Podcast
Questions and Answers
In the equation of a straight line, $y = mx + c$, what does the constant 'm' represent?
In the equation of a straight line, $y = mx + c$, what does the constant 'm' represent?
- The point where the line intersects both axes
- The y-intercept
- The x-intercept
- The slope or gradient of the line (correct)
If the value of 'c' in the equation $y = mx + c$ is negative, how does the graph of the line shift in relation to the origin?
If the value of 'c' in the equation $y = mx + c$ is negative, how does the graph of the line shift in relation to the origin?
- Vertically downwards (correct)
- Horizontally to the left
- Horizontally to the right
- Vertically upwards
What is the domain of a straight-line graph represented by the equation $y = mx + c$?
What is the domain of a straight-line graph represented by the equation $y = mx + c$?
- All negative real numbers
- All real numbers (correct)
- All integers
- All positive real numbers
What is the primary characteristic used to calculate the y-intercept of any graph?
What is the primary characteristic used to calculate the y-intercept of any graph?
Which characteristic of a straight-line graph is determined by the ratio of vertical change to horizontal change?
Which characteristic of a straight-line graph is determined by the ratio of vertical change to horizontal change?
In a quadratic function of the form $y = ax^2 + q$, what effect does changing the value of 'q' have on the parabola?
In a quadratic function of the form $y = ax^2 + q$, what effect does changing the value of 'q' have on the parabola?
If 'a' is less than 0 in the quadratic equation $y = ax^2 + q$, what is the shape of the parabola?
If 'a' is less than 0 in the quadratic equation $y = ax^2 + q$, what is the shape of the parabola?
What is the axis of symmetry for functions of the form $f(x) = ax^2 + q$?
What is the axis of symmetry for functions of the form $f(x) = ax^2 + q$?
For a hyperbola described by the equation $y = \frac{a}{x} + q$, what value is excluded from the domain?
For a hyperbola described by the equation $y = \frac{a}{x} + q$, what value is excluded from the domain?
In the general form equation $y = \frac{a}{x} + q$ representing hyperbolic functions, what does the value of 'q' primarily affect?
In the general form equation $y = \frac{a}{x} + q$ representing hyperbolic functions, what does the value of 'q' primarily affect?
What are the equations of the axes of symmetry for a hyperbola of the form $y = \frac{a}{x} + q$?
What are the equations of the axes of symmetry for a hyperbola of the form $y = \frac{a}{x} + q$?
For an exponential function of the form $y = ab^x + q$, which element determines the horizontal asymptote?
For an exponential function of the form $y = ab^x + q$, which element determines the horizontal asymptote?
In the function $y = a \sin \theta + q$, how does the value of 'a' affect the graph of the sine function?
In the function $y = a \sin \theta + q$, how does the value of 'a' affect the graph of the sine function?
What transformation occurs to the graph of $y = \cos \theta$ when it becomes $y = a \cos \theta$ where $a < 0$?
What transformation occurs to the graph of $y = \cos \theta$ when it becomes $y = a \cos \theta$ where $a < 0$?
What is a key difference between the graphs of $y = \sin \theta$ and $y = \cos \theta$?
What is a key difference between the graphs of $y = \sin \theta$ and $y = \cos \theta$?
Regarding the tangent function $y = \tan \theta$, which statement accurately describes its asymptotes?
Regarding the tangent function $y = \tan \theta$, which statement accurately describes its asymptotes?
How can you determine the equation of a parabola from its graph?
How can you determine the equation of a parabola from its graph?
How does examining the location of a hyperbola's curves on a graph help in determining its equation?
How does examining the location of a hyperbola's curves on a graph help in determining its equation?
In a right-angled triangle, side 'b' is the hypotenuse, and 'a' and 'c' are the other two sides. According to the Theorem of Pythagoras, which equation is correct?
In a right-angled triangle, side 'b' is the hypotenuse, and 'a' and 'c' are the other two sides. According to the Theorem of Pythagoras, which equation is correct?
Which type of triangle has all three interior angles measuring less than 90°?
Which type of triangle has all three interior angles measuring less than 90°?
What is the sum of the interior angles in any triangle?
What is the sum of the interior angles in any triangle?
A triangle has angles measuring 45°, 45°, and 90°. What type of triangle is it?
A triangle has angles measuring 45°, 45°, and 90°. What type of triangle is it?
What does the term 'congruent' mean in the context of triangles?
What does the term 'congruent' mean in the context of triangles?
If two triangles have three pairs of equal corresponding angles, what can be said about the two triangles?
If two triangles have three pairs of equal corresponding angles, what can be said about the two triangles?
What is a quadrilateral?
What is a quadrilateral?
Which property is unique to rectangles compared to general parallelograms?
Which property is unique to rectangles compared to general parallelograms?
What is a key attribute that distinguishes a rhombus from other parallelograms?
What is a key attribute that distinguishes a rhombus from other parallelograms?
Which quadrilateral has diagonals that bisect each other at 90° and bisect both pairs of opposite angles?
Which quadrilateral has diagonals that bisect each other at 90° and bisect both pairs of opposite angles?
Apart from having all sides equal in length, what other property must a rhombus possess to be classified as a square?
Apart from having all sides equal in length, what other property must a rhombus possess to be classified as a square?
What is a defining characteristic of a trapezium?
What is a defining characteristic of a trapezium?
A quadrilateral has two pairs of adjacent sides equal in length. Which shape does this describe?
A quadrilateral has two pairs of adjacent sides equal in length. Which shape does this describe?
What does the Mid-Point Theorem state regarding the line segment joining the mid-points of two sides of a triangle?
What does the Mid-Point Theorem state regarding the line segment joining the mid-points of two sides of a triangle?
What is the key conclusion when proving that MNOP is a parallelogram, given that ABCD is a parallelogram and AW, BX, CY, and DZ are angle bisectors?
What is the key conclusion when proving that MNOP is a parallelogram, given that ABCD is a parallelogram and AW, BX, CY, and DZ are angle bisectors?
Given triangle ABC, where D and E are the midpoints of sides AB and AC respectively, and DE is parallel to BC. If BC = 10 cm, what is the length of DE?
Given triangle ABC, where D and E are the midpoints of sides AB and AC respectively, and DE is parallel to BC. If BC = 10 cm, what is the length of DE?
In parallelogram ABCD, angle bisectors AW, BX, CY, and DZ are drawn, creating quadrilateral MNOP inside. After proving $\triangle CDZ \equiv \triangle ABX$ using the Angle-Angle-Side (AAS) criterion, which corresponding parts are concluded to be equal?
In parallelogram ABCD, angle bisectors AW, BX, CY, and DZ are drawn, creating quadrilateral MNOP inside. After proving $\triangle CDZ \equiv \triangle ABX$ using the Angle-Angle-Side (AAS) criterion, which corresponding parts are concluded to be equal?
Let's imagine an obtuse-angled triangle ABC, where angle ABC is obtuse. Point D lies on AC such that BD is perpendicular to AC. Which of the following statements is definitively true regarding the lengths of the sides?
Let's imagine an obtuse-angled triangle ABC, where angle ABC is obtuse. Point D lies on AC such that BD is perpendicular to AC. Which of the following statements is definitively true regarding the lengths of the sides?
Consider a scenario where you have two lines, $l1$ and $l2$ on a Cartesian plane. $l1$ is defined by the equation $y = m1x + c1$ and l2 is defined by $y = m2x + c2$. They intersect at point P. Now, a third line, $l3$, must be drawn such that it passes through point P and bisects the angle formed between lines $l1$ and $l2$. Without knowing anything about $m1, m2, c1,$ or $c2$, which general statement must always be true regarding slopes?
Consider a scenario where you have two lines, $l1$ and $l2$ on a Cartesian plane. $l1$ is defined by the equation $y = m1x + c1$ and l2 is defined by $y = m2x + c2$. They intersect at point P. Now, a third line, $l3$, must be drawn such that it passes through point P and bisects the angle formed between lines $l1$ and $l2$. Without knowing anything about $m1, m2, c1,$ or $c2$, which general statement must always be true regarding slopes?
In the context of the linear equation $y = mx + c$, what geometrical property does 'm' define?
In the context of the linear equation $y = mx + c$, what geometrical property does 'm' define?
How does increasing the value of 'm' affect the graph of the linear function $y = mx + c$?
How does increasing the value of 'm' affect the graph of the linear function $y = mx + c$?
For a linear equation represented as $y = mx + c$, if $m < 0$, what is the direction of the slope of the line?
For a linear equation represented as $y = mx + c$, if $m < 0$, what is the direction of the slope of the line?
What does 'c' represent in the linear equation $y = mx + c$?
What does 'c' represent in the linear equation $y = mx + c$?
If $c > 0$ in the equation $y = mx + c$, how does this affect the position of the graph?
If $c > 0$ in the equation $y = mx + c$, how does this affect the position of the graph?
What geometrical feature does the constant 'q' primarily affect in the quadratic function $y = ax^2 + q$?
What geometrical feature does the constant 'q' primarily affect in the quadratic function $y = ax^2 + q$?
In a parabolic function of the form $y = ax^2 + q$, what effect does a negative 'a' have on the shape of the graph?
In a parabolic function of the form $y = ax^2 + q$, what effect does a negative 'a' have on the shape of the graph?
For a hyperbola described by the equation $y = \frac{a}{x} + q$, what is the significance of the value of $x = 0$?
For a hyperbola described by the equation $y = \frac{a}{x} + q$, what is the significance of the value of $x = 0$?
In the hyperbolic function $y = \frac{a}{x} + q$, what does the value of 'q' indicate?
In the hyperbolic function $y = \frac{a}{x} + q$, what does the value of 'q' indicate?
Which characteristic of the exponential function $y = ab^x + q$ is determined by the constant 'q'?
Which characteristic of the exponential function $y = ab^x + q$ is determined by the constant 'q'?
What role does 'a' play in the trigonometric function $y = a \sin \theta + q$?
What role does 'a' play in the trigonometric function $y = a \sin \theta + q$?
What happens to the graph of a cosine function, $y = \cos \theta$, when it is transformed into $y = a \cos \theta$ where $a$ is a negative number?
What happens to the graph of a cosine function, $y = \cos \theta$, when it is transformed into $y = a \cos \theta$ where $a$ is a negative number?
What is the range of the sine function $y = \sin \theta$?
What is the range of the sine function $y = \sin \theta$?
What are the asymptotes of the tangent function $y = \tan \theta$?
What are the asymptotes of the tangent function $y = \tan \theta$?
In a quadratic function $y = ax^2 + q$, how does the sign of 'a' affect the range of the function?
In a quadratic function $y = ax^2 + q$, how does the sign of 'a' affect the range of the function?
Given the hyperbolic function $y = \frac{a}{x} + q$, what equations define its axes of symmetry?
Given the hyperbolic function $y = \frac{a}{x} + q$, what equations define its axes of symmetry?
For an exponential function $y = ab^x + q$, what is the key determinant of whether the function represents exponential growth or decay?
For an exponential function $y = ab^x + q$, what is the key determinant of whether the function represents exponential growth or decay?
How does the graph of $y = \cos \theta$ differ from the graph of $y = \sin \theta$?
How does the graph of $y = \cos \theta$ differ from the graph of $y = \sin \theta$?
Given a parabola on a graph, what is the first step in determining its equation in the form $y = ax^2 + q$?
Given a parabola on a graph, what is the first step in determining its equation in the form $y = ax^2 + q$?
When examining a hyperbola's graph, how does the position of its curves relate to the sign of 'a' in the equation $y = \frac{a}{x} + q$?
When examining a hyperbola's graph, how does the position of its curves relate to the sign of 'a' in the equation $y = \frac{a}{x} + q$?
Which set of conditions is sufficient to prove two triangles are congruent using the Side-Angle-Side (SAS) criterion?
Which set of conditions is sufficient to prove two triangles are congruent using the Side-Angle-Side (SAS) criterion?
Apart from all sides being equal, what additional property categorizes a rhombus as a square?
Apart from all sides being equal, what additional property categorizes a rhombus as a square?
A quadrilateral is defined as a kite if it possesses which of the following properties?
A quadrilateral is defined as a kite if it possesses which of the following properties?
What does the Converse of the Mid-Point Theorem state?
What does the Converse of the Mid-Point Theorem state?
In parallelogram ABCD, if it's proven that $\triangle CDZ \equiv \triangle ABX$ using AAS, what conclusion can be drawn about sides CZ and AX?
In parallelogram ABCD, if it's proven that $\triangle CDZ \equiv \triangle ABX$ using AAS, what conclusion can be drawn about sides CZ and AX?
How does the value of 'a' influence the range of the exponential function $y = ab^x + q$ when $a < 0$?
How does the value of 'a' influence the range of the exponential function $y = ab^x + q$ when $a < 0$?
What is the geometrical significance if in triangle ABC points D and E are midpoints of sides AB and AC, respectively, and DE is parallel to BC?
What is the geometrical significance if in triangle ABC points D and E are midpoints of sides AB and AC, respectively, and DE is parallel to BC?
What conditions must be satisfied for a quadrilateral to be classified as a square, building upon the properties of a rhombus?
What conditions must be satisfied for a quadrilateral to be classified as a square, building upon the properties of a rhombus?
In trigonometric functions, how does the value of 'a' in equations of the form $y = a \sin \theta + q$ or $y = a \cos \theta + q$ affect the range of the function?
In trigonometric functions, how does the value of 'a' in equations of the form $y = a \sin \theta + q$ or $y = a \cos \theta + q$ affect the range of the function?
Consider the task of solving for 'a' and 'q' to define an unknown hyperbola given its graph. What initial assessment is most crucial for efficiently formulating simultaneous equations?
Consider the task of solving for 'a' and 'q' to define an unknown hyperbola given its graph. What initial assessment is most crucial for efficiently formulating simultaneous equations?
When proving geometrical properties using angle bisectors in a parallelogram, which congruence criterion is best suited to establishing initial relationships between triangles formed by these bisectors?
When proving geometrical properties using angle bisectors in a parallelogram, which congruence criterion is best suited to establishing initial relationships between triangles formed by these bisectors?
Consider an exponential function $y = ab^x + q$. Without knowing the specific values of $a$ and $b$, how can the value of 'q' be graphically determined?
Consider an exponential function $y = ab^x + q$. Without knowing the specific values of $a$ and $b$, how can the value of 'q' be graphically determined?
Given a complex transformation of a trigonometric function involving both 'a' and 'q' in $y = a \sin \theta + q$, describe a scenario where determining 'a' is impossible without additional information beyond standard intercepts and turning points.
Given a complex transformation of a trigonometric function involving both 'a' and 'q' in $y = a \sin \theta + q$, describe a scenario where determining 'a' is impossible without additional information beyond standard intercepts and turning points.
Suppose you are given two functions, a parabola $y = a_1 x^2 + q_1$ and a hyperbola $y = \frac{a_2}{x} + q_2$, that intersect at two points. What is the minimum number of additional constraints needed to uniquely determine all four parameters $a_1, q_1, a_2,$ and $q_2$?
Suppose you are given two functions, a parabola $y = a_1 x^2 + q_1$ and a hyperbola $y = \frac{a_2}{x} + q_2$, that intersect at two points. What is the minimum number of additional constraints needed to uniquely determine all four parameters $a_1, q_1, a_2,$ and $q_2$?
In the context of proving that MNOP is a parallelogram formed by angle bisectors within parallelogram ABCD, why is establishing $\triangle CDZ \equiv \triangle ABX$ crucial?
In the context of proving that MNOP is a parallelogram formed by angle bisectors within parallelogram ABCD, why is establishing $\triangle CDZ \equiv \triangle ABX$ crucial?
In the standard form of a linear equation, $y = mx + c$, what is the graphical effect if the value of $m$ is changed while keeping $c$ constant?
In the standard form of a linear equation, $y = mx + c$, what is the graphical effect if the value of $m$ is changed while keeping $c$ constant?
For a quadratic function in the form $y = ax^2 + q$, if $a > 0$, which of the following statements accurately describes the range of the function?
For a quadratic function in the form $y = ax^2 + q$, if $a > 0$, which of the following statements accurately describes the range of the function?
Consider a hyperbolic function described by the equation $y = \frac{a}{x} + q$. What are the equations of its axes of symmetry?
Consider a hyperbolic function described by the equation $y = \frac{a}{x} + q$. What are the equations of its axes of symmetry?
In an exponential function of the form $y = ab^x + q$, what is the primary effect of the sign of the parameter 'a' (assuming $b > 0$ and $b
eq 1$)?
In an exponential function of the form $y = ab^x + q$, what is the primary effect of the sign of the parameter 'a' (assuming $b > 0$ and $b eq 1$)?
Which of the following statements is the most accurate description of the Angle-Angle-Side (AAS) congruency criterion for triangles?
Which of the following statements is the most accurate description of the Angle-Angle-Side (AAS) congruency criterion for triangles?
In the equation $y = mx + c$, what does increasing the value of $m$ do to the straight-line graph?
In the equation $y = mx + c$, what does increasing the value of $m$ do to the straight-line graph?
If the graph of the equation $y = mx + c$ slopes downwards from left to right, what must be true about the value of $m$?
If the graph of the equation $y = mx + c$ slopes downwards from left to right, what must be true about the value of $m$?
Which of the following must be done to calculate the x-intercept of a straight-line graph?
Which of the following must be done to calculate the x-intercept of a straight-line graph?
What is the domain of the function $y = mx + c$?
What is the domain of the function $y = mx + c$?
How does the value of $q$ affect the graph of $f(x) = ax^2 + q$?
How does the value of $q$ affect the graph of $f(x) = ax^2 + q$?
Which statement accurately describes the graph of $f(x) = ax^2 + q$ when $a < 0$?
Which statement accurately describes the graph of $f(x) = ax^2 + q$ when $a < 0$?
What is the axis of symmetry for the graph of the function $f(x) = ax^2 + q$?
What is the axis of symmetry for the graph of the function $f(x) = ax^2 + q$?
For the hyperbolic function $y = \frac{a}{x} + q$, what value of $x$ is excluded from the domain?
For the hyperbolic function $y = \frac{a}{x} + q$, what value of $x$ is excluded from the domain?
What effect does the value of $q$ have on the graph of the hyperbola $y = \frac{a}{x} + q$?
What effect does the value of $q$ have on the graph of the hyperbola $y = \frac{a}{x} + q$?
What are the equations of the axes of symmetry for a hyperbola defined by $y = \frac{a}{x} + q$?
What are the equations of the axes of symmetry for a hyperbola defined by $y = \frac{a}{x} + q$?
For an exponential function of the form $y = ab^x + q$, what does the value of $q$ determine?
For an exponential function of the form $y = ab^x + q$, what does the value of $q$ determine?
If $y = \cos \theta$ is transformed into $y = a \cos \theta$ where $a < 0$, what transformation occurs?
If $y = \cos \theta$ is transformed into $y = a \cos \theta$ where $a < 0$, what transformation occurs?
What is the primary difference between the graphs of $y = \sin \theta$ and $y = \cos \theta$?
What is the primary difference between the graphs of $y = \sin \theta$ and $y = \cos \theta$?
When visually inspecting the graph of a parabola, what is the first characteristic to observe to help determine its equation?
When visually inspecting the graph of a parabola, what is the first characteristic to observe to help determine its equation?
When examining the graph of a hyperbola, how does considering the location of its curves help in determining its equation?
When examining the graph of a hyperbola, how does considering the location of its curves help in determining its equation?
Triangles can be classified by their sides. Which type of triangle has all three sides of different lengths?
Triangles can be classified by their sides. Which type of triangle has all three sides of different lengths?
A triangle has one interior angle greater than 90°. What type of triangle is it?
A triangle has one interior angle greater than 90°. What type of triangle is it?
If two triangles are congruent, what can be said about their corresponding sides and angles?
If two triangles are congruent, what can be said about their corresponding sides and angles?
Two triangles have all three pairs of corresponding angles equal. What can be said about the two triangles?
Two triangles have all three pairs of corresponding angles equal. What can be said about the two triangles?
Which of the following properties is exclusive to rectangles when compared to parallelograms?
Which of the following properties is exclusive to rectangles when compared to parallelograms?
Which property uniquely defines a rhombus compared to other parallelograms?
Which property uniquely defines a rhombus compared to other parallelograms?
What is the additional characteristic that a rhombus must possess to be classified as a square?
What is the additional characteristic that a rhombus must possess to be classified as a square?
What defines a trapezium?
What defines a trapezium?
What is the key statement of the Mid-Point Theorem?
What is the key statement of the Mid-Point Theorem?
In parallelogram ABCD, angle bisectors AW, BX, CY, and DZ are drawn, forming quadrilateral MNOP inside. What is the primary conclusion about quadrilateral MNOP after proving $\triangle CDZ \equiv \triangle ABX$ and $\triangle ADW \equiv \triangle CBY$?
In parallelogram ABCD, angle bisectors AW, BX, CY, and DZ are drawn, forming quadrilateral MNOP inside. What is the primary conclusion about quadrilateral MNOP after proving $\triangle CDZ \equiv \triangle ABX$ and $\triangle ADW \equiv \triangle CBY$?
Consider triangle ABC, where D and E are the midpoints of sides AB and AC, respectively. According to the Mid-Point Theorem, what is the relationship between DE and BC?
Consider triangle ABC, where D and E are the midpoints of sides AB and AC, respectively. According to the Mid-Point Theorem, what is the relationship between DE and BC?
In proving that quadrilateral MNOP, formed by angle bisectors within parallelogram ABCD, is also a parallelogram, what is the decisive step after establishing $\triangle CDZ \equiv \triangle ABX$?
In proving that quadrilateral MNOP, formed by angle bisectors within parallelogram ABCD, is also a parallelogram, what is the decisive step after establishing $\triangle CDZ \equiv \triangle ABX$?
Given an exponential function $y = ab^x + q$ with $b > 1$, which of the following conditions will result in the function having a range of $(-\infty, q)$?
Given an exponential function $y = ab^x + q$ with $b > 1$, which of the following conditions will result in the function having a range of $(-\infty, q)$?
Triangle ABC is defined such that point D lies on AC, and BD forms a perpendicular line with AC. If angle $ABC > 90^\circ$ (making the triangle obtuse), which relationship between the lengths of sides AB, BC, AD, and DC can be definitively inferred?
Triangle ABC is defined such that point D lies on AC, and BD forms a perpendicular line with AC. If angle $ABC > 90^\circ$ (making the triangle obtuse), which relationship between the lengths of sides AB, BC, AD, and DC can be definitively inferred?
Lines $l_1$ and $l_2$ intersect at point P. A third line, $l_3$, bisects the angle formed by $l_1$ and $l_2$ and passes through P. What slope condition involving the three lines is always true?
Lines $l_1$ and $l_2$ intersect at point P. A third line, $l_3$, bisects the angle formed by $l_1$ and $l_2$ and passes through P. What slope condition involving the three lines is always true?
In attempting to determine the equation of a hyperbola ($y = \frac{a}{x} + q$) from its graph, consider a scenario where the hyperbola's curves are positioned symmetrically about the origin in the first and third quadrants. Which parameter can be immediately deduced?
In attempting to determine the equation of a hyperbola ($y = \frac{a}{x} + q$) from its graph, consider a scenario where the hyperbola's curves are positioned symmetrically about the origin in the first and third quadrants. Which parameter can be immediately deduced?
In the context of proving geometrical theorems in a parallelogram, why is Triangle congruence crucial?
In the context of proving geometrical theorems in a parallelogram, why is Triangle congruence crucial?
In the equation of a straight line, $y = mx + c$, what effect does increasing the value of $m$ have on the graph?
In the equation of a straight line, $y = mx + c$, what effect does increasing the value of $m$ have on the graph?
If $m < 0$ in the equation $y = mx + c$, how would you describe the slope of the line?
If $m < 0$ in the equation $y = mx + c$, how would you describe the slope of the line?
In a straight-line equation $y = mx + c$, what does 'c' represent?
In a straight-line equation $y = mx + c$, what does 'c' represent?
Given the function $f(x) = mx + c$, what must be true for the function to be defined for all real numbers?
Given the function $f(x) = mx + c$, what must be true for the function to be defined for all real numbers?
How is the y-intercept of a straight-line graph calculated?
How is the y-intercept of a straight-line graph calculated?
Consider a parabola described by the equation $y = ax^2 + q$. What describes the effect of changing the value of $q$?
Consider a parabola described by the equation $y = ax^2 + q$. What describes the effect of changing the value of $q$?
For the quadratic equation $y = ax^2 + q$, if $a < 0$, what is the general shape of the parabola?
For the quadratic equation $y = ax^2 + q$, if $a < 0$, what is the general shape of the parabola?
What is the equation of the axis of symmetry for the function $f(x) = ax^2 + q$?
What is the equation of the axis of symmetry for the function $f(x) = ax^2 + q$?
What is the range of the function $y = ax^2 + q$ if $a > 0$?
What is the range of the function $y = ax^2 + q$ if $a > 0$?
In the equation $y = rac{a}{x} + q$, which parameter determines the vertical shift of the hyperbola?
In the equation $y = rac{a}{x} + q$, which parameter determines the vertical shift of the hyperbola?
What is the horizontal asymptote of the hyperbolic function given by $y = \frac{a}{x} + q$?
What is the horizontal asymptote of the hyperbolic function given by $y = \frac{a}{x} + q$?
A hyperbola is defined by the equation $y = \frac{a}{x} + q$. What happens to the graph as $'a'$ changes from positive to negative?
A hyperbola is defined by the equation $y = \frac{a}{x} + q$. What happens to the graph as $'a'$ changes from positive to negative?
For an exponential function of the form $y = ab^x + q$, which factor determines whether the function represents exponential growth or decay?
For an exponential function of the form $y = ab^x + q$, which factor determines whether the function represents exponential growth or decay?
In the function $y = ab^x + q$, what is the significance of 'q'?
In the function $y = ab^x + q$, what is the significance of 'q'?
When graphing an exponential function of the form $y = ab^x + q$, what is the first characteristic to determine?
When graphing an exponential function of the form $y = ab^x + q$, what is the first characteristic to determine?
How does the value of 'a' affect the graph of the sine function $y = a \sin \theta + q$?
How does the value of 'a' affect the graph of the sine function $y = a \sin \theta + q$?
In the transformed cosine function $y = a \cos \theta + q$, what happens when $a$ is negative?
In the transformed cosine function $y = a \cos \theta + q$, what happens when $a$ is negative?
For $y = a \sin \theta + q$, what transformation does 'q' apply to the standard sine graph?
For $y = a \sin \theta + q$, what transformation does 'q' apply to the standard sine graph?
What is the range of the function $y = \tan \theta$?
What is the range of the function $y = \tan \theta$?
What happens to the graph of $y = \tan \theta$ as $a$ increases in the function $y = a \tan \theta + q$?
What happens to the graph of $y = \tan \theta$ as $a$ increases in the function $y = a \tan \theta + q$?
When given the graph of a parabola opening upwards, which of these steps is essential for determining its equation in the form $y = ax^2 + q$?
When given the graph of a parabola opening upwards, which of these steps is essential for determining its equation in the form $y = ax^2 + q$?
When examining a hyperbola's graph, how does the position of its curves help determine the equation $y = \frac{a}{x} + q$?
When examining a hyperbola's graph, how does the position of its curves help determine the equation $y = \frac{a}{x} + q$?
Which statement is true about the x-intercept of a hyperbola described by the equation $y = \frac{a}{x} + q$?
Which statement is true about the x-intercept of a hyperbola described by the equation $y = \frac{a}{x} + q$?
Triangles can be classified based on their sides and angles. What characterizes an isosceles triangle?
Triangles can be classified based on their sides and angles. What characterizes an isosceles triangle?
What defines an acute triangle?
What defines an acute triangle?
If all three sides of one triangle are equal to the corresponding sides of another triangle, what can be concluded about the two triangles?
If all three sides of one triangle are equal to the corresponding sides of another triangle, what can be concluded about the two triangles?
Two triangles have identical angle measures, but different side lengths. Which of the following statements applies?
Two triangles have identical angle measures, but different side lengths. Which of the following statements applies?
Which of the following properties is exclusive to rectangles compared to other parallelograms?
Which of the following properties is exclusive to rectangles compared to other parallelograms?
Compared to other parallelograms, what property is unique to a rhombus?
Compared to other parallelograms, what property is unique to a rhombus?
What distinguishes a square from all other rhombuses?
What distinguishes a square from all other rhombuses?
What characteristic is unique to a trapezium?
What characteristic is unique to a trapezium?
What does the Mid-Point Theorem state?
What does the Mid-Point Theorem state?
In parallelogram ABCD, if angle bisectors AW, BX, CY and DZ are drawn, forming quadrilateral MNOP inside, what is the key property used when proving $\triangle CDZ \equiv \triangle ABX$?
In parallelogram ABCD, if angle bisectors AW, BX, CY and DZ are drawn, forming quadrilateral MNOP inside, what is the key property used when proving $\triangle CDZ \equiv \triangle ABX$?
In triangle ABC, point D and E are the midpoints of sides AB and AC, respectively. If DE is 6 cm, what is the length of BC?
In triangle ABC, point D and E are the midpoints of sides AB and AC, respectively. If DE is 6 cm, what is the length of BC?
Given parallelogram ABCD, with angle bisectors AW, BX, CY, and DZ forming quadrilateral MNOP. After proving $\triangle CDZ \equiv \triangle ABX$ using AAS, what conclusion can be made about CZ and AX?
Given parallelogram ABCD, with angle bisectors AW, BX, CY, and DZ forming quadrilateral MNOP. After proving $\triangle CDZ \equiv \triangle ABX$ using AAS, what conclusion can be made about CZ and AX?
Consider an obtuse-angled triangle ABC, where angle ABC is obtuse. Point D lies on AC such that BD is perpendicular to AC. What is a true statement?
Consider an obtuse-angled triangle ABC, where angle ABC is obtuse. Point D lies on AC such that BD is perpendicular to AC. What is a true statement?
Two lines, $l_1$ and $l_2$, intersect at a point P. A third line $l_3$ passes through P and bisects the angle between $l_1$ and $l_2$. What can be said about the slopes of these lines?
Two lines, $l_1$ and $l_2$, intersect at a point P. A third line $l_3$ passes through P and bisects the angle between $l_1$ and $l_2$. What can be said about the slopes of these lines?
If in an obtuse triangle ABC, with obtuse angle at B, a point D is positioned on AC with BD perpendicular to AC, what is the most precise relationship that necessarily holds concerning the segments AD, DC, and BD?
If in an obtuse triangle ABC, with obtuse angle at B, a point D is positioned on AC with BD perpendicular to AC, what is the most precise relationship that necessarily holds concerning the segments AD, DC, and BD?
For any parallelogram ABCD, if angle bisectors are drawn from each vertex and form a quadrilateral MNOP inside the parallelogram, why is it crucial to establish that $\triangle CDZ \equiv \triangle ABX$ in proving that MNOP is also a parallelogram?
For any parallelogram ABCD, if angle bisectors are drawn from each vertex and form a quadrilateral MNOP inside the parallelogram, why is it crucial to establish that $\triangle CDZ \equiv \triangle ABX$ in proving that MNOP is also a parallelogram?
Consider the functions $f(x) = ax^2 + q$ and $g(x) = \frac{a}{x} + q$, where both functions share the same 'a' and 'q' parameters. If you know the x-intercept of $f(x)$, what can be directly determined about the graph of $g(x)$ without further calculation?
Consider the functions $f(x) = ax^2 + q$ and $g(x) = \frac{a}{x} + q$, where both functions share the same 'a' and 'q' parameters. If you know the x-intercept of $f(x)$, what can be directly determined about the graph of $g(x)$ without further calculation?
Given a complex transformation of a trigonometric function described by $y = a \sin \theta + q$, under what precise condition is it fundamentally impossible to uniquely determine the 'a' parameter solely from the standard intercepts and turning points without additional information?
Given a complex transformation of a trigonometric function described by $y = a \sin \theta + q$, under what precise condition is it fundamentally impossible to uniquely determine the 'a' parameter solely from the standard intercepts and turning points without additional information?
Which of the following indicates that the line $y = mx + c$ slopes upwards from left to right?
Which of the following indicates that the line $y = mx + c$ slopes upwards from left to right?
If the curves of a hyperbola, represented by the equation $y = \frac{a}{x} + q$, lie in the second and fourth quadrants, what can be inferred about the constant 'a'?
If the curves of a hyperbola, represented by the equation $y = \frac{a}{x} + q$, lie in the second and fourth quadrants, what can be inferred about the constant 'a'?
What condition involving parameter 'a' in the function $y = ab^x + q$ suggests that the range is ${f(x) : f(x) < q}$?
What condition involving parameter 'a' in the function $y = ab^x + q$ suggests that the range is ${f(x) : f(x) < q}$?
In the context of trigonometric functions, how does the value of 'a' influence the function $y = a \cos \theta + q$?
In the context of trigonometric functions, how does the value of 'a' influence the function $y = a \cos \theta + q$?
Consider a hyperbola defined by $y = \frac{a}{x} + q$. If another hyperbola perfectly overlaps this one after undergoing transformations that only involve reflections across both the x-axis and the y-axis, what must be true about the relationship between the constants $a$ and $q$ in the original and transformed hyperbolas?
Consider a hyperbola defined by $y = \frac{a}{x} + q$. If another hyperbola perfectly overlaps this one after undergoing transformations that only involve reflections across both the x-axis and the y-axis, what must be true about the relationship between the constants $a$ and $q$ in the original and transformed hyperbolas?
Flashcards
Linear functions
Linear functions
Functions of the form y = mx + c , where m and c are constants.
Gradient (m)
Gradient (m)
The value of m in the equation y = mx + c . It affects the steepness and direction of the line.
Y-intercept (c)
Y-intercept (c)
In the equation y = mx + c , is the point where the line intersects the y-axis.
Domain of a Linear Function
Domain of a Linear Function
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Range of a Linear Function
Range of a Linear Function
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X-intercept
X-intercept
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Dual Intercept Method
Dual Intercept Method
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Gradient and y-intercept Method
Gradient and y-intercept Method
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Quadratic Functions
Quadratic Functions
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Effect of q
Effect of q
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Effect of a
Effect of a
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Minimum Turning Point
Minimum Turning Point
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Maximum Turning Point
Maximum Turning Point
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Axes of Symmetry
Axes of Symmetry
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Domain of a Parabola
Domain of a Parabola
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Range of a Parabola
Range of a Parabola
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Turning Points
Turning Points
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Hyperbolic Functions
Hyperbolic Functions
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Domain of a Hyperbola
Domain of a Hyperbola
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Range of a Hyperbola
Range of a Hyperbola
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Asymptotes
Asymptotes
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Axes of Symmetry (Hyperbola)
Axes of Symmetry (Hyperbola)
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Effect of q (Hyperbola)
Effect of q (Hyperbola)
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Effect of a (Hyperbola)
Effect of a (Hyperbola)
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Exponential Functions
Exponential Functions
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Domain of Exponential Function
Domain of Exponential Function
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Range of Exponential Function
Range of Exponential Function
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Asymptotes (Exponential)
Asymptotes (Exponential)
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Effect of q (Exponential)
Effect of q (Exponential)
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Effect of a (Exponential)
Effect of a (Exponential)
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Effect of b (Exponential)
Effect of b (Exponential)
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Sine Function
Sine Function
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Range (Sine Function)
Range (Sine Function)
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Period (Sine Function)
Period (Sine Function)
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Effect of q (Sine Function)
Effect of q (Sine Function)
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Effect of a (Sine Function)
Effect of a (Sine Function)
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Cosine Function
Cosine Function
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Effect of q (Cosine Function)
Effect of q (Cosine Function)
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Effect of a (Cosine Function)
Effect of a (Cosine Function)
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Tangent Function
Tangent Function
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Effect of q (Tangent Function)
Effect of q (Tangent Function)
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Asymptotes (Tangent)
Asymptotes (Tangent)
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Quadrilateral
Quadrilateral
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Parallelogram
Parallelogram
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Rectangle
Rectangle
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Rhombus
Rhombus
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Square
Square
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Trapezium
Trapezium
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Kite
Kite
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The Mid-Point Theorem
The Mid-Point Theorem
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Straight Line Function
Straight Line Function
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Positive Gradient
Positive Gradient
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Negative Gradient
Negative Gradient
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Sketching Linear Graphs
Sketching Linear Graphs
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Parabolic Functions
Parabolic Functions
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Parabola with a > 0
Parabola with a > 0
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Parabola with a < 0
Parabola with a < 0
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Sketching Quadratic Graphs
Sketching Quadratic Graphs
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Exponential Range (a > 0)
Exponential Range (a > 0)
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Tangent 'a' Effect
Tangent 'a' Effect
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Find Parabola Equation
Find Parabola Equation
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Mid-Point Theorem
Mid-Point Theorem
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RHS or 90°HS Congruency Rule
RHS or 90°HS Congruency Rule
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SSS (Side-Side-Side) Congruency Rule
SSS (Side-Side-Side) Congruency Rule
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SAS or S∠S (Side-Angle-Side) Congruency Rule
SAS or S∠S (Side-Angle-Side) Congruency Rule
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AAS or ∠∠S (Angle-Angle-Side) Congruency Rule
AAS or ∠∠S (Angle-Angle-Side) Congruency Rule
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AAA (Angle-Angle-Angle) Similarity Rule
AAA (Angle-Angle-Angle) Similarity Rule
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SSS (Side-Side-Side) Similarity Rule
SSS (Side-Side-Side) Similarity Rule
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Theorem of Pythagoras
Theorem of Pythagoras
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Properties of a Kite
Properties of a Kite
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Study Notes
Linear Functions
- Linear functions have the form (y = mx + c), where (m) and (c) are constants.
- (m) affects the slope; a larger (m) means a steeper slope.
- If (m > 0), the line slopes upwards from left to right.
- If (m < 0), the line slopes downwards from left to right.
- (m) is the gradient of the straight line.
- (c) affects the y-axis intercept, known as the y-intercept.
- If (c > 0), the graph shifts vertically upwards.
- If (c < 0), the graph shifts vertically downwards.
- The domain of a straight-line graph is ( { x : x \in \mathbb{R} } ).
- The range of ( f(x) = mx + c ) is ( { f(x) : f(x) \in \mathbb{R} } ).
- To find the y-intercept, set ( x = 0 ).
- To find the x-intercept, set ( y = 0 ).
Sketching Linear Functions
- To sketch ( f(x) = mx + c ), determine the sign of ( m ), the y-intercept, and the x-intercept.
- The dual intercept method involves plotting the x and y-intercepts to draw the line.
- To use the gradient and y-intercept method, first find the y-intercept ((0, c)).
- The gradient is defined as: [ m = \frac{\text{change in } y}{\text{change in } x} = \frac{\text{vertical change}}{\text{horizontal change}} ]
Quadratic Functions
- Quadratic functions have the general form ( y = ax^2 + q ), forming a parabola.
- The effect of ( q ) is a vertical shift of the graph.
- For ( q > 0 ), the graph shifts upwards by ( q ) units.
- For ( q < 0 ), the graph shifts downwards by ( q ) units.
- The sign of ( a ) determines the shape of the parabola.
- If ( a > 0 ), the parabola opens upwards ("smile") with a minimum turning point at ((0; q)); larger ( a ) values make the graph narrower.
- If ( 0 < a < 1 ), the graph becomes wider as ( a ) approaches 0.
- If ( a < 0 ), the parabola opens downwards ("frown") with a maximum turning point at ((0; q)); smaller ( a ) values make the graph narrower.
- If ( -1 < a < 0 ), the graph becomes wider as ( a ) approaches 0.
- The domain is ({ x : x \in \mathbb{R} }) for all parabolas.
- If ( a > 0 ), the range is ([q; \infty)).
- If ( a < 0 ), the range is ((-\infty; q]).
- The y-intercept is found by setting ( x = 0 ).
- The x-intercepts are found by setting ( y = 0 ).
- The turning point is at ((0; q)).
- The axis of symmetry is the y-axis, represented by the line ( x = 0 ).
Sketching Quadratic Functions
- To sketch ( f(x) = ax^2 + q ), find the sign of ( a ), the y-intercept, the x-intercepts, and the turning point.
Hyperbolic Functions
- Hyperbolic functions have the form ( y = \frac{a}{x} + q ).
- The domain is ({x : x \in \mathbb{R}, x \neq 0}).
- The range is ({f(x) : f(x) \in \mathbb{R}, f(x) \neq q}).
- There is no y-intercept, as the function is undefined at ( x = 0 ).
- The x-intercept is found by setting ( y = 0 ).
- The horizontal asymptote is the line ( y = q ).
- The vertical asymptote is the y-axis, the line ( x = 0 ).
- The axes of symmetry are the lines ( y = x + q ) and ( y = -x + q ).
- The effect of ( q ) is a vertical shift.
- For ( q > 0 ), the graph shifts vertically upwards by ( q ) units.
- For ( q < 0 ), the graph shifts vertically downwards by ( q ) units.
- The sign of ( a ) determines the shape of the graph.
- For ( a > 0 ), the graph lies in the first and third quadrants.
- For ( a < 0 ), the graph lies in the second and fourth quadrants.
Sketching Hyperbolic Functions
- To sketch ( y = \frac{a}{x} + q ), determine the sign of ( a ), the y-intercept, the x-intercept, and the asymptotes.
Exponential Functions
- Exponential functions have the general form ( y = ab^x + q ).
- The domain is ({x : x \in \mathbb{R}}).
- If ( a > 0 ), the range is ({f(x) : f(x) > q}).
- If ( a < 0 ), the range is ({f(x) : f(x) < q}).
- The y-intercept is found by setting ( x = 0 ).
- The x-intercept is found by setting ( y = 0 ).
- The horizontal asymptote is the line ( y = q ).
- The effect of ( q ) is a vertical shift.
- For ( q > 0 ), the graph shifts vertically upwards by ( q ) units.
- For ( q < 0 ), the graph shifts vertically downwards by ( q ) units.
- The horizontal asymptote is shifted by ( q ) units and is the line ( y = q ).
- For ( a > 0 ) and ( b > 1 ), the graph curves upwards.
- For ( a < 0 ) and ( b > 1 ), the graph curves downwards.
- For ( b > 1 ), the function represents exponential growth.
- For ( 0 < b < 1 ), the function represents exponential decay.
Sketching Exponential Functions
- To sketch ( y = ab^x + q ), determine the sign of ( a ), the y-intercept, the x-intercept, and the asymptote.
Trigonometric Functions
Sine Function
- For ( y = \sin \theta ):
- Domain: ([0^\circ; 360^\circ])
- Range: ([-1; 1])
- x-intercepts: ((0^\circ, 0)), ((180^\circ, 0)), ((360^\circ, 0))
- y-intercept: ((0^\circ, 0))
- Maximum Turning Point: ((90^\circ, 1))
- Minimum Turning Point: ((270^\circ, -1))
- For ( y = a \sin \theta + q ), ( q ) causes a vertical shift:
- ( q > 0 ): Shift up by ( q ) units.
- ( q < 0 ): Shift down by ( q ) units.
- For ( y = a \sin \theta + q ), ( a ) causes an amplitude change:
- ( |a| > 1 ): Vertical stretch.
- ( 0 < |a| < 1 ): Vertical compression.
- ( a < 0 ): Reflection about the x-axis.
- For ( a > 0 ):
[
-a + q \leq a \sin \theta + q \leq a + q
]
- Range: ([q - |a|,, q + |a|])
- Period: (360^\circ)
- y-intercept: (y = a \sin 0^\circ + q = q)
Cosine Function
- For ( y = \cos \theta ):
- Domain: ([0^\circ; 360^\circ])
- Range: ([-1; 1])
- x-intercepts: ((90^\circ, 0)), ((270^\circ, 0))
- y-intercept: ((0^\circ, 1))
- Maximum Turning Points: ((0^\circ, 1)), ((360^\circ, 1))
- Minimum Turning Point: ((180^\circ, -1))
- For ( y = a \cos \theta + q ), ( q ) causes a vertical shift:
- ( q > 0 ): Shift up by ( q ) units.
- ( q < 0 ): Shift down by ( q ) units.
- For ( y = a \cos \theta + q ), ( a ) causes an amplitude change:
- ( |a| > 1 ): Vertical stretch.
- ( 0 < |a| < 1 ): Vertical compression.
- ( a < 0 ): Reflection about the x-axis.
- For ( a > 0 ):
[
-a + q \leq a \cos \theta + q \leq a + q
]
- Range: ([q - |a|,, q + |a|])
- Period: (360^\circ)
- y-intercept: (y = a \cos 0^\circ + q = a + q)
Comparison of Sine and Cosine Functions
- Both have similar wave shapes with the same period of (360^\circ).
- The cosine graph can be shifted to the right by (90^\circ) to overlap with the sine graph.
- The sine graph can be shifted to the left by (90^\circ) to overlap with the cosine graph.
Tangent Function
- For ( y = \tan \theta ):
- Domain: ({ \theta : 0^\circ \leq \theta \leq 360^\circ, \theta \neq 90^\circ, 270^\circ })
- Range: ({ f(\theta) : f(\theta) \in \mathbb{R} })
- x-intercepts: ((0^\circ, 0)), ((180^\circ, 0)), ((360^\circ, 0))
- y-intercept: ((0^\circ, 0))
- Asymptotes: ( \theta = 90^\circ ), ( \theta = 270^\circ )
- Period: (180^\circ)
- For ( y = a \tan \theta + q ), ( q ) causes a vertical shift:
- ( q > 0 ): Shift up by ( q ) units.
- ( q < 0 ): Shift down by ( q ) units.
- For ( y = a \tan \theta + q ), ( a ) changes the steepness of the graph branches; larger ( a ) means steeper branches.
- Domain: ({ \theta : 0^\circ \leq \theta \leq 360^\circ, \theta \neq 90^\circ, 270^\circ })
- Range: ({ f(\theta) : f(\theta) \in \mathbb{R} })
- y-intercept: [ y = a \tan 0^\circ + q = q ]
- Asymptotes: ( \theta = 90^\circ ) and ( \theta = 270^\circ ).
Interpretation of Graphs
Determining the Equation of a Parabola ( y = ax^2 + q )
- Examine the sketch to identify the sign of ( a ) (direction of the parabola) and any vertical shifts (to determine ( q )).
- Use the y-intercept point ( (0; y) ) to solve for ( q ).
- Substitute another given point ( (x; y) ) into the equation to solve for ( a ).
Determining the Equation of a Hyperbola ( y = \frac{a}{x} + q )
- Examine the sketch to identify the sign of ( a ) (quadrants where curves lie) and any vertical shifts (to determine ( q )).
- Substitute given points ( (x; y) ) into the equation.
- Solve the system of equations simultaneously to find ( a ) and ( q ).
Interpreting Graphs
- Calculate intercepts: y-intercept by setting ( x = 0 ) and x-intercepts by setting ( y = 0 ).
- Calculate points of intersection: Equate the expressions of the two graphs and solve for ( x ) and ( y ).
- Calculate distances using the distance formula or simple subtraction if points are aligned vertically or horizontally.
Interpreting Trigonometric Graphs ( y = a \sin \theta + q ) or ( y = a \cos \theta + q )
- Examine the sketch to identify the type of trigonometric graph and note any vertical shifts to determine ( q ).
- Substitute given points ( (\theta; y) ) into the equation.
- Solve the system of equations simultaneously to find ( a ) and ( q ).
Characteristics of Graphs
- Parabolas:
- Equation: ( y = ax^2 + q )
- ( a ) determines the direction and width of the parabola.
- ( q ) determines the vertical shift.
- Hyperbolas:
- Equation: ( y = \frac{a}{x} + q )
- ( a ) determines the direction and shape of the hyperbola.
- ( q ) determines the vertical shift.
- Trigonometric Functions:
- Sine: ( y = a \sin \theta + q )
- Cosine: ( y = a \cos \theta + q )
- Tangent: ( y = a \tan \theta + q )
- ( a ) affects the amplitude and reflection.
- ( q ) affects the vertical shift.
- Intercepts:
- Calculate the y-intercept by setting ( x = 0 ).
- Calculate the x-intercept by setting ( y = 0 ).
- Asymptotes:
- Identify asymptotes for functions like hyperbolas and tangents by setting the denominator to zero.
- Domain and Range:
- Determine the domain by identifying all possible ( x ) values.
- Determine the range by identifying all possible ( y ) values.
Triangles
Classification of Triangles
- By Sides:
- Scalene: All sides and angles are different.
- Isosceles: Two equal sides, and the angles opposite them are equal.
- Equilateral: All three sides are equal, and all three angles are (60^\circ).
- By Angles:
- Acute: All three angles are less than (90^\circ).
- Obtuse: One angle is greater than (90^\circ).
- Right-angled: One angle is (90^\circ).
- Combinations possible: obtuse isosceles or right-angled isosceles triangle.
- The sum of interior angles of any triangle is (180^\circ).
- An exterior angle of a triangle equals the sum of the two opposite interior angles.
Congruency
- Two triangles are congruent ((\equiv)) if one fits exactly over the other.
- Congruency Rules:
- RHS (Right-angle-Hypotenuse-Side): Hypotenuse and one side of a right-angled triangle are equal to those of another.
- SSS (Side-Side-Side): Three sides of one triangle are equal to the corresponding sides of another.
- SAS (Side-Angle-Side): Two sides and the included angle are equal to those of another.
- AAS (Angle-Angle-Side): One side and two angles are equal to the corresponding side and angles of another.
- Order of letters when labelling congruent triangles is important.
Similarity
- Two triangles are similar ((\sim)) if one is a scaled version of the other.
- Corresponding angles are equal, and the ratio of corresponding sides are in proportion.
- Similarity Rules:
- AAA (Angle-Angle-Angle): All three pairs of corresponding angles are equal.
- SSS (Side-Side-Side): All three pairs of corresponding sides are in proportion.
Theorem of Pythagoras
- In a right-angled triangle: [ b^2 = a^2 + c^2 ]
- Converse: If ( b^2 = a^2 + c^2 ), then the triangle is right-angled.
Quadrilaterals
Definition
- A quadrilateral is a closed shape with four straight line segments, with the interior angles adding up to (360^\circ).
Parallelogram
- A quadrilateral with both pairs of opposite sides parallel.
- Properties:
- Both pairs of opposite sides are parallel and equal in length.
- Both pairs of opposite angles are equal.
- Diagonals bisect each other.
Rectangle
- A parallelogram with all four angles equal to (90^\circ).
- Properties:
- Both pairs of opposite sides are parallel and equal in length.
- Both pairs of opposite angles are equal.
- Diagonals bisect each other.
- Diagonals are equal in length.
- All interior angles are (90^\circ).
Rhombus
- A parallelogram with all four sides of equal length.
- Properties:
- Both pairs of opposite sides are parallel and equal in length.
- Both pairs of opposite angles are equal.
- Diagonals bisect each other.
- All sides are equal in length.
- Diagonals bisect each other at (90^\circ).
- Diagonals bisect both pairs of opposite angles.
Square
- A rhombus with all four interior angles equal to (90^\circ), or a rectangle with all four sides equal in length.
- Properties:
- Both pairs of opposite sides are parallel and equal in length.
- Both pairs of opposite angles are equal.
- Diagonals bisect each other.
- All sides are equal in length.
- Diagonals bisect each other at (90^\circ).
- Diagonals bisect both pairs of opposite angles.
- All interior angles are (90^\circ).
- Diagonals are equal in length.
Trapezium
- A quadrilateral with one pair of opposite sides parallel (also called a trapezoid).
Kite
- A quadrilateral with two pairs of adjacent sides equal.
- Properties:
- The diagonal between equal sides bisects the other diagonal.
- One pair of opposite angles are equal (angles between unequal sides).
- The diagonal between equal sides bisects the interior angles and is an axis of symmetry.
- Diagonals intersect at (90^\circ).
Relationships Between Different Quadrilaterals
- Hierarchy:
- A square is a type of rhombus and a type of rectangle.
- A rhombus and a rectangle are types of parallelograms.
- A parallelogram is a type of quadrilateral.
- A trapezium and a kite are also types of quadrilaterals, but not necessarily parallelograms.
The Mid-Point Theorem
- The line segment joining the mid-points of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side and is equal to half the length of the third side.
- Converse:
- If a line is drawn through the mid-point of a side of a triangle parallel to the second side, it will bisect the third side.
- Properties:
- Parallel Lines: The line segment joining the mid-points of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side.
- Half-Length: This line segment is equal to half the length of the third side.
- Applications:
- Geometric Proofs: Used to prove parallelism and segment proportions in geometric figures.
- Coordinate Geometry: Helpful in calculating mid-points and distances in coordinate plane problems.
- Similarity: Often used in proving similarity in triangles and other geometric shapes.
Proofs and Conjectures
- Applying geometric properties of polygons, particularly triangles and quadrilaterals, to prove properties.
- Proving a particular quadrilateral is one of the special quadrilaterals.
Parallelogram ABCD
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Given parallelogram ABCD with bisectors of angles (AW, BX, CY, DZ).
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(AB = CD), (AD = BC), (AB \parallel CD), (AD \parallel BC), (A\hat{} = C\hat{}), (B\hat{} = D\hat{}).
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To prove that MNOP is a parallelogram.
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Use properties of parallelogram ABCD to fill in equal sides and angles.
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Show that (M\hat{}2 = O\hat{}2):
- In (\triangle CDZ) and (\triangle ABX):
[ DCZ\hat{} = BAX\hat{} \quad (\text{given}) ] [ D\hat{}1 = B\hat{}1 \quad (\text{given}) ] [ DC = AB \quad (\text{given}) ]
[ \therefore \triangle CDZ \equiv \triangle ABX \quad (\text{AAS}) ] [ \therefore CZ = AX \quad \text{and} \quad CZD\hat{} = AXB\hat{} ]
- In (\triangle XAM) and (\triangle ZCO):
[ XAM\hat{} = ZCO\hat{} \quad (\text{given: } \triangle CDZ \equiv \triangle ABX) ] [ AXM\hat{} = CZO\hat{} \quad (\text{proved above}) ] [ AX = CZ \quad (\text{proved above}) ]
[ \therefore \triangle XAM \equiv \triangle ZCO \quad (\text{AAS}) ] [ \therefore M\hat{}1 = O\hat{}1 ] but (M\hat{}1 = M\hat{}2) (vert opp (\angle)s (=)) and (O\hat{}1 = O\hat{}2) (vert opp (\angle)s (=)) [ \therefore M\hat{}2 = O\hat{}2 ]
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Similarly, show that (N\hat{}2 = P\hat{}2) by showing (\triangle ADW \equiv \triangle CBY) and then (\triangle PDW \equiv \triangle NBY).
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