Epidemiological Transition and Disease Prevention
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of revenue generation in a health financing system?

  • Raising funds to finance healthcare services (correct)
  • Purchasing healthcare services and medications
  • Pooling resources to cover healthcare needs
  • Providing financial protection to individuals

    • What is the main objective of health financing policies?

  • To prioritize communicable diseases over non-communicable diseases
  • To reduce the financial burden on healthcare providers
  • To provide financial protection and improve health outcomes (correct)
  • To incentivize the delivery of low-quality healthcare services

    • What is the purpose of pooling funds in a health financing system?

  • To provide bonuses to healthcare professionals
  • To invest in healthcare infrastructure development
  • To allocate funds to specific healthcare providers
  • To reduce the financial burden on individuals facing illness or injury (correct)

    • What is auditing in the context of accounting?

    <p>Investigating and reporting on the fidelity and legality of financial transactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of purchasing in the context of administration?

    <p>To acquire property and materials needed in administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should health financing policies align with?

    <p>Global Health Priorities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the third function of a health financing system?

    <p>Purchasing and Allocation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of health financing in terms of quality of care?

    <p>To support the delivery of high-quality healthcare services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary revenue source for National Health Service?

    <p>General taxes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which country is Social Health Insurance model predominant?

    <p>France</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of pooling in the National Health Service model?

    <p>A national pool</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following countries is associated with Private Health Insurance model?

    <p>United States</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of funding for health services in the Social Health Insurance model?

    <p>Payroll tax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of contracts are used in the Private Health Insurance model?

    <p>Selective contracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of public expenditure on health services?

    <p>Central government funds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for external financial aid provided for health services?

    <p>External aid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of costs are medical supplies and personnel salaries examples of?

    <p>Direct Costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a negative outcome?

    <p>Treatment failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to healthcare outcomes as healthcare resources increase beyond a certain level?

    <p>The slope of the curve diminishes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a small investment that yielded dramatic health improvements?

    <p>Creation of sanitary water supplies and hydration therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the revenue of a seller equal to?

    <p>Price multiplied by the number of units sold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of price in a free-market economy?

    <p>To allocate resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a QALY?

    <p>Quality-Adjusted Life Year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of an indirect cost?

    <p>Lost productivity due to illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of Health Economics?

    <p>To maximize health outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a result of not having strategic policies and focused spending mechanisms?

    <p>The poor and ordinary people are left without care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a public good in health care?

    <p>Government needs to actively participate to avoid market failures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an aspect of equity in health care?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the choice of method used to finance health services?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is analyzed in Health Economics?

    <p>Costs and consequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is likely to be left without care without strategic policies and focused spending mechanisms?

    <p>The poor and ordinary people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of general revenue mobilization?

    <p>The entire population is targeted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of health promotion and disease prevention efforts in addressing the epidemiological transition?

    <p>Lifestyle interventions, vaccinations, and screening programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key strategy to control costs in healthcare financing?

    <p>Shifting towards value-based payment models</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of investing in public health infrastructure in addressing the epidemiological transition?

    <p>To promote population-level health and well-being</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of utilization reviews in healthcare financing?

    <p>To evaluate the appropriateness and necessity of healthcare services and interventions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of comprehensive chronic disease management programs?

    <p>To focus on early detection, effective treatment, and decrease complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of increasing cost-sharing by patients in healthcare financing?

    <p>To promote more appropriate care-seeking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Accounting and Auditing

    • Recording and summarizing financial effects of executive actions
    • Importance of harmonious relationship between budget and account for current comparisons between goals and accomplishments
    • Auditing involves investigating and reporting on the fidelity and legality of all financial transactions

    Health Financing Policies

    • Improve health outcomes
    • Provide financial protection
    • Support quality of care
    • Align with global health priorities (e.g. addressing communicable and non-communicable diseases, advancing maternal and child health, and tackling emerging health threats)

    Health Care Financing

    • Collecting revenue
    • Pooling resources
    • Purchasing goods and services

    Three Basic Functions of a Health Financing System

    • Revenue Generation: raising funds to finance healthcare services
    • Pooling of funds: redistributing funds to cover healthcare needs of individuals, reducing financial burden on individuals
    • Purchasing and Allocation: purchasing healthcare services, medications, and equipment, guided by healthcare needs, priorities, and cost-effectiveness considerations

    Health Financing Systems

    • National Health Service (e.g. UK, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, Italy)
      • Main revenue type: general taxes
      • Pooling: national pool
      • Purchasing: national or regional direct purchase of services
    • Social Health Insurance (e.g. France, Germany, Japan)
      • Main revenue type: payroll tax
      • Pooling: pools by job or income
      • Purchasing: collective and selective contracts
    • Private Health Insurance (e.g. USA, Greece, Singapore)
      • Main revenue type: individual and employer payments
      • Pooling: privately managed pools
      • Purchasing: selective contracts

    Health Service Financing Source

    • Public expenditure: central and local government funds, taxes
    • Private expenditure: voluntary payments by individuals or employers
    • External sources: external aid, international non-governmental organizations

    Impact of Financing Method

    • Who bears the financial burden
    • Amount of resources available
    • Who manages the allocation of resources

    Changing Government Role in Health Care

    • Health is considered a public good
    • Government needs to actively participate to avoid market failures

    Equity in Health Care

    • Equity in financing
    • Equity in access to health care
    • Equal level of health status
    • Equity in terms of risk protection offered

    Health Economics

    • Study of how resources are allocated within the healthcare system to maximize health outcomes
    • Analyzing and comparing costs and consequences of medical interventions or health programs to inform decision-making and resource allocation

    Costs

    • Direct costs: expenses directly associated with providing healthcare services (e.g. medical supplies, personnel salaries)
    • Indirect costs: costs incurred as a result of illness or disease but not directly related to healthcare provision (e.g. lost productivity due to illness or disability)

    Outcomes

    • Positive outcomes: e.g. drug's efficacy, cure of disease, disease prevention, QALY
    • Negative outcomes: e.g. treatment failure, nosocomial infection, malpractice

    Health Care Costs and Health Outcomes

    • Initially, increasing healthcare resources leads to improved outcomes
    • Above a certain level, increasing investments in healthcare yield more marginal benefits

    The Importance of Price

    • To the seller: revenue and profit source
    • To the consumer: cost of something
    • In the broadest sense, price allocates resources in a free-market economy

    Epidemiological Transition

    • Shifting burden of disease from communicable diseases to non-communicable diseases
    • Health promotion and disease prevention efforts
    • Investment in public health infrastructure
    • Chronic disease management programs

    Controlling Costs

    • Financing schemes without proper cost control mechanisms
    • Shift towards value-based payment models
    • Utilization reviews to evaluate appropriateness and necessity of healthcare services
    • More cost-sharing by patients (e.g. co-payments, deductibles, and co-insurance)

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    Description

    This quiz covers the epidemiological transition from communicable to non-communicable diseases and strategies for health promotion, disease prevention, and chronic disease management. Learn about public health infrastructure and population-level health interventions.

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