Liberty Village & South Parkdale: Urban Development
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Questions and Answers

Which factor primarily contributed to the initial attractiveness of Liberty Village for artists in the 1970s?

  • Proximity to established art galleries and museums.
  • Availability of large, inexpensive spaces in abandoned factories and warehouses. (correct)
  • Government subsidies specifically targeted for artists' housing.
  • Direct access to major highways for easy transportation of artwork.

What was a significant policy change implemented by the city of Toronto in the 1990s that influenced the development of Liberty Village?

  • Deregulation of land use and rezoning from industrial to mixed commercial/residential uses. (correct)
  • Tax incentives for maintaining industrial operations in the area.
  • Rent control measures to protect artists from eviction.
  • Strict regulations on building heights to preserve industrial character.

What trend was observed among Portuguese entrepreneurs regarding their residential locations?

  • They mainly lived in Toronto’s western suburbs such as Mississauga and commuted to their businesses. (correct)
  • They preferred to live in the same areas where their businesses were located.
  • They primarily resided in the eastern suburbs of Toronto.
  • They were evenly distributed throughout the Greater Toronto Area.

What was a notable economic challenge faced by businesses in the area?

<p>Soaring rental prices affecting business viability. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a direct consequence of the construction of the Gardiner Expressway in South Parkdale during the period of 1955-1964?

<p>The demolition of homes and displacement of residents. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tensions arose in South Parkdale due to the resettlement of the middle class. Which group was most likely to be in conflict with the resettling middle class, because of this?

<p>Low-income tenant advocates. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the eviction rate in Liberty Village following the new development in the 1990s?

<p>320% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was viewed as unhealthy in South Parkdale, in regards to demographics?

<p>A concentration of singles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor primarily contributes to business closures in gentrifying areas due to commercial displacement?

<p>Rent increases that businesses cannot offset with sufficient profit. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In gentrified neighborhoods, how does residential displacement disproportionately affect low-income residents?

<p>Low-income residents are unable to compete with higher-income residents in the housing market. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to bid-rent theory, which entity is most likely to secure a property in a gentrifying area?

<p>The entity that can generate the highest profit from the property. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might a Business Improvement Area (BIA) in a gentrifying neighborhood impact existing residents?

<p>By making decisions that primarily favor established businesses and new developments. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of neighborhoods experiencing gentrification?

<p>Increasing housing demand and related price increases. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are businesses in areas without rent control more vulnerable to price increases during gentrification?

<p>Landlords can freely raise rents for commercial properties without rent control. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the conversion of residential units into condominiums contribute to gentrification?

<p>It displaces renters and often leads to higher housing costs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did mass migration likely play in the initial vibrancy of Little Portugal in the 1960s?

<p>It created a concentration of ethnic businesses and a unique cultural landscape. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the 'rent gap' theory in the context of gentrification?

<p>The disparity between the potential rental income of a property and its actual rental income during a period of disinvestment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the three-stage process of gentrification, what role do 'pioneers' or 'bohemians' typically play?

<p>They enhance an area's social competencies and make it attractive through artistic or unconventional activities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided context, what is a primary critique of gentrification?

<p>It can displace lower-income residents and small businesses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neil Smith's perspective suggests that condoism and gentrification are a manifestation of what?

<p>A post-WWII class struggle reflected in the urban landscape. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT typically associated with the first stage of gentrification?

<p>Active reinvestment and renovation by landlords. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Ruth Glass originally define gentrification in 1964?

<p>As a demographic process involving the replacement of working-class residents by middle and upper-class residents, coupled with spatial transformation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key motivation behind 'growth boosterism' according to Caulfield's perspective on gentrification?

<p>To save cities from decay and stimulate economic revitalization. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of gentrification, what is meant by 'artistic capital'?

<p>The non-financial attributes that artists bring to an area, increasing its attractiveness and value. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Friedrich Hayek's perspective, how do individuals determine their residential choices in a free market?

<p>Individuals weigh the advantages of living in a city against factors such as lower rent in suburban areas and commuting costs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following arguments aligns with the luck egalitarian perspective on inequality?

<p>Inequality is only morally problematic when it arises from circumstances beyond an individual's control, not from their choices. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'expensive tastes' highlight regarding the distribution of resources and individual well-being?

<p>Equal distribution of resources does not guarantee equal well-being due to varying needs and preferences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A city is considering selling properties in gentrified neighborhoods at high prices. According to the content, what is a potential justification for this action?

<p>To generate revenue that could be used to fund affordable housing initiatives elsewhere. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of a 'merit good' in the context of urban development and housing?

<p>Goods or services that society believes everyone should have access to, regardless of their ability to pay. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is often lost through gentrification, beyond individual residences?

<p>Neighborhood character, identity, and sense of place. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do trans-historical groups relate to the concept of community values in the context of gentrification?

<p>They transmit identity across generations and can be disrupted or lost due to gentrification. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the core idea behind the sufficientarian approach in the context of housing and gentrification?

<p>Ensuring a decent quality of life for everyone irrespective of factors like race, gender, or background. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In areas where gentrification is occurring, how does the residential distribution typically differ between local entrepreneurs of Portuguese descent and non-Portuguese entrepreneurs?

<p>Portuguese entrepreneurs are more likely to live in the suburbs and commute, while non-Portuguese entrepreneurs live closer to their businesses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key characteristic of physical development in Little Portugal during the period described?

<p>Limited physical development. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the construction of the Gardiner Expressway affect South Parkdale?

<p>It caused middle-class flight and disinvestment due to home demolitions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What element made South Parkdale attractive for gentrification?

<p>Spacious houses and public transportation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In South Parkdale, what sentiment arose with the resettlement of the middle class, particularly regarding existing low-income tenant advocates?

<p>Tension and conflict. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Liberty Village, what was a significant factor that initially drew artists to the area?

<p>Large, inexpensive, abandoned industrial spaces. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact did the city of Toronto's policy changes in the 1990s have on Liberty Village?

<p>Deregulation of land use and rezoning to mixed uses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the provided data, what was a specific economic pressure faced by businesses in Little Portugal?

<p>Soaring rental prices. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How was the concentration of singles viewed in South Parkdale, and what demographic was considered 'healthy'?

<p>Singles were viewed as unhealthy; families were perceived as healthy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information, which factor most directly led to a high eviction rate in Liberty Village following new developments?

<p>Impact on low-income residents due to new development. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does 'growth boosterism' primarily function within the context of urban gentrification?

<p>By promoting policies and initiatives aimed at stimulating economic development and attracting investment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes 'artistic capital' from other forms of capital during the early stages of gentrification?

<p>It is characterized by the social and cultural value artists bring to a neighborhood, increasing its desirability. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of 'rent gap' influence reinvestment decisions in urban areas?

<p>It incentivizes reinvestment in areas where the potential rental income significantly exceeds the current income, due to disinvestment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do speculators typically play in the condo market, particularly in gentrifying areas?

<p>They purchase properties with the intention of quickly reselling them for a profit, often driving up prices. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the initial stage of gentrification, why might landlords who do not reside in their properties contribute to urban decay?

<p>They may neglect maintenance and upkeep, leading to deterioration of the property and surrounding area. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the influx of middle and upper-class residents specifically contribute to gentrification?

<p>By bringing in economic capital and investment that drives refurbishment and changes in the neighborhood's character. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Caulfield, how does gentrification serve as a response to the post-war era of modernist development planning?

<p>By acting as a critical social practice aimed at revitalizing cities from the perceived failures of modernist planning and 'growth boosterism'. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way did Ruth Glass's definition of gentrification in 1964 link demographic and spatial transformations?

<p>By connecting the replacement of working-class residents with the conversion of housing into more expensive, single-family homes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the presence of 'bohemians' or 'pioneers' contribute to the second stage of gentrification?

<p>By adding 'artistic capital', enhancing the area's attractiveness and paving the way for further development. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the in-migration of risk-averse groups such as students and the professional class influence the trajectory of gentrification in its third stage?

<p>By accelerating the process of gentrification with increased investment and demand for upscale amenities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the conversion of residential units into condominiums primarily contribute to the process of gentrification?

<p>It changes the tenure of housing, often displacing renters and attracting higher-income owners. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group is most likely to benefit directly from the establishment of a Business Improvement Area (BIA) in a gentrifying neighborhood?

<p>Local business owners and developers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do rent control policies primarily affect businesses in areas undergoing gentrification?

<p>Rent control benefits only residential tenants, leaving businesses vulnerable to market forces. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A business in a gentrifying neighborhood is experiencing a decline in profit despite consistent sales volume. What is the most likely reason for this decline?

<p>Loss of traditional, lower-spending customers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of gentrification in Little Portugal, what does 'compact land development' primarily facilitate?

<p>A concentration of businesses and convenient access to transportation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the 'bid rent theory' explain the outcomes of gentrification in residential areas?

<p>The theory states that the entity with the highest potential profit is most likely to secure property. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the process of gentrification, how can increased housing demand directly impact the existing community?

<p>It contributes to price increases and a loss of affordable housing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

As gentrification progresses in a neighborhood, what is a likely reason for increased eviction rates observed in areas like Little Portugal?

<p>Increased property values incentivize landlords to replace existing tenants with higher-paying ones. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the influx of non-Portuguese businesses in Little Portugal influence the neighborhood's character?

<p>It created a more diverse commercial landscape, potentially diluting the neighborhood's original ethnic character. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes gentrification from regular urban development?

<p>Gentrification results in displacement of lower-income residents, while regular development focuses on new construction without displacement. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Friedrich Hayek's perspective, what is the primary driver of residential choices in a city undergoing gentrification?

<p>An individual's assessment of the trade-offs between city living and suburban alternatives (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the 'luck egalitarian' perspective view inequalities that arise from gentrification?

<p>Inequalities resulting from personal choices are less morally problematic than those caused by circumstances beyond one's control. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the central argument related to 'expensive tastes' in the context of resource distribution and well-being?

<p>Individuals with more refined preferences require greater resources to achieve the same level of satisfaction as those with simpler tastes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A city owns properties in gentrified areas and considers selling them at high market prices. What is a potential justification for this action according to the material?

<p>To generate revenue that can be used to fund affordable housing initiatives elsewhere (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of 'merit good' apply to housing in the context of gentrification?

<p>Housing is a basic necessity that should be accessible to everyone, regardless of their ability to pay. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Beyond individual homes, what broader aspect of a community is often lost through gentrification?

<p>Neighborhood character and identity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of community values and gentrification, what is the significance of 'trans-historical groups'?

<p>They are groups that preserve and transmit cultural identity across generations and can be disrupted by gentrification. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the core principle of the 'sufficientarian' approach to housing and gentrification?

<p>Guaranteeing a decent quality of life for everyone, regardless of background. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might Hayek's free market principles apply to a scenario where rising property values displace long-term residents?

<p>This is a natural outcome of individuals sorting into neighborhoods based on their ability to pay; residents must adapt. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would a 'luck egalitarian' likely argue about a family displaced due to rising rents in a gentrifying area, despite working multiple jobs?

<p>The family has not made any choices in this situation, and the displacement is morally problematic due to circumstances beyond their control. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Gentrification

Process where poor, working-class inner-city neighborhoods are refurbished by an influx of capital and middle-class residents.

Displacement (Gentrification)

The displacement of small businesses and residents due to rising costs associated with gentrification.

Gentrification (Caulfield)

Critical social practice responding to post-war modernist development planning and growth boosterism.

Gentrification (Ruth Glass, 1964)

Demographic process replacing working-class residents with middle/upper-class and transforming housing.

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Rent Gap

Cycle of investors disinvesting then reinvesting due to low rent.

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Gentrification Stage 1

People moving out, landlords absent, crime, urban decay, property value decreasing.

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Gentrification Stage 2

New residents (often artists) who are socially unconventional.

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Gentrification Stage 3

In-migration of risk-averse groups like students and professionals.

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Yuppies

Young, upwardly mobile professionals, typically middle class, who often move into gentrifying urban areas.

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Rent Control Impact

The process where rent increases are limited for the duration of a lease, protecting current tenants.

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Residential Unit Conversion

The transformation of apartments or houses into individually owned condos.

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Commercial Displacement

When businesses are forced to close or relocate due to rising rents or a loss of customers during gentrification.

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Business Closure (Rent)

Businesses close because rent increases make it impossible to generate enough profit.

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Business Closure (Customer Loss)

Businesses lose their original customer base as new residents move in, leading to decreased profits and potential closure.

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Residential Displacement

Lower-income residents are forced to move out of a neighborhood due to increased housing costs associated with gentrification.

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Bid Rent Theory

A theory that states the party willing to pay the most for land or property will acquire it, often displacing lower-income residents or businesses.

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Bar-based restaurants, apparel stores, art galleries

Dominate non-Portuguese businesses in certain areas.

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Toronto's Western suburbs (e.g., Mississauga)

Portuguese entrepreneurs often reside in these areas and commute to work.

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South Parkdale's Challenges

Experienced middle-class flight and disinvestment due to infrastructure projects and deinstitutionalization.

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South Parkdale's investment appeal

Spacious houses, transportation access.

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South Parkdale's social tensions

Tension between low-income tenants and residents' associations due to resettlement.

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Abandoned factories/warehouses in Liberty Village

Artists took advantage of these for live/work studios.

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Toronto's rezoning in Liberty Village

Policies of deregulating land use and rezoning from industrial to mixed commercial/residential uses.

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Harm caused by gentrification

Low-income residents harmed by new developments.

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Neighborhood Sorting

Individuals sort into neighborhoods based on their ability to pay, reflecting free market principles.

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Sufficientarianism

Everyone should have a basic standard of living, regardless of background.

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Luck Egalitarianism

Inequality from bad luck is morally wrong, but inequality from choices is not.

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Expensive Taste Problem

Equal resource distribution may not equate to equal well-being, due to varied needs or 'expensive tastes'.

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Merit Good

Goods that society believes everyone should have, regardless of ability to pay.

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Sense of Place

The emotional and cultural connection to a specific geographic location.

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Gentrification's Cultural Impact

Gentrification can lead to a loss of neighborhood character and cultural identity.

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Trans-historical groups

Groups that pass down identity across generations, which can be disrupted by gentrification

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Class Struggle (Post-WWII)

The idea that the post-WWII era is defined by class struggles evident in urban development.

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Growth Boosterism

The idea that condo development is purposefully used to increase economic growth and revitalize urban areas.

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Bohemians in Gentrification

Artists and unconventional individuals who add social value to previously unattractive locations.

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Risk-Averse Groups

The perceived value found desirable by those without excessive risk.

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Valorization

The increase in worth or value of something.

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Speculators role

Individuals who profit from taking accommodation.

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High Income Homeowners role

Individuals with high economic standing that utilize amentities.

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Canada's Goal

Saving the city from urban decay.

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Design

Boost investment.

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Socially deviant behaviors

Socially deviant behaviors in stage 1 of gentrification.

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Yuppies (Post-Graduation)

Graduates with in-demand skills, typically middle class, who revitalize urban areas.

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Rent Control

When rent increases are limited for the duration of a lease, protecting tenants from sudden spikes.

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Condo Conversion

The transformation of rental apartments or houses into individually owned condos.

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Business Improvement Area (BIA)

Areas often run by a board of directors of entrepreneurs, business owners or developers, making decisions in favor of their own programs of establishing businesses and amenities.

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Compact Land Development

Concentration of businesses with close proximity to transportation.

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Neighborhoods in Transition

Neighborhoods undergoing changes in housing, businesses, and residents.

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Limited physical development

Limited physical development in an area.

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Soaring rental prices impact

Businesses affected by rising rental costs.

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South Parkdale's decline causes

Expressway construction and deinstitutionalization led to middle-class flight and disinvestment.

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South Parkdale's appeal

Spacious houses and transportation made South Parkdale attractive to gentrification.

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South Parkdale's social conflict

Tension between low-income tenant advocates and residents' associations.

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Abandoned factories and artists

Artists used them as inexpensive live/work spaces.

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Deregulation of land use

City policies that changed land use from industrial to mixed commercial/residential.

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Eviction rate impact

High eviction rate negatively impacted low-income residents.

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Gentrification's harm

The damage and negative effects caused by gentrification.

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Concentration of singles

A concentration of families is viewed as healthy while a concentration of singles is viewed as unhealthy.

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Freedom of Choice (Housing)

Idea that people should sort themselves into neighborhoods based on their ability to afford them.

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Egalitarianism (Housing)

The belief that everyone, regardless of background, deserves a decent quality of life.

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Luck Egalitarianism (Housing)

Concept that inequality due to bad luck is unjust, unlike inequality resulting from personal choices.

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Merit Good (Housing)

The idea that some goods or services should be accessible to everyone, regardless of their ability to pay.

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Community values

The connection and attachment to a specific geographic location.

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Loss of Neighborhood Identity

Neighborhood character and identity can be lost due to gentrification.

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Hayek's Opposition to Public Housing

Hayek's belief that public housing distorts market-driven allocation.

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Expensive Taste (Housing)

Situation where equal resource allocation may not lead to equal well-being.

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Selling at High Price

Selling properties in gentrified areas at high prices.

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Study Notes

Okay, I have updated the study notes with new information. Here are the study notes with the rewritten and new additions:

  • Condo facilities are attractive to homeowners, speculators, tourists, and high-income individuals seeking accommodation.
  • Prior to 1970, a middle class in suburban areas was the conventional model.
  • The upper and middle classes are now entering the inner city, bringing economic capital and investment.

Gentrification

  • Gentrification is the refurbishment of poor, working-class inner-city neighborhoods through an influx of capital and middle-class residents
  • It leads to displacement of small businesses, people, and a class struggle.
  • Condo construction results, with some residents unable to afford to remain in the city.
  • Gentrification revitalizes cities by boosting growth.
  • Gentrification is a critical social practice responding to the city's post-WWII modernist development planning and growth boosterism.
  • Gentrification saves cities from decay.
  • Ruth Glass coined the term gentrification in 1964 to describe the demographic process of replacing working-class residents with middle and upper-class residents and the spatial transformation of rental units and rooming houses into larger single homes.
  • Rent gap is element, cycle of disinvestment (investors move to a new era going through economic boom) and reinvestment (rent goes low, incentivizing reinvestment)

Three-Step Process of Gentrification

  • Stage 1: Disinvestment, decay, and abandonment occur, leading to more people moving out and decreased property values.
  • Stage 2: New residents, often artists or counter-culture individuals (bohemians), bring artistic value, making the location attractive.
  • Stage 3: More risk-averse groups, such as students and young professionals (yuppies), move in, seeking opportunities in the inner city.
  • Stage 4: More risk-averse developers, middle and upper class, appear.

Process of Gentrification

  • Rent increases are typically capped for the duration of the tenancy.
  • Converting residential apartments into condos is part of the process.
  • Commercial displacement occurs: businesses struggle with higher rent or shifting patron base
  • Residential displacement results from gentrification displacing low-income residents in favor of high-income residents, as they cannot compete with the middle class, following the bid rent theory with the highest profit margin wins.

Gentrified Neighborhoods in Toronto

Little Portugal

  • Little Portugal became vibrant in the 1960s with mass migration and compact land use, transportation, and ethnic businesses.
  • Business Improvement Areas BIAs, are often run by a board of directors that are entrepreneurs, business owners or developers, make decisions in favor of their own programs of establishing businesses and amenities, government reinvests taxes for the BIA back into the neighborhood.
  • Compact land development concentrates businesses near transportation options.
  • Neighborhoods in transition are a characteristic.
  • Housing demand increases, leading to price increases and loss of affordable housing.
  • The east side of Little Portugal has eviction rates more than three times higher than the city's average.
  • Non-Portuguese businesses have emerged, with two starting in 2003, including bar-based restaurants, apparel stores, and art galleries.
  • Portuguese entrepreneurs reside in Toronto's western suburbs and commute to Little Portugal.
  • Owners of Portuguese and non-Portuguese businesses may live in different residential areas.
  • Property development has been limited, and businesses have been affected by rising rental prices.

South Parkdale

  • Middle-class flight and disinvestment resulted from the construction of the Gardiner Expressway from 1955-1964, which demolished homes.
  • Closing of psychiatric facilities led to deinstitutionalization of psychiatric patients from the 1970s.
  • South Parkdale became attractive for gentrification due to spacious houses and transportation.
  • Modern planning entails highway construction requiring old structures to be removed.
  • Newer residents have not been welcomed.
  • Tension exists between low-income tenant advocates and the South Parkdale Residents' Association (SPRA).
  • High concentrations of single people are considered unhealthy, while family concentrations are considered healthy.

Liberty Village

  • In the 1970s, artists moved into the area, using abandoned factories and warehouses for live/work studios
  • Became subject to real estate speculation in the 1990s.
  • The city of Toronto deregulated land use and rezoned from industrial to mixed commercial/residential in 1994.
  • High eviction rates are occurring, with low-income residents primarily impacted.

Harm Caused by Gentrification

  • There are questions on morality when residents are forced to leave neighborhoods due to gentrification
  • Friedrich Von Hayek argues gentrification isn't a problem but a consequence of market-based principles.
  • Hayek opposes public housing, emphasizing free market allocation and individual decision-making regarding location based on affordability and commuting preferences.

Freedom of Choice

  • People sort themselves into neighborhoods based on their ability to pay.
  • Hayek opposes public housing, since subsidizing houses in the city increases demand.

Egalitarianism

  • Ensuring a decent quality of life for everyone is needed, regardless of gender, race, background, or orientation, according to the sufficientarian approach.
  • Luck egalitarianism finds inequality from bad luck morally problematic.
  • The thought is that we are more responsible for choices over the outcomes
  • Expensive taste is a descriptor for how equal resource distribution may not secure well-being.
  • THREE CONVERGE proposed selling homes in gentrified neighborhoods at market value for affordable housing elsewhere.
  • Merit goods

Community Values

  • Community and place attachments influence individual preferences.
  • The neighborhood identity is often lost.
  • The loss of cultural history from trans-historical groups.
  • Long-term residents feel alien in their own neighborhoods.

Division and Uniformity

  • Shopping malls, automobiles, and supermarkets make mom-and-pop stores obsolete and entire commercial streets abandoned.
  • Gentrified neighborhoods have greater income polarization and economic inequality
  • Declining social mix, ethnic diversity, and immigrant concentrations are apparent within affected neighborhoods.

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Lecture Notes on Gentrification PDF

Description

Explore the transformation of Liberty Village and South Parkdale, focusing on factors like artistic appeal, policy changes, and economic shifts. Understand the impacts of development, gentrification, and demographic changes on these Toronto neighborhoods.

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