-1; 1])
    • x-intercepts: ((0^\circ, 0)), ((180^\circ, 0)), ((360^\circ, 0))
    • y-intercept: ((0^\circ, 0))
    • Maximum Turning Point: ((90^\circ, 1))
    • Minimum Turning Point: ((270^\circ, -1))
  • For ( y = a \sin \theta + q ), ( q ) causes a vertical shift:
    • ( q > 0 ): Shift up by ( q ) units.
    • ( q < 0 ): Shift down by ( q ) units.
  • For ( y = a \sin \theta + q ), ( a ) causes an amplitude change:
    • ( |a| > 1 ): Vertical stretch.
    • ( 0 < |a| < 1 ): Vertical compression.
    • ( a < 0 ): Reflection about the x-axis.
  • For ( a > 0 ): [ -a + q \leq a \sin \theta + q \leq a + q ]
    • Range: ([q - |a|,, q + |a|])
    • Period: (360^\circ)
    • y-intercept: (y = a \sin 0^\circ + q = q)

Cosine Function

  • For ( y = \cos \theta ):
    • Domain: ([0^\circ; 360^\circ])
    • Range: ([-1; 1])
    • x-intercepts: ((90^\circ, 0)), ((270^\circ, 0))
    • y-intercept: ((0^\circ, 1))
    • Maximum Turning Points: ((0^\circ, 1)), ((360^\circ, 1))
    • Minimum Turning Point: ((180^\circ, -1))
  • For ( y = a \cos \theta + q ), ( q ) causes a vertical shift:
    • ( q > 0 ): Shift up by ( q ) units.
    • ( q < 0 ): Shift down by ( q ) units.
  • For ( y = a \cos \theta + q ), ( a ) causes an amplitude change:
    • ( |a| > 1 ): Vertical stretch.
    • ( 0 < |a| < 1 ): Vertical compression.
    • ( a < 0 ): Reflection about the x-axis.
  • For ( a > 0 ): [ -a + q \leq a \cos \theta + q \leq a + q ]
    • Range: ([q - |a|,, q + |a|])
    • Period: (360^\circ)
    • y-intercept: (y = a \cos 0^\circ + q = a + q)

Comparison of Sine and Cosine Functions

  • Both have similar wave shapes with the same period of (360^\circ).
  • The cosine graph can be shifted to the right by (90^\circ) to overlap with the sine graph.
  • The sine graph can be shifted to the left by (90^\circ) to overlap with the cosine graph.

Tangent Function

  • For ( y = \tan \theta ):
    • Domain: ({ \theta : 0^\circ \leq \theta \leq 360^\circ, \theta \neq 90^\circ, 270^\circ })
    • Range: ({ f(\theta) : f(\theta) \in \mathbb{R} })
    • x-intercepts: ((0^\circ, 0)), ((180^\circ, 0)), ((360^\circ, 0))
    • y-intercept: ((0^\circ, 0))
    • Asymptotes: ( \theta = 90^\circ ), ( \theta = 270^\circ )
    • Period: (180^\circ)
  • For ( y = a \tan \theta + q ), ( q ) causes a vertical shift:
    • ( q > 0 ): Shift up by ( q ) units.
    • ( q < 0 ): Shift down by ( q ) units.
  • For ( y = a \tan \theta + q ), ( a ) changes the steepness of the graph branches; larger ( a ) means steeper branches.
  • Domain: ({ \theta : 0^\circ \leq \theta \leq 360^\circ, \theta \neq 90^\circ, 270^\circ })
  • Range: ({ f(\theta) : f(\theta) \in \mathbb{R} })
  • y-intercept: [ y = a \tan 0^\circ + q = q ]
  • Asymptotes: ( \theta = 90^\circ ) and ( \theta = 270^\circ ).

Interpretation of Graphs

Determining the Equation of a Parabola ( y = ax^2 + q )

  • Examine the sketch to identify the sign of ( a ) (direction of the parabola) and any vertical shifts (to determine ( q )).
  • Use the y-intercept point ( (0; y) ) to solve for ( q ).
  • Substitute another given point ( (x; y) ) into the equation to solve for ( a ).

Determining the Equation of a Hyperbola ( y = \frac{a}{x} + q )

  • Examine the sketch to identify the sign of ( a ) (quadrants where curves lie) and any vertical shifts (to determine ( q )).
  • Substitute given points ( (x; y) ) into the equation.
  • Solve the system of equations simultaneously to find ( a ) and ( q ).

Interpreting Graphs

  • Calculate intercepts: y-intercept by setting ( x = 0 ) and x-intercepts by setting ( y = 0 ).
  • Calculate points of intersection: Equate the expressions of the two graphs and solve for ( x ) and ( y ).
  • Calculate distances using the distance formula or simple subtraction if points are aligned vertically or horizontally.

Interpreting Trigonometric Graphs ( y = a \sin \theta + q ) or ( y = a \cos \theta + q )

  • Examine the sketch to identify the type of trigonometric graph and note any vertical shifts to determine ( q ).
  • Substitute given points ( (\theta; y) ) into the equation.
  • Solve the system of equations simultaneously to find ( a ) and ( q ).

Characteristics of Graphs

  • Parabolas:
    • Equation: ( y = ax^2 + q )
    • ( a ) determines the direction and width of the parabola.
    • ( q ) determines the vertical shift.
  • Hyperbolas:
    • Equation: ( y = \frac{a}{x} + q )
    • ( a ) determines the direction and shape of the hyperbola.
    • ( q ) determines the vertical shift.
  • Trigonometric Functions:
    • Sine: ( y = a \sin \theta + q )
    • Cosine: ( y = a \cos \theta + q )
    • Tangent: ( y = a \tan \theta + q )
    • ( a ) affects the amplitude and reflection.
    • ( q ) affects the vertical shift.
  • Intercepts:
    • Calculate the y-intercept by setting ( x = 0 ).
    • Calculate the x-intercept by setting ( y = 0 ).
  • Asymptotes:
    • Identify asymptotes for functions like hyperbolas and tangents by setting the denominator to zero.
  • Domain and Range:
    • Determine the domain by identifying all possible ( x ) values.
    • Determine the range by identifying all possible ( y ) values.

Triangles

Classification of Triangles

  • By Sides:
    • Scalene: All sides and angles are different.
    • Isosceles: Two equal sides, and the angles opposite them are equal.
    • Equilateral: All three sides are equal, and all three angles are (60^\circ).
  • By Angles:
    • Acute: All three angles are less than (90^\circ).
    • Obtuse: One angle is greater than (90^\circ).
    • Right-angled: One angle is (90^\circ).
  • Combinations possible: obtuse isosceles or right-angled isosceles triangle.
  • The sum of interior angles of any triangle is (180^\circ).
  • An exterior angle of a triangle equals the sum of the two opposite interior angles.

Congruency

  • Two triangles are congruent ((\equiv)) if one fits exactly over the other.
  • Congruency Rules:
    • RHS (Right-angle-Hypotenuse-Side): Hypotenuse and one side of a right-angled triangle are equal to those of another.
    • SSS (Side-Side-Side): Three sides of one triangle are equal to the corresponding sides of another.
    • SAS (Side-Angle-Side): Two sides and the included angle are equal to those of another.
    • AAS (Angle-Angle-Side): One side and two angles are equal to the corresponding side and angles of another.
  • Order of letters when labelling congruent triangles is important.

Similarity

  • Two triangles are similar ((\sim)) if one is a scaled version of the other.
  • Corresponding angles are equal, and the ratio of corresponding sides are in proportion.
  • Similarity Rules:
    • AAA (Angle-Angle-Angle): All three pairs of corresponding angles are equal.
    • SSS (Side-Side-Side): All three pairs of corresponding sides are in proportion.

Theorem of Pythagoras

  • In a right-angled triangle: [ b^2 = a^2 + c^2 ]
  • Converse: If ( b^2 = a^2 + c^2 ), then the triangle is right-angled.

Quadrilaterals

Definition

  • A quadrilateral is a closed shape with four straight line segments, with the interior angles adding up to (360^\circ).

Parallelogram

  • A quadrilateral with both pairs of opposite sides parallel.
  • Properties:
    • Both pairs of opposite sides are parallel and equal in length.
    • Both pairs of opposite angles are equal.
    • Diagonals bisect each other.

Rectangle

  • A parallelogram with all four angles equal to (90^\circ).
  • Properties:
    • Both pairs of opposite sides are parallel and equal in length.
    • Both pairs of opposite angles are equal.
    • Diagonals bisect each other.
    • Diagonals are equal in length.
    • All interior angles are (90^\circ).

Rhombus

  • A parallelogram with all four sides of equal length.
  • Properties:
    • Both pairs of opposite sides are parallel and equal in length.
    • Both pairs of opposite angles are equal.
    • Diagonals bisect each other.
    • All sides are equal in length.
    • Diagonals bisect each other at (90^\circ).
    • Diagonals bisect both pairs of opposite angles.

Square

  • A rhombus with all four interior angles equal to (90^\circ), or a rectangle with all four sides equal in length.
  • Properties:
    • Both pairs of opposite sides are parallel and equal in length.
    • Both pairs of opposite angles are equal.
    • Diagonals bisect each other.
    • All sides are equal in length.
    • Diagonals bisect each other at (90^\circ).
    • Diagonals bisect both pairs of opposite angles.
    • All interior angles are (90^\circ).
    • Diagonals are equal in length.

Trapezium

  • A quadrilateral with one pair of opposite sides parallel (also called a trapezoid).

Kite

  • A quadrilateral with two pairs of adjacent sides equal.
  • Properties:
    • The diagonal between equal sides bisects the other diagonal.
    • One pair of opposite angles are equal (angles between unequal sides).
    • The diagonal between equal sides bisects the interior angles and is an axis of symmetry.
    • Diagonals intersect at (90^\circ).

Relationships Between Different Quadrilaterals

  • Hierarchy:
    • A square is a type of rhombus and a type of rectangle.
    • A rhombus and a rectangle are types of parallelograms.
    • A parallelogram is a type of quadrilateral.
    • A trapezium and a kite are also types of quadrilaterals, but not necessarily parallelograms.

The Mid-Point Theorem

  • The line segment joining the mid-points of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side and is equal to half the length of the third side.
  • Converse:
    • If a line is drawn through the mid-point of a side of a triangle parallel to the second side, it will bisect the third side.
  • Properties:
    • Parallel Lines: The line segment joining the mid-points of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side.
    • Half-Length: This line segment is equal to half the length of the third side.
  • Applications:
    • Geometric Proofs: Used to prove parallelism and segment proportions in geometric figures.
    • Coordinate Geometry: Helpful in calculating mid-points and distances in coordinate plane problems.
    • Similarity: Often used in proving similarity in triangles and other geometric shapes.

Proofs and Conjectures

  • Applying geometric properties of polygons, particularly triangles and quadrilaterals, to prove properties.
  • Proving a particular quadrilateral is one of the special quadrilaterals.

Parallelogram ABCD

  • Given parallelogram ABCD with bisectors of angles (AW, BX, CY, DZ).

  • (AB = CD), (AD = BC), (AB \parallel CD), (AD \parallel BC), (A\hat{} = C\hat{}), (B\hat{} = D\hat{}).

  • To prove that MNOP is a parallelogram.

  • Use properties of parallelogram ABCD to fill in equal sides and angles.

  • Show that (M\hat{}2 = O\hat{}2):

    • In (\triangle CDZ) and (\triangle ABX):

    [ DCZ\hat{} = BAX\hat{} \quad (\text{given}) ] [ D\hat{}1 = B\hat{}1 \quad (\text{given}) ] [ DC = AB \quad (\text{given}) ]

    [ \therefore \triangle CDZ \equiv \triangle ABX \quad (\text{AAS}) ] [ \therefore CZ = AX \quad \text{and} \quad CZD\hat{} = AXB\hat{} ]

    • In (\triangle XAM) and (\triangle ZCO):

    [ XAM\hat{} = ZCO\hat{} \quad (\text{given: } \triangle CDZ \equiv \triangle ABX) ] [ AXM\hat{} = CZO\hat{} \quad (\text{proved above}) ] [ AX = CZ \quad (\text{proved above}) ]

    [ \therefore \triangle XAM \equiv \triangle ZCO \quad (\text{AAS}) ] [ \therefore M\hat{}1 = O\hat{}1 ] but (M\hat{}1 = M\hat{}2) (vert opp (\angle)s (=)) and (O\hat{}1 = O\hat{}2) (vert opp (\angle)s (=)) [ \therefore M\hat{}2 = O\hat{}2 ]

  • Similarly, show that (N\hat{}2 = P\hat{}2) by showing (\triangle ADW \equiv \triangle CBY) and then (\triangle PDW \equiv \triangle NBY).

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