Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main focus of Bioecological Systems Theory?
What is the main focus of Bioecological Systems Theory?
- Cognitive development stages in early childhood
- Inherited genetic traits affecting personality
- The immediate and extended environments influencing an individual (correct)
- Physical growth changes in individuals over time
What does the term 'microsystem' refer to in the context of Bioecological Systems Theory?
What does the term 'microsystem' refer to in the context of Bioecological Systems Theory?
- The relationships between different social settings
- The immediate settings that influence an individual directly (correct)
- The larger social and cultural contexts surrounding an individual
- The indirect influences from media and technology
Which term describes the social settings that can impact an individual without their direct participation?
Which term describes the social settings that can impact an individual without their direct participation?
- Chronosystem
- Microsystem
- Exosystem (correct)
- Macrosystem
What is primarily emphasized by Piaget in his view of discovery learning?
What is primarily emphasized by Piaget in his view of discovery learning?
What aspect does the 'macrosystem' refer to in Bioecological Systems Theory?
What aspect does the 'macrosystem' refer to in Bioecological Systems Theory?
What is the purpose of adaptation to the environment in children?
What is the purpose of adaptation to the environment in children?
Which of the following is NOT one of Piaget’s stages of development?
Which of the following is NOT one of Piaget’s stages of development?
What is a critical period in developmental psychology?
What is a critical period in developmental psychology?
According to Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory, how are values transmitted to children?
According to Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory, how are values transmitted to children?
What distinguishes the Information-Processing Theory from Piaget’s theory?
What distinguishes the Information-Processing Theory from Piaget’s theory?
Which of the following defines imprinting in developmental psychology?
Which of the following defines imprinting in developmental psychology?
In terms of childhood learning, what did Vygotsky mean by 'what a child can do with assistance today she will be able to do by herself tomorrow'?
In terms of childhood learning, what did Vygotsky mean by 'what a child can do with assistance today she will be able to do by herself tomorrow'?
What is the primary focus of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience?
What is the primary focus of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience?
What is the first stage of prenatal development?
What is the first stage of prenatal development?
During which stage does organogenesis primarily occur?
During which stage does organogenesis primarily occur?
What are teratogens?
What are teratogens?
Which layer of the embryo develops into the nervous system?
Which layer of the embryo develops into the nervous system?
What is the length of the fetal period?
What is the length of the fetal period?
Which term describes the stage when identical twins are formed?
Which term describes the stage when identical twins are formed?
At what stage are most organs present in a developing embryo?
At what stage are most organs present in a developing embryo?
Which of the following is NOT a method used in behaviorism?
Which of the following is NOT a method used in behaviorism?
Erikson's theories of development emphasize which of the following?
Erikson's theories of development emphasize which of the following?
Which part of Freud's personality structure develops from interactions with caregivers?
Which part of Freud's personality structure develops from interactions with caregivers?
What occurs during critical periods in prenatal development?
What occurs during critical periods in prenatal development?
During which weeks is the central nervous system particularly vulnerable to teratogens?
During which weeks is the central nervous system particularly vulnerable to teratogens?
What is a consequence of being born preterm?
What is a consequence of being born preterm?
What significant process begins shortly after fertilization?
What significant process begins shortly after fertilization?
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Study Notes
Prenatal Development Stages
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Prenatal development lasts 266-280 days, divided into three main periods: Germinal, Embryonic, and Fetal.
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Germinal Period (First 2 weeks)
- Involves fertilization, rapid cell division, and zygote attachment to the uterine wall.
- Forms a blastocyst consisting of an inner mass (future embryo) and an outer layer (trophoblast).
- Can result in monozygotic twins (identical) from one zygote splitting or dizygotic twins (fraternal) from two separate zygotes.
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Embryonic Period (2 to 8 weeks)
- Begins post-implantation when the blastocyst becomes an embryo.
- Intense cell differentiation occurs; major organs and support systems develop.
- Primary germ layers are established:
- Endoderm (digestive/respiratory systems)
- Mesoderm (bones/muscles/circulatory systems)
- Ectoderm (nervous system/skin/hair/nails)
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Fetal Period (From 2 months until birth)
- Characterized by significant growth and organ maturation.
- Viability at 24-25 weeks; a full term fetus is born at 38 weeks or more.
- If born before 38 weeks, classified as preterm, with potential developmental issues.
Common Types of Teratogens
- Teratogens are harmful agents that can cause birth defects or adversely affect development.
- Effectiveness varies based on timing, particularly during critical periods of organ development:
- Development of limbs (3-8 weeks)
- Heart structure (2-6 weeks)
- Central nervous system (2-5 weeks)
- Eyes (3-8 weeks)
- Mouth and teeth (7-12 weeks)
Theories of Development
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Psychoanalytic Perspective
- Focuses on conflicts between biological drives and social expectations.
- Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson emphasize individual life histories.
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Behaviorism & Social Learning
- Behaviorism centers on stimulus-response relationships and reinforcers/punishments.
- Social learning theory (Bandura) highlights modeling behavior as a learning process.
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Cognitive-Developmental Theory (Piaget)
- Children actively construct knowledge, progressing through four stages to achieve cognitive equilibrium:
- Sensorimotor
- Preoperational
- Concrete Operational
- Formal Operational
- Children actively construct knowledge, progressing through four stages to achieve cognitive equilibrium:
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Information-Processing Theory
- Examines how the mind manages information; development is continuous rather than staged.
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Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience
- Integrates psychology, biology, and neuroscience to assess the impact of brain changes on development.
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Ethology & Evolutionary Developmental Psychology
- Emphasizes survival behaviors shaped by natural selection; distinguishes between critical and sensitive periods of development.
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Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
- Suggests that culture and social interaction play crucial roles in child development through cooperative dialogues with knowledgeable others.
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Bioecological Systems Theory
- Describes layers of environmental influences on development:
- Microsystem: Direct interactions (e.g., family, school)
- Mesosystem: Interconnections between microsystems
- Exosystem: Indirect influences (e.g., parent’s workplace)
- Macrosystem: Broader cultural context.
- Describes layers of environmental influences on development:
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