Life Histories and Reproduction Methods Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the life history of a species?

  • The social behavior of the species
  • The pattern of survival and reproduction events for a member of the species (correct)
  • The genetic makeup of the species
  • The geographic distribution of the species

What is an example of a different method of reproduction mentioned in the text?

  • Kiwi birds that lay huge eggs due to lack of predation
  • Rats that live fast and die young
  • Elephants that grow and reproduce slowly
  • Hummingbirds that produce fewer eggs and live longer (correct)

What falls upon the axis of variation in life histories?

  • Number of offspring and individual survival
  • Genetic diversity and geographic distribution
  • Rapid growth rate and carrying capacity (correct)
  • Reproductive value and social behavior

What is a life history trait?

<p>How individuals live and their reproductive strategy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is reproductive value?

<p>The number of offspring an individual expects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about kiwi birds' egg-laying behavior?

<p>They invest a lot into egg production due to lack of predation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept called where mutations have a positive effect earlier in life but a negative effect when old?

<p>Antagonistic pleiotropy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In evolutionary time, what leads to the accumulation of mutations?

<p>Positive effect of mutations when young (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes a higher rate of senescence according to the text?

<p>Likelihood of dying in a year (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for the situation where heterozygotes have higher reproductive success for much longer?

<p>Heterozygote advantage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept suggests that bad mutations accumulate and have a negative effect later in life?

<p>Mutation accumulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'senescence' refer to in this context?

<p>Age-related physiological decline (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a stable population, what happens to the reproductive value as individuals age?

<p>It increases initially and then begins to fall as individuals start reproducing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle of allocation in the context of resource distribution for organisms?

<p>Putting resources into either maintenance of cells or reproduction based on need (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario best exemplifies the trade-off concept discussed in the text?

<p>People having to choose between a nice house and a nice car (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the hidden assumption that ruins the idea of changing to semelparity giving one more offspring at a cost?

<p>The adult organism is already fully grown and alive, so its survival is not the same as the offspring's survival (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the reproductive success of plants in dry sites according to the text?

<p>Reproductive success is less in dry sites despite constant effort per episode (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does senescence refer to in the context of organisms?

<p>A cellular response characterized by stable growth arrest and proinflammatory secretome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the principle of allocation suggest about resource distribution?

<p>It indicates that organisms can only allocate resources into either maintenance of cells or reproduction based on need (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does iteroparous mean in the context of organism reproduction?

<p>It indicates organisms that mature later and at larger size where there is less predation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by semelparity in terms of organism reproduction?

<p>It implies that organisms die in large numbers after a specific period of time (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text imply about the reproductive value of individuals as they age?

<p>It peaks at the age of maturity before falling as individuals start reproducing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the evidence suggest about the relationship between larval survival and other life history traits?

<p>There is a negative correlation between larval survival and other life history traits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the situation where one species prevents another from occupying a niche by being superior?

<p>Competitive exclusion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism is driven by similar mechanisms, but it leads to changes in the behavior of another species due to resource use/allocation?

<p>Character displacement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of species interacting via resources such as stealing food, what is this an example of?

<p>Exploitation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of bird species eating seeds, what does the term 'trait usefulness' refer to?

<p>Beak useful for certain seed sizes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the expected density/distribution of trait sizes in animals due to resource exploitation, what is measured by the K curve?

<p>Expected distribution of trait size (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'exploitation of resource' refer to in the context of birds and seed sizes?

<p>Trait usefulness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the phenomenon where a species rapidly diversifies into multiple new forms, each adapted to a specific environment?

<p>Adaptive radiation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of sticklebacks, what does the term 'limnetic habitat' refer to?

<p>Open water habitat (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of character displacement on gill raker length in stickleback species?

<p>Increase in gill raker length (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What gene seems to increase in frequency in response to predation in sticklebacks?

<p>Msx2a (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the pattern of character displacement observed in finches with different beak sizes?

<p>Trait under dispersion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor led to a change in beak size in finches after the drought in 1970's?

<p>Predation pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of sticklebacks, what does 'canine diameter' refer to?

<p>Size of the teeth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the lack of overlap of canine diameter across different weasel species suggest?

<p>Trait under dispersion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do traits more widely separated than randomly generated/separated traits indicate according to the text?

<p>Competition for resource space. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term best describes the situation where heterozygotes have higher reproductive success for much longer?

<p>Heterozygote advantage. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the principle of allocation suggest about resource distribution?

<p>The resource allocation is based on trade-offs and competition. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe an evolutionary change that occurs when two similar species inhabit the same environment?

<p>Character displacement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for species that do not have overlapping geographic ranges?

<p>Allopatric (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does character displacement refer to in the context of species interaction?

<p>Competing for mates rather than food (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of sympatric species, what can be observed when individuals compete for the same resource?

<p>Loss of characteristic traits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'allopatry' refer to in the context of species distribution?

<p>Species living apart in different environments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of sympatric species?

<p>Living together in the same place at the same time (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the situation where heterozygotes have higher reproductive success than either corresponding homozygote?

<p>Overdominance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Competitive exclusion' refers to which scenario?

<p>'One species outcompeting another for resources' (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'competitive exclusion' refer to in the context of species interaction?

<p>One species prevents another from occupying a niche by being superior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'exploitation of resource' refer to in the context of species interaction?

<p>Species act via the resource, e.g., stealing food (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'character displacement' in the context of species interaction?

<p>Driven by similar mechanism, but it leads to changes in the behavior of another species due to resource use/allocation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'exploitation' refer to in the context of species interaction?

<p>Species act via the resource, e.g., stealing food (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key characteristic of 'competitive exclusion' in the context of species interaction?

<p>Prevents a species from occupying a niche (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does 'exploitation' impact species interaction?

<p>Driven by similar mechanism, but it leads to changes in the behavior of another species due to resource use/allocation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the phenomenon where two similar species inhabit the same environment?

<p>Sympatry (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for species that do not have overlapping geographic ranges?

<p>Allopatry (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does character displacement refer to in the context of species interaction?

<p>Changes in trait value when species inhabit the same environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the situation where heterozygotes have higher reproductive success for much longer?

<p>Iteroparous (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by semelparity in terms of organism reproduction?

<p>Organisms reproduce only once in their lifetime (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept suggests that bad mutations accumulate and have a negative effect later in life?

<p>Mutation accumulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of sympatric species?

<p>Sharing the same habitat (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What gene seems to increase in frequency in response to predation in sticklebacks?

<p>Gill raker gene (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the reproductive success of plants in dry sites according to the text?

<p>Reproductive success is lower (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept refers to the situation where one species prevents another from occupying a niche by being superior?

<p>Competitive exclusion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes a situation where mutations have a positive effect earlier in life but a negative effect when old?

<p>Senescence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a method used to study character displacement in stickleback fish?

<p>Comparing the growth rates of limnetic and benthic stickleback fish (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the pattern of character displacement observed in finches with different beak sizes?

<p>Trait overdispersion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What gene seems to increase in frequency in response to predation in sticklebacks?

<p>Msx2a (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term best describes the situation where heterozygotes have higher reproductive success than either corresponding homozygote?

<p>Overdominance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the lack of overlap of canine diameter across different weasel species suggest?

<p>Trait overdispersion due to competition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by semelparity in terms of organism reproduction?

<p>Having a single reproductive event followed by death (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the situation where one species prevents another from occupying a niche by being superior?

<p>Competitive Exclusion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of character displacement on gill raker length in stickleback species?

<p>Divergence of gill raker length when species occur together (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In evolutionary time, what leads to the accumulation of mutations?

<p>Trait Overdispersion due to competition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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