Human Development Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the focus of life-span development?

  • Genetic influences on behavior
  • Change and stability throughout all stages of life (correct)
  • Social interactions in childhood only
  • The study of physical health in older adults

Which of the following best defines psychosocial development?

  • Changes in physical abilities as one ages
  • Changes in emotions, personality, and social relationships (correct)
  • The development of problem-solving skills
  • The growth of motor skills during infancy

Which aspect of development does cognitive development focus on?

  • Social interactions and friendships
  • Emotional stability over time
  • Learning, reasoning, and problem-solving (correct)
  • Physical growth and health

What does the term 'social construction' refer to in developmental contexts?

<p>Cultural ideas and concepts created by society (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the life-span perspective?

<p>Development is plastic and can change over time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What issue does the stability-change debate address in human development?

<p>Whether early traits remain stable or evolve over time (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does physical development encompass?

<p>Growth in the body, brain, and motor skills (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'multidimensional' refer to in the context of human development?

<p>Development that affects various areas like physical and emotional growth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a hypothesis represent in research?

<p>A testable prediction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to John Locke's theory of Tabula Rasa, how are children shaped?

<p>Through their experiences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the mechanistic model of development?

<p>Development is a series of responses to stimuli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of continuous development refer to?

<p>Gradual and cumulative changes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of qualitative change in development?

<p>A child begins to understand abstract concepts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the evolutionary psychology perspective emphasize?

<p>Survival and adaptation influence behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the nativist perspective, how are certain human behaviors explained?

<p>They are biologically programmed from birth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What idea is central to Noam Chomsky's Universal Grammar theory?

<p>All languages share underlying structures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes discontinuous development?

<p>Distinct stages with different behaviors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of quantitative change in child development?

<p>A child's vocabulary expansion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes an extended family?

<p>A household including grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT a component of socioeconomic status (SES)?

<p>Culture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is race primarily viewed in modern society?

<p>As a social construct with varied definitions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between gender and biological sex?

<p>Gender refers to social traits; sex is based on physical characteristics. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by normative age-graded influences?

<p>Events that most people experience at a similar age. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes nonnormative influences?

<p>They are unusual events that significantly impact a person's life. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best captures the concept of imprinting?

<p>It is a strong attachment formed during a specific early life period. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a sensitive period?

<p>A time frame during which a person is more responsive to certain experiences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines plasticity in the context of development?

<p>The brain's capacity to adapt and change in response to experiences. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a historical generation?

<p>Individuals who experienced the Civil Rights Movement during adolescence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most accurate definition of critical period?

<p>A window of time when specific developmental events are crucial. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes ethnic gloss from the use of specific ethnic identities?

<p>Ethnic gloss simplifies and overlooks diversity within groups. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is the best example of normative history-graded influence?

<p>Economic recessions experienced by a generation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the continuity-discontinuity issue in development refer to?

<p>The gradual changes versus abrupt stages of development (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates growth from maturation?

<p>Growth is measurable, while maturation involves biological processes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by heritability in genetics?

<p>The percentage of variability in a trait within a group due to genetic differences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does behavioral genetics contribute to understanding individual differences?

<p>It studies the impact of genetics and environment on traits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes epigenetics?

<p>The interaction of DNA with environmental factors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT part of the three contributions to emotional differences?

<p>Cognitive maturity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does passive gene-environment correlation mean?

<p>Parents create environments influenced by their genetic traits. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of the canalized range in development?

<p>It consists of predictable patterns regardless of environmental influences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the concordance rate play in behavioral genetics?

<p>It indicates the percentage of pairs sharing a genetic trait. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines active gene-environment correlation?

<p>Individuals engage in environments that reflect their genetic traits. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the nuclear family structure?

<p>It consists of parents and children living together. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following defines learning in the context of development?

<p>It involves adaptive changes through experience. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'reaction range' in development?

<p>The effects of the environment on the limits of a trait's expression. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the environment influence developmental processes?

<p>It shapes emotional, cognitive, and social development. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Human Development

Scientific study of how people change and stay the same over time.

Life-Span Development

Lifelong process studied scientifically, focusing on growth and stability at all life stages.

Life-Span Perspective

Development is lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, and affected by context.

Physical Development

Growth in body, brain, sensory abilities, motor skills, and overall health.

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Cognitive Development

How people learn, remember, use language, think, and solve problems.

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Psychosocial Development

Changes in emotions, personality, and social relationships in interactions with others.

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Social Construction

Ideas and practices created by society or culture, not necessarily biological.

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Stability-Change Issue

Debate whether traits are stable or change throughout life.

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Continuity-Discontinuity Issue

The debate on whether development is gradual (continuity) or occurs in stages (discontinuity).

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Growth

Physical changes that are measurable, such as increases in height.

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Maturation

The natural process of becoming fully functional, involving biological development.

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Development

Functional changes in physical, mental, and social domains over time.

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Learning

Adapting to the environment through experiences.

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Behavioral Genetics

Study of genetic and environmental contributions to traits.

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Heritability

The percentage of trait variation in a group attributed to genetics.

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Selective Breeding

Breeding animals with specific traits to observe inheritance.

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Concordance Rate

Percentage of pairs sharing a trait, often in twins.

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Reaction Range

Possible trait outcomes influenced by the environment.

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Epigenetics

How genes can be turned on/off by environmental influences.

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Gene-Environment Interaction

How genes and environment jointly influence traits.

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Shared Environmental Influences

Common experiences within a family affecting similarity of traits.

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Nonshared Environmental Influences

Unique experiences of individuals that create differences in traits.

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Passive Gene-Environment Correlation

When parents create environments influenced by their genetics that affect their children.

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Hypothesis

A testable prediction that can be examined through research.

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Tabula Rasa

The belief that children are born as a 'blank slate' shaped by experiences.

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Noble Savages

The idea that children are born good and flourish in a supportive environment.

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Mechanistic Model

Development viewed as responses to environmental stimuli, like machines.

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Organismic Model

A view where individuals are active participants in their own development.

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Continuous Development

Gradual changes that build on one another over time.

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Discontinuous Development

Development consists of distinct stages with different behaviors.

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Quantitative Change

Changes in measurable amounts, such as height or vocabulary size.

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Qualitative Change

Changes in type or kind, like new abilities emerging.

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Universal Grammar

The theory that language acquisition is innate and biologically programmed.

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Extended Family

A larger family structure that includes relatives beyond parents and children.

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Socioeconomic Status (SES)

A combination of economic and social factors like income, education, and occupation.

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Culture

Shared beliefs, practices, values, customs, and social behaviors of a group.

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Ethnic Gloss

An oversimplified label applied to a group that misses its diversity.

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Race

A socially constructed term to describe groups with identifiable biological characteristics.

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Gender

Social and cultural traits associated with being male, female, or non-binary.

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Historical Context

Time period and events that shape people's development.

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Normative Influences

Influences that affect most people in a society similarly.

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Normative Age-Graded Influences

Developmental influences linked to specific age groups.

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Nonnormative Influences

Uncommon events that disrupt typical development.

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Imprinting

Learning that occurs at a particular early life period for attachment.

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Critical Period

Specific time during development when an event can have lasting impact.

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Sensitive Periods

Times when a person is highly receptive to certain experiences.

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Plasticity

The brain's ability to change and adapt based on experience.

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Theory

A set of concepts or ideas explaining and predicting development.

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Study Notes

Human Development

  • Human development is the scientific study of changes and consistencies in people throughout their lives.
  • Life-span development emphasizes that development is a lifelong process.
  • The life-span perspective views development as: lifelong, multidimensional (affecting various areas), multidirectional (changing in multiple ways), plastic (changeable), multidisciplinary (involving various fields), and contextual (impacted by society, family, and culture). It includes growth, maintaining abilities, and managing loss.

Domains of Development

  • Physical Development: Focuses on body and brain growth, sensory and motor skills, and overall health.
  • Cognitive Development: Involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.
  • Psychosocial Development: Deals with changes in emotions, personality, and social interactions.

Important Issues in Development

  • Social Construction: Societal or cultural ideas, not necessarily biological, shaping concepts (e.g., the idea of "adolescence").
  • Stability-Change Issue: Examines whether early traits remain stable or change over time (e.g., does shyness persist?).
  • Continuity-Discontinuity Issue: Considers whether development is gradual (continuous) or occurs in distinct stages (discontinuous) (e.g., language development).

Growth, Maturation, and Development

  • Growth: Quantitative physical changes (measurable).
  • Maturation: Biological unfolding of physical and behavioral patterns leading to full function.
  • Development: Functional changes in physical, mental, and social areas, progressing.
  • Learning: Adapting to the environment through experience.

Genetics and Heredity

  • Behavioral Genetics: Studies the interplay of genetics and environment on traits (e.g., aggression).
  • Heritability: The proportion of trait variability within a group attributed to genetic differences.
  • Gregor Mendel: Scientist who established basic principles of inheritance through plant experiments.
  • Selective Breeding: Breeding for specific traits to examine inheritance.
  • Concordance Rate: Percentage of pairs sharing a trait (e.g., twins).
  • Reaction Range: The range of potential outcomes for a trait based on environment.
  • Canalized Range: Limited range of changes, less affected by environment.

Gene-Environment Interaction

  • Epigenetics: How genes are turned on/off by environmental influences.
  • Gene-Environment Interaction: How genes and environment jointly shape traits.

Contributions to Emotional Differences

  • 1. Genes: Inherited characteristics affect emotional tendencies.
  • 2. Shared Environmental Influences: Family/household experiences impact similarities.
  • 3. Nonshared Environmental Influences: Unique experiences differing within a family.

Gene-Environment Correlations

  • Passive: Parents' genetic traits shape their environment, affecting children.
  • Evocative: Child's traits evoke reactions from others.
  • Active: Child's traits influence the environments they seek.

Context of Development

  • Heredity: Traits passed from parents.
  • Environment: External influences affecting development.
  • Individual Differences: Variations in traits between people.
  • Family: Nuclear (parents and children), extended (with relatives).
  • Socioeconomic Status (SES): Income, education, and occupation affecting development.
  • Culture: Shared values, practices, and behaviors impacting development. Ethnic gloss, race, gender, and history.

Normative Influences

  • Normative Influences: Impacts a majority in similar ways.
    • Normative Age-Graded Influences: Linked to specific ages (walking).
    • Normative History-Graded Influences: Impact a cohort at a specific time (Civil Rights Movement).
    • Historical Generation: Individuals experiencing a specific historical event during a formative time.
    • Age Cohort: Group sharing similar time of birth.

Nonnormative Influences

  • Nonnormative Influences: Unusual events impacting individual development (e.g., divorce).
  • Imprinting: Learning that occurs early in life, attachment to a stimulus.
  • Critical Period: Time period where an event profoundly impacts development (language acquisition).
  • Sensitive Period: Time of heightened responsiveness to experiences, less rigid than critical period.

Plasticity

  • Plasticity: Brain adaptability to changing experiences.

Theories and Models of Development

  • Theory: Related concepts to explain and predict development (e.g., Piaget).
  • Hypothesis: Testable prediction.
  • John Locke (Tabula Rasa): Children are born "blank slates," shaped by experience.
  • Jean-Jacques Rousseau (Noble Savages): Children are naturally good, develop positively in a supportive environment.

Mechanistic and Organismic Models

  • Mechanistic: Development is responses to environmental stimuli (like a machine).
  • Organismic: Active, growing organisms developing their own course.

Types of Development

  • Continuous Development: Gradual, cumulative changes.
  • Discontinuous Development: Distinct stages with different behaviors.
  • Quantitative Change: Measurable change (e.g., height).
  • Qualitative Change: New abilities emerging (e.g., abstract thinking).

Other Perspectives

  • Evolutionary Psychology: Adaptation, reproduction, and survival influence behavior.
  • Nativist Perspective: Biological programming shaping development (e.g., language acquisition).
  • Empiricist Perspective: Experiences shape development.
  • Noam Chomsky (Universal Grammar): Humans are biologically programmed for language acquisition.

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Description

Explore the intricate facets of human development, focusing on life-span changes and consistencies. This quiz covers physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development domains, along with significant issues like social construction. Test your understanding of how various factors influence growth across the lifespan.

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