Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the focus of life-span development?
What is the focus of life-span development?
- Genetic influences on behavior
- Change and stability throughout all stages of life (correct)
- Social interactions in childhood only
- The study of physical health in older adults
Which of the following best defines psychosocial development?
Which of the following best defines psychosocial development?
- Changes in physical abilities as one ages
- Changes in emotions, personality, and social relationships (correct)
- The development of problem-solving skills
- The growth of motor skills during infancy
Which aspect of development does cognitive development focus on?
Which aspect of development does cognitive development focus on?
- Social interactions and friendships
- Emotional stability over time
- Learning, reasoning, and problem-solving (correct)
- Physical growth and health
What does the term 'social construction' refer to in developmental contexts?
What does the term 'social construction' refer to in developmental contexts?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the life-span perspective?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the life-span perspective?
What issue does the stability-change debate address in human development?
What issue does the stability-change debate address in human development?
What does physical development encompass?
What does physical development encompass?
What does the term 'multidimensional' refer to in the context of human development?
What does the term 'multidimensional' refer to in the context of human development?
What does a hypothesis represent in research?
What does a hypothesis represent in research?
According to John Locke's theory of Tabula Rasa, how are children shaped?
According to John Locke's theory of Tabula Rasa, how are children shaped?
What distinguishes the mechanistic model of development?
What distinguishes the mechanistic model of development?
What does the concept of continuous development refer to?
What does the concept of continuous development refer to?
What is an example of qualitative change in development?
What is an example of qualitative change in development?
What does the evolutionary psychology perspective emphasize?
What does the evolutionary psychology perspective emphasize?
According to the nativist perspective, how are certain human behaviors explained?
According to the nativist perspective, how are certain human behaviors explained?
What idea is central to Noam Chomsky's Universal Grammar theory?
What idea is central to Noam Chomsky's Universal Grammar theory?
Which of the following best describes discontinuous development?
Which of the following best describes discontinuous development?
What is an example of quantitative change in child development?
What is an example of quantitative change in child development?
What best describes an extended family?
What best describes an extended family?
Which factor is NOT a component of socioeconomic status (SES)?
Which factor is NOT a component of socioeconomic status (SES)?
How is race primarily viewed in modern society?
How is race primarily viewed in modern society?
What is the primary difference between gender and biological sex?
What is the primary difference between gender and biological sex?
What is meant by normative age-graded influences?
What is meant by normative age-graded influences?
What characterizes nonnormative influences?
What characterizes nonnormative influences?
Which statement best captures the concept of imprinting?
Which statement best captures the concept of imprinting?
What is a sensitive period?
What is a sensitive period?
What defines plasticity in the context of development?
What defines plasticity in the context of development?
Which of the following is an example of a historical generation?
Which of the following is an example of a historical generation?
What is the most accurate definition of critical period?
What is the most accurate definition of critical period?
What distinguishes ethnic gloss from the use of specific ethnic identities?
What distinguishes ethnic gloss from the use of specific ethnic identities?
Which of these is the best example of normative history-graded influence?
Which of these is the best example of normative history-graded influence?
What does the continuity-discontinuity issue in development refer to?
What does the continuity-discontinuity issue in development refer to?
What differentiates growth from maturation?
What differentiates growth from maturation?
What is meant by heritability in genetics?
What is meant by heritability in genetics?
How does behavioral genetics contribute to understanding individual differences?
How does behavioral genetics contribute to understanding individual differences?
Which of the following best describes epigenetics?
Which of the following best describes epigenetics?
Which factor is NOT part of the three contributions to emotional differences?
Which factor is NOT part of the three contributions to emotional differences?
What does passive gene-environment correlation mean?
What does passive gene-environment correlation mean?
What is the main characteristic of the canalized range in development?
What is the main characteristic of the canalized range in development?
What role does the concordance rate play in behavioral genetics?
What role does the concordance rate play in behavioral genetics?
What defines active gene-environment correlation?
What defines active gene-environment correlation?
What is the significance of the nuclear family structure?
What is the significance of the nuclear family structure?
Which of the following defines learning in the context of development?
Which of the following defines learning in the context of development?
What is meant by the term 'reaction range' in development?
What is meant by the term 'reaction range' in development?
How does the environment influence developmental processes?
How does the environment influence developmental processes?
Flashcards
Human Development
Human Development
Scientific study of how people change and stay the same over time.
Life-Span Development
Life-Span Development
Lifelong process studied scientifically, focusing on growth and stability at all life stages.
Life-Span Perspective
Life-Span Perspective
Development is lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, and affected by context.
Physical Development
Physical Development
Growth in body, brain, sensory abilities, motor skills, and overall health.
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Cognitive Development
Cognitive Development
How people learn, remember, use language, think, and solve problems.
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Psychosocial Development
Psychosocial Development
Changes in emotions, personality, and social relationships in interactions with others.
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Social Construction
Social Construction
Ideas and practices created by society or culture, not necessarily biological.
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Stability-Change Issue
Stability-Change Issue
Debate whether traits are stable or change throughout life.
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Continuity-Discontinuity Issue
Continuity-Discontinuity Issue
The debate on whether development is gradual (continuity) or occurs in stages (discontinuity).
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Growth
Growth
Physical changes that are measurable, such as increases in height.
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Maturation
Maturation
The natural process of becoming fully functional, involving biological development.
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Development
Development
Functional changes in physical, mental, and social domains over time.
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Learning
Learning
Adapting to the environment through experiences.
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Behavioral Genetics
Behavioral Genetics
Study of genetic and environmental contributions to traits.
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Heritability
Heritability
The percentage of trait variation in a group attributed to genetics.
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Selective Breeding
Selective Breeding
Breeding animals with specific traits to observe inheritance.
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Concordance Rate
Concordance Rate
Percentage of pairs sharing a trait, often in twins.
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Reaction Range
Reaction Range
Possible trait outcomes influenced by the environment.
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Epigenetics
Epigenetics
How genes can be turned on/off by environmental influences.
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Gene-Environment Interaction
Gene-Environment Interaction
How genes and environment jointly influence traits.
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Shared Environmental Influences
Shared Environmental Influences
Common experiences within a family affecting similarity of traits.
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Nonshared Environmental Influences
Nonshared Environmental Influences
Unique experiences of individuals that create differences in traits.
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Passive Gene-Environment Correlation
Passive Gene-Environment Correlation
When parents create environments influenced by their genetics that affect their children.
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Hypothesis
Hypothesis
A testable prediction that can be examined through research.
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Tabula Rasa
Tabula Rasa
The belief that children are born as a 'blank slate' shaped by experiences.
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Noble Savages
Noble Savages
The idea that children are born good and flourish in a supportive environment.
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Mechanistic Model
Mechanistic Model
Development viewed as responses to environmental stimuli, like machines.
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Organismic Model
Organismic Model
A view where individuals are active participants in their own development.
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Continuous Development
Continuous Development
Gradual changes that build on one another over time.
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Discontinuous Development
Discontinuous Development
Development consists of distinct stages with different behaviors.
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Quantitative Change
Quantitative Change
Changes in measurable amounts, such as height or vocabulary size.
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Qualitative Change
Qualitative Change
Changes in type or kind, like new abilities emerging.
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Universal Grammar
Universal Grammar
The theory that language acquisition is innate and biologically programmed.
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Extended Family
Extended Family
A larger family structure that includes relatives beyond parents and children.
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Socioeconomic Status (SES)
Socioeconomic Status (SES)
A combination of economic and social factors like income, education, and occupation.
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Culture
Culture
Shared beliefs, practices, values, customs, and social behaviors of a group.
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Ethnic Gloss
Ethnic Gloss
An oversimplified label applied to a group that misses its diversity.
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Race
Race
A socially constructed term to describe groups with identifiable biological characteristics.
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Gender
Gender
Social and cultural traits associated with being male, female, or non-binary.
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Historical Context
Historical Context
Time period and events that shape people's development.
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Normative Influences
Normative Influences
Influences that affect most people in a society similarly.
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Normative Age-Graded Influences
Normative Age-Graded Influences
Developmental influences linked to specific age groups.
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Nonnormative Influences
Nonnormative Influences
Uncommon events that disrupt typical development.
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Imprinting
Imprinting
Learning that occurs at a particular early life period for attachment.
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Critical Period
Critical Period
Specific time during development when an event can have lasting impact.
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Sensitive Periods
Sensitive Periods
Times when a person is highly receptive to certain experiences.
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Plasticity
Plasticity
The brain's ability to change and adapt based on experience.
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Theory
Theory
A set of concepts or ideas explaining and predicting development.
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Human Development
- Human development is the scientific study of changes and consistencies in people throughout their lives.
- Life-span development emphasizes that development is a lifelong process.
- The life-span perspective views development as: lifelong, multidimensional (affecting various areas), multidirectional (changing in multiple ways), plastic (changeable), multidisciplinary (involving various fields), and contextual (impacted by society, family, and culture). It includes growth, maintaining abilities, and managing loss.
Domains of Development
- Physical Development: Focuses on body and brain growth, sensory and motor skills, and overall health.
- Cognitive Development: Involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.
- Psychosocial Development: Deals with changes in emotions, personality, and social interactions.
Important Issues in Development
- Social Construction: Societal or cultural ideas, not necessarily biological, shaping concepts (e.g., the idea of "adolescence").
- Stability-Change Issue: Examines whether early traits remain stable or change over time (e.g., does shyness persist?).
- Continuity-Discontinuity Issue: Considers whether development is gradual (continuous) or occurs in distinct stages (discontinuous) (e.g., language development).
Growth, Maturation, and Development
- Growth: Quantitative physical changes (measurable).
- Maturation: Biological unfolding of physical and behavioral patterns leading to full function.
- Development: Functional changes in physical, mental, and social areas, progressing.
- Learning: Adapting to the environment through experience.
Genetics and Heredity
- Behavioral Genetics: Studies the interplay of genetics and environment on traits (e.g., aggression).
- Heritability: The proportion of trait variability within a group attributed to genetic differences.
- Gregor Mendel: Scientist who established basic principles of inheritance through plant experiments.
- Selective Breeding: Breeding for specific traits to examine inheritance.
- Concordance Rate: Percentage of pairs sharing a trait (e.g., twins).
- Reaction Range: The range of potential outcomes for a trait based on environment.
- Canalized Range: Limited range of changes, less affected by environment.
Gene-Environment Interaction
- Epigenetics: How genes are turned on/off by environmental influences.
- Gene-Environment Interaction: How genes and environment jointly shape traits.
Contributions to Emotional Differences
- 1. Genes: Inherited characteristics affect emotional tendencies.
- 2. Shared Environmental Influences: Family/household experiences impact similarities.
- 3. Nonshared Environmental Influences: Unique experiences differing within a family.
Gene-Environment Correlations
- Passive: Parents' genetic traits shape their environment, affecting children.
- Evocative: Child's traits evoke reactions from others.
- Active: Child's traits influence the environments they seek.
Context of Development
- Heredity: Traits passed from parents.
- Environment: External influences affecting development.
- Individual Differences: Variations in traits between people.
- Family: Nuclear (parents and children), extended (with relatives).
- Socioeconomic Status (SES): Income, education, and occupation affecting development.
- Culture: Shared values, practices, and behaviors impacting development. Ethnic gloss, race, gender, and history.
Normative Influences
- Normative Influences: Impacts a majority in similar ways.
- Normative Age-Graded Influences: Linked to specific ages (walking).
- Normative History-Graded Influences: Impact a cohort at a specific time (Civil Rights Movement).
- Historical Generation: Individuals experiencing a specific historical event during a formative time.
- Age Cohort: Group sharing similar time of birth.
Nonnormative Influences
- Nonnormative Influences: Unusual events impacting individual development (e.g., divorce).
- Imprinting: Learning that occurs early in life, attachment to a stimulus.
- Critical Period: Time period where an event profoundly impacts development (language acquisition).
- Sensitive Period: Time of heightened responsiveness to experiences, less rigid than critical period.
Plasticity
- Plasticity: Brain adaptability to changing experiences.
Theories and Models of Development
- Theory: Related concepts to explain and predict development (e.g., Piaget).
- Hypothesis: Testable prediction.
- John Locke (Tabula Rasa): Children are born "blank slates," shaped by experience.
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau (Noble Savages): Children are naturally good, develop positively in a supportive environment.
Mechanistic and Organismic Models
- Mechanistic: Development is responses to environmental stimuli (like a machine).
- Organismic: Active, growing organisms developing their own course.
Types of Development
- Continuous Development: Gradual, cumulative changes.
- Discontinuous Development: Distinct stages with different behaviors.
- Quantitative Change: Measurable change (e.g., height).
- Qualitative Change: New abilities emerging (e.g., abstract thinking).
Other Perspectives
- Evolutionary Psychology: Adaptation, reproduction, and survival influence behavior.
- Nativist Perspective: Biological programming shaping development (e.g., language acquisition).
- Empiricist Perspective: Experiences shape development.
- Noam Chomsky (Universal Grammar): Humans are biologically programmed for language acquisition.
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Description
Explore the intricate facets of human development, focusing on life-span changes and consistencies. This quiz covers physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development domains, along with significant issues like social construction. Test your understanding of how various factors influence growth across the lifespan.