Lifespan Development Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the main difference between continuous and discontinuous development?

  • Discontinuous development is a cumulative process, while continuous development occurs in unique stages.
  • Both continuous and discontinuous development focus on gradual improvements in existing skills.
  • Continuous development occurs in specific stages while discontinuous development is a gradual process.
  • Continuous development focuses on gradual improvement of existing skills, while discontinuous development focuses on unique stages. (correct)

What is the primary focus of Erikson's psychosocial theory?

  • The influence of unconscious drives on personality development.
  • How social interactions and relationships shape personality development. (correct)
  • The development of moral reasoning and its impact on social behavior.
  • The development of cognitive abilities and how they influence social behavior.

Which of these is NOT a domain studied in lifespan development?

  • Emotional development (correct)
  • Social development
  • Cognitive development
  • Physical development

Which of the following is NOT a key aspect of the nature vs nurture debate?

<p>Investigating how parenting styles impact emotional development. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do normative psychologists contribute to understanding lifespan development?

<p>By establishing averages for developmental milestones across large groups of people. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which developmental theory suggests that development occurs in a series of distinct stages with specific qualities?

<p>Discontinuous development (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a major theory of development discussed in the content?

<p>Social Learning Theory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A child who is easily comforted upon their caregiver returning from a brief absence, and who expresses affection towards the caregiver, demonstrates which attachment style?

<p>Secure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a child's development between the ages of 3 and 5 years old?

<p>Developing advanced mathematical skills. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Bowlby's Attachment Theory, which of the following is NOT a requirement for a healthy attachment between a caregiver and a child?

<p>The caregiver must be the child's biological parent. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main finding of Harry Harlow's experiment with the surrogate mothers?

<p>Monkeys preferred the cloth mother because it provided comfort and security. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of "Secure Base" as it relates to Bowlby's Attachment Theory?

<p>A parent’s presence that provides a sense of safety for a child to explore their surroundings. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does neglect affect the bond between a parent and a child?

<p>It weakens the bond and can lead to emotional and social problems for the child. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of children's development between the ages of 6 and 11 years old?

<p>Having a very long attention span, similar to adults. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main psychosocial milestones of infancy, according to the text?

<p>Forming healthy attachments with caregivers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term "theory of mind" refer to in the context of child development?

<p>The ability to understand and reason about one's own thoughts and feelings. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is most likely to contribute to attachment differences between children?

<p>The quality of the caregiver's responsiveness and interaction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately reflects Bowlby's view on attachment?

<p>Attachment is an all-or-nothing process, primarily with the primary caregiver. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the development of a child's understanding of object permanence?

<p>Object permanence emerges gradually, with infants initially showing signs of understanding around 8 months but fully mastering the concept by 12 months. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the provided text, which of the following statements best describes the relationship between neural connections and cognitive development?

<p>While new connections are formed in infancy and early childhood, the pruning of unnecessary connections during childhood and adolescence enables the brain to work more effectively, contributing to cognitive development. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text mentions 'Blooming Period' associated with the nervous system. Which of the following statements best describes the significance of this 'Blooming Period'?

<p>The 'Blooming Period' is a critical window during which the brain is highly plastic and readily forms new synaptic connections, laying the foundation for future cognitive development. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The development of which of the following skills is most likely to be directly impacted by the 'Pruning Period' described in the text?

<p>The development of language comprehension and fluency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these best reflects the order of development of the following senses?

<p>Touch, taste, smell, hearing, sight (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what is the approximate size of a child's brain at the age of 6 compared to an adult?

<p>90% of adult size (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a newborn reflex as mentioned in the text?

<p>Babinski Reflex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text explicitly connects a child's understanding of luck and fairness to which stage of development?

<p>Middle and Late Childhood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason that neural connections are reduced during 'Pruning' in childhood and adolescence?

<p>To make the brain more efficient and specialized for specific tasks, enhancing cognitive abilities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary developmental milestone associated with the Concrete Operational stage?

<p>Developing the ability to think logically about concrete events and analogies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

From the text provided, what is the primary developmental characteristic of a child in the Preoperational stage?

<p>Inability to take the perspective of others (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following BEST describes the role of the placenta during prenatal development?

<p>A connection between the uterus and the embryo that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the embryo (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which prenatal stage does the embryo implant itself in the lining of the uterus?

<p>Embryonic stage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided text, what is the primary function of mitosis in the germinal stage of prenatal development?

<p>The process of cell division, increasing the number of cells and forming a multi-cellular organism. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a teratogen, as defined in the provided content?

<p>A substance that can cause damage to a developing embryo or fetus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information provided, which of the following is NOT considered a developmental milestone typically achieved in the Formal Operational stage?

<p>Ability to think logically about concrete events and analogies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is TRUE about the provided stages of development?

<p>The stages are merely a framework, and individual development is complex, with variations in timing and progression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the provided information, which of the following is correctly paired with a developmental characteristic MOST associated with it?

<p>Infancy through Childhood: Acquisition of language and development of fine motor skills (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Flashcards

Lifespan Development

The study of changes and consistencies in individuals across their life.

Physical Development

Growth and changes in body, brain, motor skills, and health.

Cognitive Development

Involves mental processes like learning, memory, and reasoning.

Psychosocial Development

Focuses on emotions, personality, and social relationships.

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Continuous Development

Views development as a gradual accumulation of skills over time.

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Discontinuous Development

Views development as occurring in distinct stages at specific times.

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Nature vs Nurture

Debate on how genetic and environmental factors shape behavior and traits.

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Object permanence

Understanding that objects still exist even when out of sight.

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Stranger anxiety

Fear or apprehension experienced by infants when encountering unfamiliar people.

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Egocentrism

Inability to see things from perspectives other than one's own.

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Concrete operational

Stage where children can think logically about concrete events.

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Formal operational

Stage where abstract thinking and logical reasoning develop, typically after age 12.

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Germinal Stage

The first stage of prenatal development, from conception to 2 weeks.

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Embryonic Stage

Second stage of prenatal development, from weeks 3-8.

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Fetal Stage

Final stage of prenatal development, lasting from weeks 9-40.

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Teratogen

Any environmental agent causing damage during prenatal development.

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Strange Situation

A procedure to assess children's attachment styles through separation and reunion with the caregiver.

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Secure Attachment

A style where the child uses the parent as a base to explore and is happy upon their return.

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Avoidant Attachment

A style where the child is unresponsive to the parent and indifferent to their departure or return.

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Resistant Attachment

A style characterized by clinginess and rejection of the parent's interactions upon return.

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Disorganized Attachment

A style displaying odd behaviors towards the caregiver, often linked to past abuse.

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Smoking effects

Can lead to premature birth, low weight, or stillbirths.

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Newborn reflexes

Automatic responses aiding newborns’ survival.

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Rooting reflex

Baby turns head towards cheek touch.

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Sucking reflex

Baby sucks on objects placed in mouth.

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Growth during infancy

Rapid growth; slows at ages 4-6.

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Blooming and pruning

Growing new neural connections then reducing them for efficiency.

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Motor skills

Ability to move bodies and manipulate objects.

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Cognitive milestones

Key developmental achievements in infant thinking.

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Toddler cognitive understanding

Realize people return after leaving.

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Attachment

A long-standing connection or bond with others, especially between an infant and caregiver.

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Harry Harlow's Experiment

Study showing that comfort and security are crucial in mother-infant bonding using surrogate monkeys.

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Bowlby's Attachment Theory

Defines attachment as a crucial bond formed with a primary caregiver for healthy emotional development.

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Secure Base

The presence of a caregiver that allows a child to explore their environment safely.

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Theory of Mind

The ability to understand that others have beliefs, desires, and intentions that are different from one’s own.

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Pretend Play

A play activity where children use imagination and engage in symbolic thinking.

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Cognitive Development at Ages 3-5

Children learn to count, name colors, and understand basic time concepts, becoming more curious.

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Cognitive Development at Ages 6-11

Thinking becomes logical and organized; can understand past, present, future, and cause-and-effect.

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Mutually Enjoyable Interactions

Positive exchanges between caregiver and child that reinforce attachment bonds.

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Effects of Neglect on Attachment

Neglect can harm attachment bonds and affect social/emotional development of the child.

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Study Notes

Lifespan Development

  • Lifespan development studies how individuals change and remain the same throughout their lives.
  • Developmental psychologists study development across three domains: physical, cognitive, and psychosocial.

Physical Development

  • Physical development encompasses growth and changes in the body and brain, senses, motor skills, and health.
  • Physical growth is rapid in infancy and slows down between ages 4-6.
  • Girls experience a growth spurt around ages 8-9, while boys reach peak height around 17.
  • Puberty involves the maturing of the adrenal glands (adrenarche) and sex glands (gonadarche).
    • Secondary sexual characteristics emerge, such as breasts in females and facial hair in males.
    • Menarche (first menstrual period) usually occurs around ages 12-13, while spermarche (first ejaculation) typically happens around ages 13-14.
  • Physical decline is gradual in middle adulthood.
    • Skin loses elasticity causing wrinkles.
    • Women experience menopause, and both men and women tend to gain weight.
    • Hair thins and grays.
    • Sensory abilities like smell, taste, hearing, and vision decline in late adulthood.
  • Brain growth continues into the early 20s, with particular importance placed on the frontal lobe's development.

Cognitive Development

  • Cognitive development focuses on how children's thinking and intelligence develop over time.
  • Young children create schemata (concepts) to organize and understand information.
  • Cognitive abilities remain stable in early and middle adulthood.
  • Crystalized intelligence (information, skills, and strategies from experience) stays steady or improves.
  • Fluid intelligence (information processing, reasoning, and memory) starts to decline.
  • Cognitive activities like playing games (e.g. chess) and puzzles, can delay cognitive decline.

Psychosocial Development

  • Psychosocial development focuses on how individuals form relationships, interact with others, and manage their emotions.
  • Attachment is a long-term connection with others.
    • Attachment styles include secure, avoidant, resistant, and disorganized.
  • Parenting styles can affect a child's self-concept.
    • Parenting styles include authoritative, authoritarian, permissive and uninvolved/neglectful.
  • Peer relationships become central in adolescence.
  • Identity vs. role confusion is a key psychosocial crisis in adolescence.
  • Emerging adulthood is a distinct developmental period, often characterized by seeking and exploring identity.
    • This period typically occurs between ages 18 and mid-20s.
    • Identity exploration often involves work and love roles or relationships.

Prenatal Development

  • Prenatal development spans from conception to birth and involves three stages: germinal, embryonic, and fetal.
  • The germinal stage (weeks 1-2) involves conception, cell division (mitosis), and the formation of a zygote.
  • The embryonic stage (weeks 3-8) involves the formation of organs and the development of basic structures like the heart. The placenta forms during the embryonic stage providing nourishment and oxygen for the developing embryo.
  • The fetal stage (weeks 9-40) involves a continued increase in brain and body size and weight and overall development, leading to full-term.
  • Teratogens are environmental substances that can cause damage to a developing embryo/fetus (e.g alcohol and smoking)

Newborn Reflexes

  • Newborn reflexes are inborn automatic responses to stimulation.
  • These help newborns survive.
  • Examples include rooting, sucking, grasping, and moro (startle) reflexes.

Cognitive Milestones

  • Children develop cognitive skills progressively over time

Death and Dying

  • Culture and personal backgrounds influence how individuals view death.
  • There are five stages of grief: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance (Kubler-Ross).

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Psychology 2e - Lifespan Development PDF

Description

This quiz explores the stages of physical development throughout the lifespan, including growth patterns in infancy, childhood, adolescence, and middle adulthood. It also covers significant milestones such as puberty and the gradual changes that occur in later years.

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