Life-Span Developmental Approach and Theories

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Questions and Answers

What is the virtue or basic strength associated with the crisis of Intimacy vs. Isolation in young adulthood?

Care

Integrity

Love (correct)

Fidelity

In Erikson's theory, what is the core pathology related to the crisis of Generativity vs. Stagnation?

Isolation

Exclusivity

Role Repudiation

Rejectivity (correct)

What does Erikson suggest is essential for achieving the basic strength of fidelity during adolescence?

Determining one's own sense of self (correct)

Achieving financial independence

Forming intimate relationships

Understanding societal norms

Which of the following describes Erikson's perspective of psychosocial development?

It incorporates societal influence on personality. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary psychological challenge faced during the stage of Young Adulthood according to Erikson?

Making commitments to others Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by non-normative influences in life-span development?

Unusual events that disrupt the expected life cycle Signup and view all the answers

Which principle states that development is influenced by both biology and culture over a lifetime?

Development has relative influences Signup and view all the answers

What does the principle of 'development shows plasticity' refer to?

The capacity to alter behavior in response to experiences Signup and view all the answers

According to Lorenz's concept of imprinting, what forms an attachment during the critical period?

The first moving object seen Signup and view all the answers

Which principle argues that development might involve both growth and loss in different areas?

Development is multidirectional Signup and view all the answers

Which principle emphasizes that no stage of development is more significant than another?

Development is life-long Signup and view all the answers

What does the principle of 'development involves changing resource allocations' imply?

Depending on life transitions, resources shifting to maintenance or recovery may occur Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is NOT considered a dimension of development according to the principles identified?

Religious development Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a stimulus that naturally elicits a response before conditioning?

Unconditioned Stimulus Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the learned response to a conditioned stimulus after conditioning has occurred?

Conditioned Response Signup and view all the answers

What does positive reinforcement increase?

The frequency of a behavior Signup and view all the answers

What type of stimulus is a bell before it has been associated with food in classical conditioning?

Neutral Stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of negative reinforcement on behavior?

Increases the behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus Signup and view all the answers

In the context of classical conditioning, what does stimulus generalization refer to?

Responding to similar stimuli in absence of reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

Which example illustrates the concept of positive reinforcement?

A dog sits to receive a treat Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of conditioning in classical conditioning theory?

To establish a connection between stimulus and response Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of gradually increasing reinforcement points in behavior modification?

To prevent extinction of the behavior Signup and view all the answers

In a fixed-interval schedule, how is reinforcement provided?

After a specific period of time has elapsed Signup and view all the answers

What impact does punishment have on behavior according to the content?

It merely suppresses the behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which schedule of reinforcement implies unpredictability in the delivery of reinforcement?

Variable-interval schedule Signup and view all the answers

What role do attractive models play in the learning process?

They increase the likelihood of being observed Signup and view all the answers

In the context of cognitive development, what did Jean Piaget emphasize?

The significance of mental processes Signup and view all the answers

What is a common effect of modeling behavior according to the context provided?

Observation enhances behavioral production Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is critical for modeling to be effective, as per the provided information?

The motivation of the learner Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of vernix caseosa in newborns?

To offer protection against infection Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of labor is characterized by an interval of contractions that become more frequent as it progresses?

Stage 1 Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the lack of oxygen that can lead to brain damage in newborns?

Anoxia Signup and view all the answers

What is lanugo?

Fuzzy prenatal hair Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes Braxton-Hicks contractions?

They are practice contractions that do not cause labor. Signup and view all the answers

What typically occurs during the neonatal period?

Transition from intrauterine dependency to independent existence. Signup and view all the answers

What physiological condition in newborns is indicated by a yellowish appearance due to liver immaturity?

Neonatal jaundice Signup and view all the answers

What is witch's milk?

A substance secreted by newborn's breasts Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Life-Span Developmental Approach by Baltes

Development is life-long; all life periods hold equal significance.
Multidimensional development encompasses biological, psychological, and social factors.
Development is multidirectional; growth in one area may coincide with decline in another.
Relative influences of biology and culture change throughout life.
Resource allocations in development shift between growth, maintenance, and recovery.
Development displays plasticity, emphasizing the potential for behavior modification.
Contextual factors play a role in development, influenced by historical and cultural contexts.

Imprinting Concept

Defined by Konrad Lorenz as instinctive learning during critical developmental periods, where young animals bond with the first moving object they see.
Example: A duck realizes its attachment to a moving figure shortly after hatching.

Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Stages

Development is influenced by societal factors, extending Freud’s theories.
Stages include crises that are pivotal for personal development, remaining relevant throughout life.
Epigenetic principle: development occurs in systematic, sequential stages.

Key Stages of Psychosocial Development

Young Adulthood: Intimacy vs. Isolation, focusing on building relationships, with love as the virtue and exclusivity as the pathology.
Middle Adulthood: Generativity vs. Stagnation, centered on guiding the next generation, with care as the virtue and rejectivity as the pathology.

Classical Conditioning Concepts

Ivan Pavlov's experiments link stimuli to responses (e.g., dogs salivating to a bell).
Concepts of unconditioned stimuli (natural response triggers) and conditioned stimuli (learned triggers) describe the learning process.
Positive reinforcement increases behavior frequency, while negative reinforcement removes adverse stimuli to enhance behavior.

Behavioral Modification

Behavior can diminish through punishment which merely suppresses actions.
The effects of punishment may lead to conditioning negative sentiments related to tasks.

Cognitive Development Perspective: Jean Piaget

Piaget theorized cognitive development as a structured growth process involving distinct stages.
Children develop a theory of mind, understanding others' thoughts and perspectives.

Teratogens and Early Life Development

Teratogens are environmental agents that disrupt normal fetal development, potentially leading to disabilities.
Key terms related to childbirth and newborns:
- Neonatal period: First four weeks post-birth when infants transition to independence.
- Fontanels: Soft spots on an infant's skull that allow for brain growth.
- Anoxia and Hypoxia: Conditions of inadequate oxygen, posing risks of brain damage.

Birth Process Stages

Parturition: The act of giving birth, signifying labor onset.
Braxton-Hicks contractions: Practicing contractions that do not lead to labor.
Stage 1: Cervical dilation; lasts 12-14 hours for first-time mothers, with contractions becoming closer as dilation progresses.
Stage 2: The descent and emergence of the baby during delivery.

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Description

Explore the life-span developmental approach as outlined by Baltes, covering key concepts of multidimensional and multidirectional development. Delve into imprinting defined by Konrad Lorenz, and learn about Erik Erikson's psychosocial development stages that highlight societal influences on growth throughout life.