Lifting Equipment Testing Methods Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What are the three basic methods used to verify the hardness of lifting equipment?

Vickers, Charpy and Izod

Vickers, Brinell and Rockwell (correct)

Charpy, Izod and Rockwell

Brinell, Charpy and Izod

Which hardness test is commonly used in the lifting equipment industry by manufacturers?

Vickers

Brinell (correct)

Rockwell

Charpy

What is the primary purpose of the Charpy impact test?

To test the bending strength of the material

To measure the amount of energy absorbed by a material during fracture (correct)

To check the ductility of the material

To determine the hardness of the material

What does the height of the pendulum swing measure in the Charpy impact test?

The amount of energy absorbed during fracture (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Izod impact test?

The test is conducted using a swinging pendulum (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the bend test?

To assess the ductility of the material (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between the Charpy and Izod impact tests?

The Charpy test uses a horizontal specimen, while the Izod test uses a vertical specimen (D) Signup and view all the answers

Why are specimens notched in the Izod impact test?

To prevent deformation of the specimen upon impact (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the mode factor for a 2 leg sling assembly with an included angle of 90°?

1.4 (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum load that a 3 leg sling assembly with a WLL of 1.5t can lift at an angle of 30° to the vertical?

3.15t (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum load that a single leg sling with a WLL of 5t can lift when used as part of a 2 leg assembly at an angle of 45° to the vertical?

7t (D) Signup and view all the answers

What type of method uses the cosine of the angle to the vertical to calculate the mode factor?

Trigonometric Method (D) Signup and view all the answers

Two identical single leg slings with a WLL of 1t are used together to lift a load. What is the maximum load the assembly can lift if the included angle is 45°?

2.8t (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the working load limit (WLL) of a two-leg sling with an included angle of 110°?

1.0 x WLL of a single leg (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the WLL of a four-leg sling with an included angle of 30°?

2.1 x WLL of a single leg (A) Signup and view all the answers

Compared to a three-leg sling of the same size and grade, how is a four-leg sling rated in standards where the uniform load method is used?

They have the same WLL. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential safety hazard when working with a three-leg sling at greater than 90° included angle?

The user may misinterpret the angle measurement. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the working load limit (WLL) of a multi-leg sling with more than two legs in Australia?

Same as a two-leg sling with an included angle of 60° (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is TRUE about the WLL of a two-leg sling?

The WLL is determined by the included angle, with higher angles resulting in lower WLLs. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for using different WLLs based on the number of legs and included angle?

To account for the distribution of weight across the legs. (D) Signup and view all the answers

When is it safe to assume a four-leg sling has a higher WLL than a three-leg sling of the same size and grade?

When the sling is used in a standard with revised ratings. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why some manufacturers continue to use the trigonometric method for rating multipurpose slings?

The trigonometric method is required by some national standards. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended method of rating slings for multipurpose use?

Uniform load method (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of the uniform load method for rating slings?

Greater accuracy than the trigonometric method (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the working load limit of a three-leg sling when the working load limit of a single leg is $W$ and the angle between the legs and the load is β?

$3W * cosβ$ (D) Signup and view all the answers

How is the safe working load of a multi-leg sling affected if it is used with fewer legs than its actual capacity?

The safe working load should be reduced. (C) Signup and view all the answers

When using multi-leg slings, which factor is crucial for determining the sling's safe working load?

The angle between the legs and the load (A) Signup and view all the answers

Why is the uniform load method particularly advantageous when used with eyebolts in pairs?

It simplifies the calculation of the safe working load for eyebolts in pairs. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why many national and international standards have adopted the uniform load method?

The uniform load method is easier to implement and understand. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the equivalent of 1 metric tonne (t) in kilograms (kg)?

1000 kg (D) Signup and view all the answers

How many pounds (lbs) are in one Imperial Ton?

2240 lbs (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the symbol for a hundredweight?

cwt (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the equivalent of 1 Imperial Ton in kilograms?

1016 kg (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the equivalent of 1 US Ton in kilograms?

907.185 kg (D) Signup and view all the answers

How many kilograms (kg) are in one hundredweight (cwt)?

50 kg (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which symbol represents the Imperial or US Ton?

T (A) Signup and view all the answers

Based on the provided content, what is the relationship between a hundredweight and an Imperial Ton?

An Imperial Ton is divided into 20 hundredweights (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of conducting a bend test on welds?

To determine if the weld has properly fused to the parent metal. (C) Signup and view all the answers

In what material is a bending test primarily used for?

Metals. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consideration when stamping marking directly into lifting equipment?

The stamping should not significantly impair the mechanical properties of the equipment. (B) Signup and view all the answers

When is it recommended to re-mark lifting equipment?

When the original marking has faded or become illegible. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern regarding the use of multi-leg slings at angles?

The load distribution may become uneven. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the angle of the sling legs and the load in each leg?

As the angle increases, the load in each leg increases. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of marking lifting equipment?

To ensure that the equipment can be easily traced and tracked. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What are the two methods mentioned for calculating load distribution in multi-leg slings?

Uniform load method and trigonometric load method. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Units of Measure

A unit of measure is a standardized quantity of a physical property used to determine multiple quantities of the same property.
Examples include weight, length, mass, and force.
Different systems of units are based on fundamental units.
The International System of Units (SI) is the most widely used system, with seven base units.
Other SI units can be derived from these base units.
When marking lifting equipment using the SI system, fractions of a tonne (e.g., 2.1t) are typically marked with one decimal place except for 0.25, which is marked using two decimal places (e.g., 2.25t).

Symbols and Conversions

Ton (US): T = Imperial/US Ton = 2,000 lbs = 907.185 kg
Ton (metric): t = metric tonne = 1,000 kg = 2,204.62 lbs
Ton (Imperial): 1 Ton (imperial) = 1,016 kg = 2,239.9lbs
Hundredweight (cwt): 1 cwt = 50 kg

Other Useful Conversions

1 kg = 2.2 lbs
1 inch = 25.4 mm
1 foot = 12 inches
10 kN = 1,000 kg (approximately)

Test Machines and Force/Load Measuring Equipment

Accuracy is essential when applying load or force, as stipulated by many product standards and codes of practice.
The LEEA Technical Requirements for Members and Guidance document lists the accuracy requirements and intervals for calibrating test machines and load cells as per ISO7500-1.
ISO7500-1 has various classes/grades of machines relating directly to accuracy (e.g., Grade 0.5 = ±0.5%, 1.0 = ±1%, 2.0 = ±2%).
Calibration certificates specify the Lower Limit of Calibration (load/force) below which accurate values cannot be measured.

Dimensional Measuring Equipment

The most basic equipment used for lifting equipment verification is graduated to national standards in 1mm increments.
More precise equipment, such as a Vernier gauge (0.1 mm graduation), may be needed for certain items.

Crack Detection

For general lifting equipment, basic crack detection (dye penetration or magnetic particle) is common.
Trained operatives perform and interpret the results.
More detailed crack detection methods (eddy current, radiography, ultrasonic) are used for high-value items with stringent safety requirements.

Dye Penetrant, Magnetic Particle, Eddy Current, and Radiography

Different methods for detecting surface cracks/defects in materials
Dye penetrant: detects surface breaks in nonporous material
Magnetic particle (MPI): detects surface cracks in ferrous/magnetic materials
Eddy current: detects surface and subsurface anomalies in conductive materials
Radiography: detects internal and surface defects using radiation

Ultrasonic

High-frequency sound waves used to detect cracks in a material.
Speed, reliability, and versatility

Electromagnetic Wire Rope Examination

Fast method for detecting defects in long wire ropes using magnetic flux and leakage methods

Hardness (Vickers, Brinell, Rockwell)

Indentations used for verification of lifting equipment hardness.
Measurement of material's resistance to indentation
Brinell is the most common method in the lifting equipment industry.

Impact Tests (Charpy, Izod)

Measures energy absorbed by a material during fracture to determine its notch toughness.
Identifies a material's properties when experiencing shock loading.
Used to evaluate weld quality, identifying potential defects or weaknesses.

Marking Lifting Equipment

Equipment should be marked permanently (e.g., plates, metal tabs, labels) in an appropriate, non-load-bearing location.
Marking should conform to relevant standards for location, size, and information conveyed.

Trigonometry of Slinging

Multi-leg slings at angles increase load in individual legs according to trigonometry.
Best practice is to measure the angle between the sling leg and the vertical
Included angles, angles to the vertical, and angles to the horizontal may be used

Uniform Load Method

Simpler rating method used for multi-leg slings and is easier to calculate.
Rating based on included angle and leg count/single leg WLL
Recommended for multipurpose slings
Multi-purpose 4-leg sling rated same WLL as 3-legged sling (assuming 3 legs carry the load).

Trigonometric Method

Accounts for varying angle to vertical.
Sling capacity depends on the angle between the lifting sling legs and the vertical.
Operative must calculate angle and adjust rating accordingly for all multiple-leg sling scenarios.
Uniform Load Method is often used for simplicity but the trigonometric method may be used for unique purposes.

Multi-leg Sling User Information

Rating reduced if fewer legs are used to lift the load.
Reduced rating is based on the actual number of legs used to perform the lift.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the essential methods used to verify the hardness and impact properties of lifting equipment. This quiz covers common tests like Charpy and Izod, as well as calculations involving sling assemblies. Perfect for engineering students or professionals in the lifting equipment industry.