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Questions and Answers
What is the virtue or basic strength associated with the crisis of Intimacy vs. Isolation in young adulthood?
What is the virtue or basic strength associated with the crisis of Intimacy vs. Isolation in young adulthood?
- Care
- Integrity
- Love (correct)
- Fidelity
In Erikson's theory, what is the core pathology related to the crisis of Generativity vs. Stagnation?
In Erikson's theory, what is the core pathology related to the crisis of Generativity vs. Stagnation?
- Isolation
- Exclusivity
- Role Repudiation
- Rejectivity (correct)
What does Erikson suggest is essential for achieving the basic strength of fidelity during adolescence?
What does Erikson suggest is essential for achieving the basic strength of fidelity during adolescence?
- Determining one's own sense of self (correct)
- Achieving financial independence
- Forming intimate relationships
- Understanding societal norms
Which of the following describes Erikson's perspective of psychosocial development?
Which of the following describes Erikson's perspective of psychosocial development?
What is the primary psychological challenge faced during the stage of Young Adulthood according to Erikson?
What is the primary psychological challenge faced during the stage of Young Adulthood according to Erikson?
What is meant by non-normative influences in life-span development?
What is meant by non-normative influences in life-span development?
Which principle states that development is influenced by both biology and culture over a lifetime?
Which principle states that development is influenced by both biology and culture over a lifetime?
What does the principle of 'development shows plasticity' refer to?
What does the principle of 'development shows plasticity' refer to?
According to Lorenz's concept of imprinting, what forms an attachment during the critical period?
According to Lorenz's concept of imprinting, what forms an attachment during the critical period?
Which principle argues that development might involve both growth and loss in different areas?
Which principle argues that development might involve both growth and loss in different areas?
Which principle emphasizes that no stage of development is more significant than another?
Which principle emphasizes that no stage of development is more significant than another?
What does the principle of 'development involves changing resource allocations' imply?
What does the principle of 'development involves changing resource allocations' imply?
Which aspect is NOT considered a dimension of development according to the principles identified?
Which aspect is NOT considered a dimension of development according to the principles identified?
What is the term for a stimulus that naturally elicits a response before conditioning?
What is the term for a stimulus that naturally elicits a response before conditioning?
Which term describes the learned response to a conditioned stimulus after conditioning has occurred?
Which term describes the learned response to a conditioned stimulus after conditioning has occurred?
What does positive reinforcement increase?
What does positive reinforcement increase?
What type of stimulus is a bell before it has been associated with food in classical conditioning?
What type of stimulus is a bell before it has been associated with food in classical conditioning?
What is the effect of negative reinforcement on behavior?
What is the effect of negative reinforcement on behavior?
In the context of classical conditioning, what does stimulus generalization refer to?
In the context of classical conditioning, what does stimulus generalization refer to?
Which example illustrates the concept of positive reinforcement?
Which example illustrates the concept of positive reinforcement?
What is the primary purpose of conditioning in classical conditioning theory?
What is the primary purpose of conditioning in classical conditioning theory?
What is the primary purpose of gradually increasing reinforcement points in behavior modification?
What is the primary purpose of gradually increasing reinforcement points in behavior modification?
In a fixed-interval schedule, how is reinforcement provided?
In a fixed-interval schedule, how is reinforcement provided?
What impact does punishment have on behavior according to the content?
What impact does punishment have on behavior according to the content?
Which schedule of reinforcement implies unpredictability in the delivery of reinforcement?
Which schedule of reinforcement implies unpredictability in the delivery of reinforcement?
What role do attractive models play in the learning process?
What role do attractive models play in the learning process?
In the context of cognitive development, what did Jean Piaget emphasize?
In the context of cognitive development, what did Jean Piaget emphasize?
What is a common effect of modeling behavior according to the context provided?
What is a common effect of modeling behavior according to the context provided?
Which aspect is critical for modeling to be effective, as per the provided information?
Which aspect is critical for modeling to be effective, as per the provided information?
What is the primary role of vernix caseosa in newborns?
What is the primary role of vernix caseosa in newborns?
Which stage of labor is characterized by an interval of contractions that become more frequent as it progresses?
Which stage of labor is characterized by an interval of contractions that become more frequent as it progresses?
What is the term for the lack of oxygen that can lead to brain damage in newborns?
What is the term for the lack of oxygen that can lead to brain damage in newborns?
What is lanugo?
What is lanugo?
Which of the following describes Braxton-Hicks contractions?
Which of the following describes Braxton-Hicks contractions?
What typically occurs during the neonatal period?
What typically occurs during the neonatal period?
What physiological condition in newborns is indicated by a yellowish appearance due to liver immaturity?
What physiological condition in newborns is indicated by a yellowish appearance due to liver immaturity?
What is witch's milk?
What is witch's milk?
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Study Notes
Life-Span Developmental Approach by Baltes
- Development is life-long; all life periods hold equal significance.
- Multidimensional development encompasses biological, psychological, and social factors.
- Development is multidirectional; growth in one area may coincide with decline in another.
- Relative influences of biology and culture change throughout life.
- Resource allocations in development shift between growth, maintenance, and recovery.
- Development displays plasticity, emphasizing the potential for behavior modification.
- Contextual factors play a role in development, influenced by historical and cultural contexts.
Imprinting Concept
- Defined by Konrad Lorenz as instinctive learning during critical developmental periods, where young animals bond with the first moving object they see.
- Example: A duck realizes its attachment to a moving figure shortly after hatching.
Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Stages
- Development is influenced by societal factors, extending Freud’s theories.
- Stages include crises that are pivotal for personal development, remaining relevant throughout life.
- Epigenetic principle: development occurs in systematic, sequential stages.
Key Stages of Psychosocial Development
- Young Adulthood: Intimacy vs. Isolation, focusing on building relationships, with love as the virtue and exclusivity as the pathology.
- Middle Adulthood: Generativity vs. Stagnation, centered on guiding the next generation, with care as the virtue and rejectivity as the pathology.
Classical Conditioning Concepts
- Ivan Pavlov's experiments link stimuli to responses (e.g., dogs salivating to a bell).
- Concepts of unconditioned stimuli (natural response triggers) and conditioned stimuli (learned triggers) describe the learning process.
- Positive reinforcement increases behavior frequency, while negative reinforcement removes adverse stimuli to enhance behavior.
Behavioral Modification
- Behavior can diminish through punishment which merely suppresses actions.
- The effects of punishment may lead to conditioning negative sentiments related to tasks.
Cognitive Development Perspective: Jean Piaget
- Piaget theorized cognitive development as a structured growth process involving distinct stages.
- Children develop a theory of mind, understanding others' thoughts and perspectives.
Teratogens and Early Life Development
- Teratogens are environmental agents that disrupt normal fetal development, potentially leading to disabilities.
- Key terms related to childbirth and newborns:
- Neonatal period: First four weeks post-birth when infants transition to independence.
- Fontanels: Soft spots on an infant's skull that allow for brain growth.
- Anoxia and Hypoxia: Conditions of inadequate oxygen, posing risks of brain damage.
Birth Process Stages
- Parturition: The act of giving birth, signifying labor onset.
- Braxton-Hicks contractions: Practicing contractions that do not lead to labor.
- Stage 1: Cervical dilation; lasts 12-14 hours for first-time mothers, with contractions becoming closer as dilation progresses.
- Stage 2: The descent and emergence of the baby during delivery.
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