NURS 4530 Active Learning Guide Module 2 - Hard
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Questions and Answers

What is a primary consequence of chronic inflammation in the context of coronary artery disease (CAD)?

  • Increased production of insulin
  • Formation of plaque and plaque instability (correct)
  • Improved endothelial function
  • Enhanced oxygen delivery to tissues

    • Which of the following lifestyle changes can help lower chronic inflammation levels?

  • Prolonged sedentary behavior
  • Regular exercise (correct)
  • Increased alcohol consumption
  • High-fat diet

    • What does a high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) test primarily indicate in cardiovascular health?

  • Blood sugar levels
  • Risk of chronic inflammation and cardiovascular events (correct)
  • Kidney function
  • Liver function

    • What is a normal blood pressure reading according to guidelines?

    <p>Less than 120/80 mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dietary approach is recommended for managing blood pressure effectively?

    <p>DASH Diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lifestyle change is most effective for increasing High Density Lipids?

    <p>Regular aerobic exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does smoking cessation play in lipid levels?

    <p>It improves both High Density Lipids and reduces cardiovascular risks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a direct consequence of endothelial damage in relation to coronary artery disease?

    <p>Accumulates Low Density Lipids in the arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does plaque formation contribute to coronary artery disease?

    <p>It narrows the arteries and restricts blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial step in the development of atherosclerosis?

    <p>Endothelial damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to the development of coronary artery disease?

    <p>Increased physical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance forms as a result of oxidized Low Density Lipids attracting macrophages?

    <p>Foam cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common health determinant affects the likelihood of developing coronary artery disease?

    <p>Genetic predisposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does most smoking initiation occur?

    <p>18-25 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of current smokers express a desire to quit smoking?

    <p>Over 70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for total cholesterol in the blood?

    <p>Less than 200 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended amount of sleep for teenagers aged 11-17 years?

    <p>8.5-9.25 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fasting lipid profile recommendation for adults with coronary artery disease risk factors?

    <p>Every year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for LDL cholesterol levels?

    <p>100-129 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do adolescent lipid profile screenings typically begin?

    <p>Ages 9-11</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for triglyceride levels in the blood?

    <p>Less than 150 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of high school-aged smokers have tried to quit smoking at least once?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What range of sleep is recommended for adults?

    <p>7-9 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phase occurs when an individual has changed overt behavior for more than 6 months?

    <p>Maintenance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the Decisional Balance construct?

    <p>The weighing of pros and cons related to a behavior change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of risk factor can an individual control?

    <p>Modifiable Risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes 'perceived susceptibility' in the Health Belief Model?

    <p>Belief about the likelihood of acquiring a health condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be true of a risk factor in relation to disease onset?

    <p>It must precede the onset of the disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'perceived barriers' refer to in the Health Belief Model?

    <p>The tangible and psychological costs associated with taking an advised action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Transtheoretical Model, which stage indicates that an individual is not considering changing their behavior in the next six months?

    <p>Precontemplation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a criterion for establishing a risk factor?

    <p>The exposed individual shows no symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a reason why individuals may resist behavior change according to the Transtheoretical Model?

    <p>Fear of missing out on social gatherings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following options exemplifies a non-modifiable risk factor?

    <p>Genetic predisposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To apply Decisional Balance effectively in patient education, which of the following is the primary focus?

    <p>Assisting patients in recognizing their motivations for change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do 'cues to action' play in the Health Belief Model?

    <p>They are strategies that activate readiness to take action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is typically considered a source of error in research regarding risk factors?

    <p>Cohort selection bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'self-efficacy' imply in terms of health behavior change?

    <p>The belief in one's ability to successfully execute health-related actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Health Belief Model, which of the following reflects an individual's belief in the positive outcomes of taking a recommended health action?

    <p>Perceived benefits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of the maintenance phase in behavior change?

    <p>Preventing relapse after behavior change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects the concept of 'decisional balance' in patient education within the Transtheoretical Model?

    <p>The individual's perception of barriers versus benefits of a behavior change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the action phase is accurate?

    <p>Behavior has changed for less than 6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might be a common misconception during the precontemplation stage of change?

    <p>A lack of information about health risks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary consequences of stopping smoking on lipid levels?

    <p>It improves High Density Lipids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dietary adjustment is associated with lower cholesterol absorption?

    <p>Increase in soluble fiber.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes initiates the development of coronary artery disease?

    <p>Endothelial damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What lifestyle factor can significantly contribute to cessation of High Density Lipids?

    <p>Regular participation in aerobic exercise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a likely outcome of sustained fatty streak development in arteries?

    <p>Formation of fibrous plaque.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can an individual manage weight to impact lipid levels effectively?

    <p>Reducing excess weight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who may have an increased likelihood of developing coronary artery disease due to genetic factors?

    <p>Individuals with a family history of heart disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the process that leads to plaque rupture in arteries?

    <p>Formation of unstable plaques.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which health risk is modifiable?

    <p>Lifestyle choices such as smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the leading cause of preventable death in the US?

    <p>Smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the suggested range of sleep for toddlers aged 1–3 years?

    <p>12–14 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does smoking affect health economically in the U.S.?

    <p>It results in lost productivity and healthcare costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for HDL cholesterol levels for women?

    <p>50 mg/dL or higher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What test measures overall cholesterol levels in the blood?

    <p>Total Cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of public understanding of health risks can affect risk communication?

    <p>Individual perceptions and processing of information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group has the lowest smoking initiation rates?

    <p>over 25 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of socioeconomic background is most associated with higher smoking rates?

    <p>Less educated adults below the poverty level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of lung cancer cases in men is attributed to smoking?

    <p>90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What screening recommendation is suggested for adolescents regarding lipid levels?

    <p>Ages 9-11</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor primarily affects the public's understanding of health risks during a health crisis, such as a pandemic?

    <p>Clarity and consistency of information provided.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for triglyceride levels in the blood?

    <p>Less than 150 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What constitutes a non-modifiable risk factor for breast cancer?

    <p>Genetic predisposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many high school-aged smokers have tried to quit smoking at least once?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does hemoglobin A1c primarily measure over a three-month period?

    <p>Percentage of glucose attached to hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age category is most likely to have the highest rate of smoking among Americans?

    <p>High school juniors and seniors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a proactive approach to managing health risks?

    <p>Implementing lifestyle changes to reduce risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of smokers express a desire to quit smoking?

    <p>90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following A1c levels indicates pre-diabetes?

    <p>6.3%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended amount of sleep for adults?

    <p>7–9 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for LDL cholesterol levels?

    <p>100-129 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lifestyle change is least effective for managing diabetes?

    <p>Ignoring medication adherence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of high blood glucose levels concerning triglycerides?

    <p>Elevated triglyceride levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what fasting blood glucose level is an individual diagnosed with diabetes?

    <p>125 mg/dL or higher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Pender's Health Promotion Model?

    <p>Biopsychosocial factors influencing healthy behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does organizational health literacy differ from personal health literacy?

    <p>It focuses on the design of materials for public understanding of policies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines health literacy as per the HP2030 objectives?

    <p>The capacity to read and understand healthcare material effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do 'cues to action' serve in the Health Belief Model?

    <p>They provide reminders for the importance of preventive health screenings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is considered non-modifiable in relation to health risks?

    <p>Family history of diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of the Health Belief Model directly influences an individual's behavior change readiness?

    <p>Perceived severity of a health condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of health promotion, what is meant by the term 'self-efficacy'?

    <p>The confidence in one's ability to take action for health improvement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of the Transtheoretical Model indicates that an individual is actively making changes to their health behaviors?

    <p>Action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential component of health promotion as outlined in the Community Health Nursing outcomes?

    <p>Providing education and screening recommendations based on risk assessment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which determinant of health is explicitly linked with health literacy objectives?

    <p>Education level affecting understanding of health information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Lipid Levels and Lifestyle Changes

    • Modifiable lifestyle changes can significantly improve lipid levels, enhancing cardiovascular health.
    • Reducing saturated and trans fats lowers Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDL).
    • Increasing soluble fiber intake from sources like oats, vegetables, and fruits aids in reducing cholesterol absorption.
    • Consuming fish or flaxseed boosts omega-3 fatty acids, which elevate High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL) and lower triglycerides.
    • Regular aerobic exercise (walking, cycling, running) raises HDL and reduces LDL levels.
    • Weight management decreases total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides while improving HDL.
    • Smoking cessation not only enhances HDL but also lowers overall cardiovascular risk.

    Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

    • CAD arises from arterial narrowing/blocking due to plaque buildup, known as atherosclerosis.
    • Initiation occurs with endothelial damage, influenced by high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, or smoking.
    • Endothelial damage leads to inflammation and accumulation of LDL in arterial walls.
    • Oxidized LDL attracts macrophages, leading to foam cell formation and fatty streaks.
    • Sustained fatty streak development results in fibrous plaque, narrowing arteries progressively.
    • Unstable plaques may rupture, causing blood clots, resulting in heart attacks.
    • Genetic predisposition and social determinants like family history influence CAD risk.

    Health Belief Model (HBM) Concepts

    • Perceived Susceptibility: Belief about the likelihood of developing a condition.
    • Perceived Severity: Belief regarding the seriousness of the condition.
    • Perceived Benefits: Belief in the effectiveness of an action to reduce health risks.
    • Perceived Barriers: Beliefs about the costs (tangible and psychological) of the advised action.
    • Cues to Action: Environmental strategies or conditions that prompt action.
    • Self-Efficacy: Confidence in one's ability to take action to mitigate health risks.

    Transtheoretical Model (TTM) & Stages of Change

    • Change is a process that unfolds over time through distinct stages: Precontemplation, Contemplation, Preparation, Action, and Maintenance.
    • Decisional Balance involves weighing pros (benefits) and cons (costs) of behavior change.
    • This model assists in patient education by helping patients recognize the advantages and challenges associated with behavioral changes.

    Risk Factors

    • Risk is defined as the probability of an event occurring within a time frame.
    • Modifiable Risks: Factors like diet, smoking, and exercise that individuals can control.
    • Non-Modifiable Risks: Genetic or demographic factors such as age and family history that cannot be controlled.
    • Most individuals begin smoking between ages 18-25.
    • Although smoking rates have declined since the 1990s, many high school students smoke more than adults.
    • Teen smokers often struggle more to quit later in life.

    Sleep Recommendations

    • Sleep needs vary by age; adults need 7-9 hours, with newborns requiring 10.5-18 hours.

    Lipid Panel Testing

    • Includes Total Cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides.
    • Normal ranges for lipid panel tests:
      • Total Cholesterol: <200 mg/dL
      • LDL: 100-129 mg/dL
      • HDL: Men ≥40 mg/dL, Women ≥50 mg/dL
      • Triglycerides: <150 mg/dL
    • Recommended screenings: Adults should have fasting lipid profiles; those with CAD risk factors should be tested annually.

    Inflammation and CAD

    • High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) measures inflammation levels indicative of CAD risk.
    • Chronic inflammation contributes to endothelial dysfunction, plaque formation, and instability.
    • Strategies to lower chronic inflammation include regular exercise, anti-inflammatory diets, stress management, and cessation of smoking.

    Blood Pressure Ranges

    • Normal blood pressure: <120/80 mm Hg.
    • Stages of hypertension:
      • Elevated: 120-129 systolic / 80-89 diastolic
      • Stage 1: 130-139 systolic / 80-89 diastolic
      • Stage 2: ≥140 systolic / ≥90 diastolic
      • Hypertensive Crisis: ≥180 systolic / ≥120 diastolic
    • Adults should undergo routine blood pressure checks starting at age 18.

    Blood Glucose Levels

    • Normal fasting blood glucose: 80-130 mg/dL
    • Normal postprandial blood glucose: <180 mg/dL.

    Lipid Levels Improvement

    • Reducing saturated and trans fats lowers Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDL).
    • Increasing soluble fiber from sources like oats, vegetables, and fruits decreases cholesterol absorption.
    • Consuming fish or flaxseed boosts Omega-3 fatty acids, enhancing High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL) and reducing triglycerides.
    • Regular aerobic exercise (walking, cycling, running) raises HDL and lowers LDL.
    • Weight management decreases total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides while improving HDL.
    • Quitting smoking improves HDL levels and reduces overall cardiovascular risk.

    Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) Development

    • CAD arises from narrowing/blocking of arteries due to plaque buildup (atherosclerosis).
    • Initial endothelial damage from high blood pressure, cholesterol, diabetes, or smoking leads to inflammation.
    • Accumulation of LDL in artery walls creates fatty streaks; oxidized LDL attracts macrophages, forming foam cells.
    • Continued fatty streak development results in fibrous plaque that narrows arteries.
    • Unstable plaques may rupture, causing blood clots that can block heart blood flow, potentially resulting in heart attacks.
    • Genetic factors, lifestyle choices, and community health attributes contribute to individual CAD risk.

    Health Promotion and Risk Education

    • Pender’s Health Promotion Model focuses on biopsychosocial elements influencing healthy behaviors.
    • Health Belief Model is utilized for guiding health education and promotion.
    • Risk communication informs public about health threats and is influenced by perception, processing, and action on information.
    • Clear communication is vital to mitigate misunderstanding during health crises like the early COVID pandemic.

    Smoking as a Public Health Issue

    • Leading cause of preventable death in the U.S., accounting for approximately 438,000 deaths annually.
    • Causal factor in various cancers (esophagus, bladder, lung) with over 90% of lung cancers in men and 80% in women attributed to smoking.
    • Smoking prevalence is higher among less educated adults and those below the poverty level, particularly in the Midwest.
    • Over 70% of smokers express a desire to quit but often start smoking between ages 18-25.

    Sleep Needs by Age

    • Newborns (1-2 months): 10.5-18 hours
    • Infants (3-11 months): 9-12 hours at night + 1-4 hours of naps
    • Toddlers (1-3 years): 12-14 hours
    • Preschoolers (3-5 years): 11-13 hours
    • School-aged children (5-12 years): 10-11 hours
    • Teens (11-17 years): 8.5-9.25 hours
    • Adults and older adults: 7-9 hours

    Lipid Panel Tests

    • Total Cholesterol: Normal < 200 mg/dL.
    • LDL Cholesterol: Normal 100-129 mg/dL.
    • HDL Cholesterol: Normal men ≥ 40 mg/dL, women ≥ 50 mg/dL.
    • Triglycerides: Normal < 150 mg/dL.
    • Screening recommendations include fasting lipid profiles for adults and annual tests for at-risk individuals.

    Hemoglobin A1c

    • Reflects average blood glucose over 3 months; percentage of glucose attached to hemoglobin.
    • A1c to average blood glucose correlation (e.g., A1c of 6.0% correlates with 126 mg/dL average glucose).

    Diabetes Criteria

    • Pre-diabetes: Fasting glucose 100-125 mg/dL, A1c 5.7%-6.4%, Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) 140-199 mg/dL.
    • Diabetes: Fasting glucose ≥ 125 mg/dL, A1c ≥ 6.5%, OGTT ≥ 200 mg/dL.

    Colorectal Cancer Screening

    • Recommended for adults 45+ years, with continued screening until 75, and potentially until 85 based on history.
    • Options include stool-based tests and visual exams.

    Importance of Screening Colon Cancer

    • Early detection through screening can prevent cancer progression and improve treatment outcomes.

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    Description

    This quiz explores various lifestyle changes that can positively influence lipid levels, specifically focusing on modifiable dietary options. Learn how reducing saturated fats, increasing fiber, and enhancing omega-3 intake can effectively help manage cholesterol levels and overall health.

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