Human Development Overview
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What does the 'life-span perspective' suggest about human development?

  • Development is a static process that stays the same throughout life.
  • Development is solely focused on childhood and adolescence.
  • Development is a lifelong process and involves growth, maintaining abilities, and managing losses. (correct)
  • Development is only influenced by biological factors.

    • Which of the following domains of development focuses on changes in emotions, personality, and social relationships?

  • Social Construction
  • Cognitive Development
  • Physical Development
  • Psychosocial Development (correct)

    • What is an example of 'social construction' in human development?

  • The brain's development during early childhood
  • The physical growth of a child
  • The development of language skills in infants
  • The concept of 'teenager' as a distinct life stage (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the life-span perspective?

    <p>Static (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key focus of the 'stability-change issue' in developmental research?

    <p>Whether early traits remain the same or change over time. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which example best illustrates 'physical development'?

    <p>A baby developing motor skills like crawling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the study of human development contribute to our understanding of human behavior?

    <p>It helps us understand how individuals change and remain the same over time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the 'life-span perspective'?

    <p>Development is a lifelong process with multiple dimensions, directions, and influences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following concepts refers to the percentage of variation in a trait within a group of people that can be attributed to genetic differences?

    <p>Heritability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a normative age-graded influence?

    <p>An influence that affects most people in a society similarly, based on their age (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the way genes and the environment work together to influence a person's traits?

    <p>Gene-Environment Interaction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an ethnic gloss?

    <p>Referring to a group of people from Latin America as 'Latinos' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following refers to a child's genetic traits influencing the environments they choose to be in?

    <p>Active Gene-Environment Correlation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a factor that contributes to socioeconomic status (SES)?

    <p>Gender Identity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of passive gene-environment correlation?

    <p>Parents who are musically talented providing a home environment with instruments and music lessons. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between gender and sex?

    <p>Gender refers to social and cultural traits, while sex refers to biological characteristics. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the natural process of becoming fully functional, involving the unfolding of physical and behavioral patterns?

    <p>Maturation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a historical generation differ from an age cohort?

    <p>A historical generation is defined by a shared experience, while an age cohort is defined by a shared birth year. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a shared environmental influence on a child's development?

    <p>Both parents being supportive and nurturing to their children. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by the term 'plasticity' in development?

    <p>The ability of the brain to change in response to experiences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the range of possible outcomes for a trait depending on the environment?

    <p>Reaction Range (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist is known for their work on heredity in plants, laying the foundation for understanding genetics?

    <p>Gregor Mendel (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT considered a nonnormative influence?

    <p>A teenager experiencing puberty (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following refers to how genes can turn on or off in response to environmental influences?

    <p>Epigenetics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical period in development?

    <p>A specific period when an event can have a profound impact on development (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concept of 'continuity-discontinuity issue' in developmental psychology refers to:

    <p>Whether development is continuous and gradual or occurs in distinct stages. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a normative history-graded influence?

    <p>Living through the Great Depression (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does culture influence development?

    <p>Culture shapes individuals' values, beliefs, and behaviors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the percentage of pairs of people studied (e.g., twins) where both share a specific trait?

    <p>Concordance Rate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following refers to a limited range of changes in development, where the environment has less of an impact?

    <p>Canalized Range (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by the term 'imprinting' in development?

    <p>A type of learning that occurs in early childhood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these factors is LEAST likely to directly influence a child's development?

    <p>The child's favorite color (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following refers to the variation between people in traits such as height, personality, or health?

    <p>Individual Differences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A child's genetic predisposition for shyness leads to their parents interacting with them more cautiously, which in turn reinforces the child's shyness. This is an example of:

    <p>Evocative Gene-Environment Correlation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of understanding historical context in development?

    <p>It helps us understand how people develop in different periods and societies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a nonshared environmental influence?

    <p>One sibling being involved in extracurricular activities while the other is not. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a theory in the context of development?

    <p>A set of related concepts that explain and predict development (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a key influential factor in an individual's development?

    <p>Physical appearance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the external influences that affect a person's development?

    <p>Environment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following refers to traits and characteristics passed down from parents?

    <p>Heredity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sensitive period in development?

    <p>A time period when individuals are particularly receptive to certain experiences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hypothesis?

    <p>A testable prediction that can be examined through research. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does John Locke's concept of Tabula Rasa imply about children's development?

    <p>Children are born as a 'blank slate' shaped by experiences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Rousseau, how do children develop positively?

    <p>In a supportive, natural environment without societal corruption. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the mechanistic model of development?

    <p>It views development as a reaction to environmental stimuli. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes continuous development?

    <p>Steady and gradual changes that build over time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does qualitative change in development refer to?

    <p>Changes in type or kind, leading to new abilities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do evolutionary psychologists view human behavior?

    <p>As shaped by adaptation, reproduction, and survival. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key belief of the nativist perspective concerning language acquisition?

    <p>Humans are born with an innate ability to learn language. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Noam Chomsky's theory of Universal Grammar suggest?

    <p>Humans have an innate ability to learn language across cultures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main premise of the empiricist perspective on development?

    <p>Knowledge is shaped by experiences and sensory interactions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Human Development

    • Human development is the scientific study of how people change and remain consistent throughout their lives.
    • This includes growth, learning, and adaptation across the lifespan.
    • Life-span development encompasses a lifelong process of growth, change, and stability, studied across all stages.
    • The life-span perspective views development as lifelong, multidimensional (across areas), multidirectional (changing in various ways), plastic (flexible), multidisciplinary (involving many fields), and contextual (influenced by society, family, and culture). It also involves maintaining and regaining abilities.

    Domains of Development

    • Physical development encompasses physical changes, sensory abilities, motor skills, and overall health.
    • Cognitive development focuses on learning, attention, memory, language, reasoning, creativity, and abstract thought.
    • Psychosocial development involves changes in emotions, personality, and social relationships.

    Important Issues in Development

    • Social Construction: Concepts shaped by society, not necessarily biological. Examples include the concept of a specific age like "teenager."
    • Stability-Change Issue: Focuses on whether traits established early in life remain or shift throughout life.
    • Continuity-Discontinuity Issue: Considers whether development occurs gradually or in distinct stages.

    Growth, Maturation, and Development

    • Growth refers to measurable physical changes.
    • Maturation is the natural biological unfolding of physical and behavioral patterns.
    • Development includes functional changes across physical, mental, and social areas.
    • Learning is adapting to the environment through experiences.

    Genetics and Heredity

    • Behavioral Genetics examines the influence of genetics and environment on traits.
    • Heritability measures the proportion of a trait's variation attributable to genes.
    • Gregor Mendel studied heredity in plants, foundational to genetic understanding.
    • Selective Breeding tests trait inheritance in animals.
    • Concordance Rate shows trait similarity in pairs (e.g., twins).
    • Reaction Range illustrates the range of potential trait outcomes based on environment.
    • Canalized Range depicts traits with limited potential for environmental influence.
    • Epigenetics explains how environmental factors influence gene expression.
    • Gene-Environment Interaction highlights the combined impact of genes and environment on traits.

    Contributions to Emotional Differences

    • Genes, Shared Environmental Influences, and Non-shared Environmental Influences contribute to individual emotional variations.

    Gene-Environment Correlations

    • Passive: Parents create environment influenced by their genes, impacting children.
    • Evocative: A child's traits evoke reactions from others.
    • Active: A child's traits lead them to select specific environments.

    Context of Development

    • Heredity encompasses traits inherited from parents.
    • Environment encompasses external factors influencing development.
    • Individual Differences highlights variations in traits among individuals.

    Family Structures

    • Nuclear Family: Two parents and their children.
    • Extended Family: Includes additional relatives.

    Socioeconomic Status (SES)

    • SES (income, education, occupation) impacts development resources and opportunities.

    Cultural Influences

    • Culture refers to shared beliefs, customs, and values, influencing development.
    • Ethnic Gloss oversimplifies and categorizes groups inadequately.
    • Race is socially constructed, not purely biological.
    • Gender encompasses social, cultural, and psychological traits related to biological sex, though these norms are evolving.
    • History affects development through societal events.

    Normative Influences

    • Normative Influences: Generally similar impacts on most individuals.
    • Normative Age-Graded Influences: Influences linked to specific ages across people, e.g., walking.
    • Normative History-Graded Influencers: Societal influences during a specific historical timeframe, affecting specific generations.
    • Historical Generation: Group that experiences significant historical events during formative ages.
    • Age Cohort: Group born around the same time, experiencing similar societal influences.

    Nonnormative Influences

    • Nonnormative Influences: Unusual events impacting individual development, e.g., divorce.

    Imprinting, Critical and Sensitive Periods

    • Imprinting: Learning specific types of responses in critical periods early in life.
    • Critical Period: Specific time when an event significantly affects development.
    • Sensitive Period: Period of particular responsiveness to specific environmental influences.

    Plasticity

    • Plasticity: the brain's ability to adapt and change based on experiences.

    Theories and Models of Development

    • Theory: Related concepts explaining and predicting development.
    • Hypothesis: Testable prediction.
    • John Locke – Tabula Rasa: Children are born as blank slates, shaped by experience.
    • Jean-Jacques Rousseau – Noble Savages: Children are innately good, developing naturally if nurtured.
    • Mechanistic Model: Development is a result of environmental stimuli (child reaction).
    • Organismic Model: Development is a self-active process (child initiative).

    Types of Development

    • Continuous Development: Gradual, cumulative changes.
    • Discontinuous Development: Distinct phases with different behaviors.
    • Quantitative Change: Measurable change in amount (e.g., height).
    • Qualitative Change: Change in type or kind (e.g., abstract thinking).
    • Evolutionary Psychology: Development shaped by adaptation and survival.
    • Nativist Perspective: Emphasizes innate abilities.
    • Empiricist Perspective: Development is shaped by experiences.
    • Noam Chomsky – Universal Grammar: Humans are biologically predisposed to learn language.

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    Description

    Explore the scientific study of human development, focusing on how individuals grow and adapt throughout their lives. This quiz covers life-span development across various domains, including physical, cognitive, and psychosocial changes. Gain insights into the multidimensional and contextual factors that influence our development.

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