Life Expectancy and Epidemiological Transition
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Questions and Answers

According to the National Statistics Socio-economic Classification (NS-SEC), which occupation is classified as 'Lower managerial and professional'?

  • Builder
  • Barrister
  • Nurse (correct)
  • Shop Assistant

According to the Dahlgren and Whitehead model, which of the following would be considered an 'outer layer' determinant of health?

  • Lifestyle factors (e.g., smoking)
  • Genetic predispositions
  • Access to healthcare services
  • Broader economic and environmental factors (correct)

Which of the following is the most accurate description of 'epidemiological transition'?

  • The process of a population becoming entirely immune to specific diseases.
  • A decrease in overall life expectancy due to modern environmental factors.
  • The shift from infectious diseases to chronic diseases as primary causes of death. (correct)
  • A sudden increase in the incidence of infectious diseases within a population.

Which of the following factors directly contributes most to the observed social gradient in life expectancy?

<p>Differential access to resources and opportunities based on socioeconomic status. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the information provided, which of the following resources would be most helpful for finding data on life expectancy and related health outcomes in England?

<p>Public Health England Fingertips (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the wider determinants of health, which intervention would likely have the broadest impact on improving population health outcomes?

<p>Policies aimed at reducing income inequality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of 'social determinants of health'?

<p>A child from a low-income family experiences developmental delays due to malnutrition and lack of access to early childhood education. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might a country's stage in the epidemiological transition impact its healthcare priorities?

<p>Countries in early stages might focus on sanitation and vaccinations, while later stages emphasize managing chronic conditions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Epidemiological transition theory primarily describes changes in:

<p>Population health patterns related to development. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of the epidemiological transition is characterized by a decrease in infectious disease mortality and is termed 'receding pandemics'?

<p>Receding pandemics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

As countries move through the epidemiological transition, which of the following trends is typically observed regarding life expectancy?

<p>Life expectancy generally increases as countries progress through the stages. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the 'wider determinants of health', which of the following is primarily an individual-level factor affecting life expectancy?

<p>Personal dietary choices (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is best described as a population-level factor influencing life expectancy?

<p>Government policies on vaccination programs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do individual and population factors interact in shaping life expectancy?

<p>Population factors establish the context within which individual lifestyle choices impact health outcomes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Health inequalities are best understood as:

<p>Systematic and unjust differences in health outcomes between different social groups. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Data showing variations in life expectancy across different ethnic groups is an example of:

<p>Health inequalities linked to social categories. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Epidemiological Transition

Changes in population patterns related to development, described by birth rates, death rates, and population size.

Pestilence and Famine

Stage of epidemiological transition with high mortality due to infectious diseases and malnutrition.

Receding Pandemics

Stage of epidemiological transition characterized by a decline in infectious disease mortality rates.

Degenerative Diseases

Stage of epidemiological transition where non-communicable diseases become more prominent.

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Declining CVD Mortality

Later stage with declining cardiovascular disease mortality, aging populations, and emerging diseases.

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Aspired Quality of Life

Final stage focused on quality of life, but with persisting health inequalities.

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Health Inequalities

Systematic differences in health patterns across different social groups.

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Wider Determinants of Health

Factors such as socioeconomic status, environment, and lifestyle that influence health outcomes.

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NS-SEC

A classification system indicating socio-economic position based on occupation.

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Social Gradient in Health

The observed correlation between socioeconomic status and health outcomes (e.g., life expectancy).

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Dahlgren and Whitehead Model

A model illustrating how various factors influence health at individual, community, and societal levels.

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Life Expectancy

The average number of years a person is expected to live, typically at birth.

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International Life Expectancy Variations

Differences in life expectancy and health outcomes between different countries due to factors like healthcare, poverty, and environment.

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PHE Fingertips

Accessing Public Health England data to find information about health outcomes and related factors in England.

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Study Notes

  • Saran Shantikumar, Associate Clinical Professor in Public Health, is presenting on what affects life expectancy

Epidemiological Transition

  • Describes changes in population patterns following development
  • Based in terms of birth rates, death rates, and population size
  • Involves five stages

Five Phases of Epidemiological Transition

  • Phase 1: Characterized by pestilence and famine, high mortality, infectious disease, and malnutrition
  • Phase 2: Involves receding pandemics with a reduction in the rate of infectious disease mortality
  • Phase 3: Includes degenerative and man-made diseases with more non-communicable diseases
  • Phase 4: Declining CVD mortality, ageing and emerging diseases
  • Phase 5: Features an aspired quality of life with persisting health inequalities

Affecting Life Expectancy

  • Factors affect individuals and populations
  • These factors may affect improve or impair life expectancy

Life Expectancy and Health Inequalities

  • Health inequalities involve systematic differences in health and disease patterns across social groups
  • In 2016, female life expectancy was 3.6 years greater than for males
  • Male life expectancy is increasing faster than female, closing the gap between the sexes

National Statistics Socio-Economic Classification (NS-SEC)

  • Higher managerial and professional occupations: dentist, barrister
  • Lower managerial and professional occupations: nurse, journalist
  • Intermediate occupations: fireman, photographer
  • Small employers and own account workers: builder, hairdresser
  • Lower supervisory and technical occupations: plumber, electrician
  • Semi-routine occupations: postman, shop assistant
  • Routine occupations: bus driver, waitress
  • Never worked or long-term unemployed

Wider (Social) Determinants of Health

  • Include a range of social, economic, and environmental factors
  • These factors impact people's health
  • The Dahlgren and Whitehead model should be considered

Resources for Data

Summary Points

  • Be aware of the five stages of epidemiological transition
  • Briefly describe the layers of Dahlgren and Whitehead model
  • Describe individual and wider factors affecting life expectancy
  • Discuss why life expectancy is different in contrasting countries, such as France and Malawi

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Description

Presentation on the epidemiological transition model, detailing its five phases and their impact on life expectancy. Includes discussion on mortality rates and the shift from infectious to degenerative diseases. Factors affecting life expectancy and health inequalities are touched upon.

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