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What is the primary focus of the study of anatomy?
Which branch of biology focuses on the interactions between an organism and its environment?
What type of cell lacks a true nucleus and contains DNA in a nucleoid region?
Which scientist is known for coining the term 'cell'?
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Which of the following statements about viruses is correct?
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Which level of taxonomic classification comes immediately before the genus?
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What is the most abundant element found in the cell?
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Which branch of biology studies the inheritance of traits through genes?
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Which group of animals is characterized by having a backbone?
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What is the deficiency condition associated with Vitamin A?
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Which of the following groups of animals includes representatives that undergo molting?
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What characteristic is unique to the phylum Chordata?
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Which vitamin is known as the Sunshine Vitamin?
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Which class of vertebrates is known for having lungs, and typically lays eggs?
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What type of ecological relationship involves one organism benefitting while the other is harmed?
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Which vitamin deficiency could lead to osteoporosis?
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Which type of pollination occurs between different plants?
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What deficiency is associated with Niacin?
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What is the function of sepals in a flower?
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Which vitamin acts as an antioxidant and boosts immunity?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of gymnosperms?
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What is the deficiency associated with Thiamine (Vitamin B1)?
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Which of the following groups includes flowering plants?
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Which vitamin is crucial for maintaining healthy skin and preventing hair loss?
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What is the primary function of petals in a flower?
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What part of the flower develops into the fruit?
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Which of the following is NOT a method of asexual reproduction in plants?
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Which of the following is an example of fragmentation in asexual reproduction?
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Which type of organism is a producer in an ecosystem?
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What category do organisms that feed on dead matter belong to?
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Which of the following is an example of a rhizome?
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What is the role of ovules in flowering plants?
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Study Notes
Life Sciences - Biology
- Biology is the study of life, derived from Greek words "bios" (life) and "logos" (study).
Branches of Biology
- Anatomy: Study of body parts and their locations.
- Physiology: Study of functions of body parts.
- Biochemistry: Study of chemical processes and substances in living organisms.
- Ecology: Study of the interaction between organisms and their environment.
- Genetics: Study of genes and heredity.
- Microbiology: Study of microorganisms.
- Mycology: Study of fungi.
- Phycology: Study of algae.
- Parasitology: Study of parasites and their hosts.
- Taxonomy: Science of classifying and naming organisms.
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Botany: Study of plants.
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Zoology: Study of animals.
- Ethology: Animal behavior.
- Ichthyology: Fishes.
- Ornithology: Birds.
- Entomology: Insects.
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Zoology: Study of animals.
- Cytology: Study of cells.
Hierarchical Organization of Life
- Atom: The basic building block of matter.
- Molecule: Two or more atoms bonded together.
- Organelle: A specialized structure within a cell that performs a specific function.
- Cell: The fundamental unit of life.
- Tissue: A group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function.
- Organ: A structure composed of different tissues that work together to perform a specific function.
- System: A group of organs that work together to perform a specific function.
- Organism: A complete living being made up of organ systems.
The Cell
- The basic unit of life.
- Prokaryotic Cells: Lack a nucleus and have their DNA located in a region called the nucleoid.
- Eukaryotic Cells: Contain a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Key Cell Discoveries
- Robert Hooke: Discovered cells from the bark of an oak tree. Coined the term "cellulae" (small room).
- Robert Brown: Discovered the cell's nucleus.
Chemical Composition of Cells
- 4 Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (most abundant), and Nitrogen make up about 98% of living matter.
Taxonomy - Classification of Organisms
- Science of classifying and naming organisms.
- 8 Levels: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species (Dear King Philip Come Over For Good Spaghetti).
- Carolus Linnaeus: Father of Modern Taxonomy. Proposed binomial nomenclature (two-part naming system for species).
Viruses - Not Living Organisms
- Non-living, inert chemicals.
- Contain a capsid: Protein shell protecting the virus's DNA or RNA.
Kingdom Animalia
- Two major groups: Invertebrates (no backbone) and Vertebrates (with backbone).
Phyla within Kingdom Animalia
- Porifera: Sponges.
- Cnidaria: Jellyfish, corals.
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Arthropoda: Insects, crustaceans, arachnids.
- Molting (Ecdysis): Shedding old cuticle to grow in size.
- Nematoda: Roundworms.
- Platyhelminthes: Flatworms.
- Annelida: Segmented worms.
- Chordata: Only phylum containing vertebrates.
Classes within Phylum Chordata
- Fish (Pisces): Scales, gills, and fins (sharks, seahorse).
- Amphibians (Amphibia): Double life (live in water and on land) (frogs, salamanders).
- Reptiles (Reptilia): Eggs, scaly bodies (crocodile, snake).
- Birds (Aves): Two scaly legs, wings, feathers (penguin, ostrich, duck).
- Mammals (Mammalia): Mammary glands, milk, hairs/fur (humans, platypus, primates).
Kingdom Plantae
- Autotrophs (produce their own food).
- Two major groups:
- Nonvascular plants: Lack tissues for water and food transport.
- Vascular plants: Possess tissues for water and food transport.
Seed Vascular Plants
- Angiosperms (Flowering plants): Most abundant and widely distributed plants. Produce fruit to protect the seed.
- Gymnosperms (Cone-bearing plants): Have "naked seeds" not enclosed by fruit. (Conifers)
Plant Reproduction: Sexual Reproduction in Angiosperms
- Flower: Reproductive organ of flowering plants.
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Pollination: Transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the flower.
- Cross pollination: Pollen transfer between different plants.
- Self-pollination: Pollen transfer within the same flower or plant.
Parts of a Flower
- Sepals: Protect the flower bud (collectively called the calyx).
- Petals: Attract pollinators (collectively called the corolla).
- Stamen (Male part): Anther (produces pollen), filament (supports anther).
- Carpel (Pistil, Female part): Stigma (receives pollen), style (connects stigma to ovary), ovary (develops into fruit), ovule (develops into seed).
Fruit and Seed Distribution
- Fruit is instrumental in seed distribution.
- It protects the seed.
Asexual Reproduction in Plants
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Vegetative Reproduction:
- Runners: Horizontal stems with roots and shoots developing at nodes (strawberry, Bermuda grass, bamboo grass).
- Tubers: Underground stems storing food (potato).
- Rhizomes: Horizontal underground stems (ginger).
- Bulbs: Shortened, underground stems (onion, garlic).
- Corms: Underground stems (taro).
- Underground roots: Carrots, sweet potatoes (camote), cassava.
Asexual Reproduction in Other Organisms
- Budding: Parent organism produces offspring through an outgrowth called a bud (Hydra, sponges, yeast).
- Fragmentation: Separated pieces of the parent organism develop into individuals (sea star, flatworms, earthworms).
- Binary Fission: Occurs in bacteria.
Ecology
- Study of ecosystems.
Ecosystem Components
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Biotic (Living):
- Producers (Autotrophs): Make their own food (plants).
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Consumers (Heterotrophs): Obtain food from other organisms.
- Herbivores: Eat producers.
- Carnivores: Eat other animals.
- Omnivores: Eat both plants and animals.
- Scavengers: Feed on decaying matter (vulture).
- Decomposers (Saprophytes): Break down dead organisms (bacteria, fungi).
Ecological Relationships
- Competition: Organisms compete for resources.
- Predation: Predator (kills and eats) and prey (eaten).
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Symbiosis: Interaction between organisms.
- Mutualism (+,+): Both organisms benefit.
- Parasitism (+,-): One organism benefits (parasite) at the expense of the other (host).
- Commensalism (+,0): One organism benefits, while the other is neither harmed nor benefited.
Vitamins
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Fat-Soluble Vitamins:
- Vitamin A (Night Sight Vitamin): Healthy vision.
- Vitamin D (Sunshine Vitamin): Bone and teeth development, calcium absorption.
- Vitamin E (Fat Antioxidant): Immunity, antioxidant.
- Vitamin K (Green Leafy Vitamin): Blood clotting, bone health.
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Water-Soluble Vitamins:
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Vitamin B Complex:
- B1 (Thiamine): Prevents beriberi.
- B2 (Riboflavin): Prevents ariboflavinosis.
- B3 (Niacin): Prevents pellagra.
- B5 (Pantothenic Acid): Prevents paresthesia.
- B6 (Pyridoxine): Prevents anemia and numbness in hands and feet.
- B7 (Biotin): Prevents skin rashes, hair thinning, and hair color loss.
- B9 (Folate): Prevents birth defects like spina bifida and megaloblastic anemia.
- B12 (Cobalamin): Prevents pernicious anemia.
- Vitamin C (Citrus Antioxidant): Immunity booster, prevents scurvy.
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Vitamin B Complex:
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Description
Explore the fascinating branches of biology and their significance in understanding life. This quiz covers key concepts like anatomy, ecology, genetics, and more, providing insight into how living organisms interact with their environment. Test your knowledge and learn about the diverse fields within biology.
