Liberalism in International Relations
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Questions and Answers

What is a key question posed by Liberalism regarding international relations?

  • What role does nationalism play in state conflict?
  • Under what conditions can states coexist peacefully? (correct)
  • How can states best manage their military alliances?
  • Which states are most likely to initiate warfare?

    • In the context of Liberalism, what is the significance of international regimes?

  • They help unify conflicting interests through a set of shared rules and norms. (correct)
  • They operate independently of state interests and goals.
  • They solely focus on military alliances between states.
  • They establish strict protocols that limit state's autonomy.

    • What main factor does Liberalism argue contributes the most to global peace?

  • Increased military expenditure.
  • Free trade among states and individuals. (correct)
  • National sovereignty above all.
  • Isolationism of states.

    • Which of the following best describes the Liberal perspective on human nature?

    <p>Human beings possess a good nature that favors cooperation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Liberalism propose to address the security dilemma among states?

    <p>Promoting transparency and disarmament discussions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is viewed as the relationship between the individual and the group in Liberalism?

    <p>The good of the individual is intrinsically linked to the good of the group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which way does Liberalism differ from Realism regarding the analysis of actors?

    <p>Liberalism includes both state and non-state actors in its analysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Liberalism propose about managing the interstate arms race?

    <p>States should promote disarmament and avoid secret treaties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do poststructuralists primarily seek to challenge in the context of accepted beliefs?

    <p>The dominance and power of specific actors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does poststructuralism view the role of knowledge in society?

    <p>As a construct influenced by the power of specific actors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism do poststructuralists identify as crucial for establishing accepted truths?

    <p>The manipulation of discourse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the strength of dominant discourses according to poststructuralism?

    <p>Their capability to marginalize alternative viewpoints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept illustrates the differing levels of sympathy for victims in various conflicts?

    <p>Hierarchical grief</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which events exemplify the concept of hierarchical grief as discussed by poststructuralists?

    <p>Terrorist attacks in Paris and Nice compared to those in Beirut and Baghdad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the suggested first steps to address problems in international relations according to poststructuralism?

    <p>Deconstructing existing knowledge and beliefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action is NOT part of the poststructuralist approach to problem-solving?

    <p>Creating more powerful narratives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do poststructuralists perceive the relationship between discourse and truth?

    <p>Discourse shapes and controls what becomes accepted as truth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of adhering strictly to dominant discourses?

    <p>Restricting thoughts outside the established norms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle does the regime of collective security embody?

    <p>The security of one state is viewed as the security of all.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is guaranteed to non-nuclear weapons states as per the Non-Proliferation Treaty?

    <p>Access to civilian nuclear technology and energy development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In contrast to Realism, Neo-liberalism suggests that cooperation is possible due to what?

    <p>The existence of international regimes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does absolute gain refer to in the context of Neo-liberalism?

    <p>The total benefits regardless of other states' gains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group primarily creates and maintains international regimes according to Neo-liberalism?

    <p>Great powers, especially the hegemon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to international regimes when a hegemon loses its position, according to Neo-liberalism?

    <p>They transform but do not disappear.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of gain emphasizes the importance of a state's position relative to others?

    <p>Relative gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approach does the Non-Proliferation Treaty mandate from nuclear weapon states?

    <p>Movement toward eventual disarmament.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best reflects the main theme of collective security?

    <p>Collective responses to aggression rely on mutual assurance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of Neo-liberalism, what is a primary characteristic of the anarchic international system?

    <p>Cooperation remains possible despite the lack of overarching authority.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Neo-Functionalism in the context of state cooperation?

    <p>The need for political decisions from elites is critical for integration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Constructivism, what role does identity play in shaping states' interests?

    <p>Interests are shaped over time through interactions with 'Self' and 'Other'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the theory of Functionalism suggest about incremental success in cooperation?

    <p>It demonstrates to governments the benefits and encourages further collaboration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of Constructivism, how do actors utilize language?

    <p>Actors use language to either construct a cooperative or conflictual reality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does positive identification with the 'Other' signify in terms of interest perception?

    <p>The interests of the 'Other' are recognized as aligned with one's own.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Neo-Liberalism suggest about state cooperation?

    <p>States benefit from established norms and regimes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which version of the Democratic Peace Theory states democracies tend to be more peaceful than non-democracies?

    <p>Monadic Version</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What level of analysis is associated with managing the arms race and promoting disarmament among states?

    <p>Interstate Level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a way to promote peace according to the content?

    <p>Encouraging unilateral actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does functionalism seek to address in international relations?

    <p>Technical problems faced by societies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What assumption does Neo-Liberalism reject regarding enforcement of compliance?

    <p>Only a superpower can enforce compliance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level focuses on reducing leaders' misperceptions in peace processes?

    <p>Individual Level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario are states expected to continue cooperating despite the rise of a new power like China?

    <p>Due to the established norms and regimes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary benefit of international regimes for states?

    <p>Increased stability in various domains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach seeks to enhance cooperation among states that have had historical conflicts?

    <p>Functionalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Liberalism

    • The main question of Liberalism: Why do wars happen? How can we avoid security dilemma and Prisoner’s dilemma?
    • The good nature of human beings: Cooperation and harmony are possible
    • The good of the individual is linked to the good of the group: Collective benefit
    • Key actors in Liberalism: States, non-governmental organizations, multinational corporations, individuals
    • Global Level (Liberalism) : Free Trade among states, individuals, and multinational corporations make the world more peaceful.
    • Interstate Level (Liberalism): Increase dependence and integration among states; Manage arms race and disarmament; No secret treaties; International regimes and institutions.
    • State/Domestic Level (Liberalism): Better governments; Democratic Peace Theory
    • Individual Level (Liberalism): Reducing leaders’ misperception and misunderstanding by working on ways of communication.

    International Regimes

    • International Regimes are sets of principles, rules, norms, and procedures
    • International regimes are like used car dealerships: Bringing different parties together with conflicting interests to reach an agreement

    Poststructuralism

    • Poststructuralism questions how certain accepted ‘facts’ and ‘beliefs’ reinforce the dominance and power of particular actors.
    • Poststructuralists argue that ‘knowledge’ is accepted as such due to the power and prominence of certain actors in society.
    • Discourse (communications) is used to manipulate information into unquestionable truth
    • Dominant discourses shut out other options, making it difficult to think outside those realms.
    • Poststructuralists say the first step to solving international relations problems is to deconstruct what we know about those problems: reevaluate facts, recognize silenced discourses, find solutions.

    Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime

    • States without nuclear weapons as of 1967 agree not to acquire them.
    • Non-nuclear states are guaranteed access to civilian nuclear technology and energy development.
    • Nuclear weapon states agree to not assist other states in acquiring nuclear weapons and to move toward disarmament.

    Neo-Liberalism

    • The international system is anarchic.
    • States are the main actors.
    • Cooperation is still possible through international regimes.

    Neo-Liberalism vs Realism

    • States care more about absolute gains rather than relative gains: benefits for everyone, not just relative to other states.
    • Great powers, particularly the hegemon, create, maintain, and uphold international regimes and norms.
    • International regimes transform during hegemon transitions, but do not disappear.

    Functionalism

    • Technical problems facing societies require solutions, including those involving other countries.
    • Addressing technical, non-political problems fosters cooperation between states.
    • Success in small steps demonstrates the benefits of cooperation, leading to more collaboration.
    • Gradual movement from small-scale cooperation to larger initiatives.

    Constructivism

    • Actors with agency (ability to choose) shape the world.
    • The world is constructed via interactions and language where both ideational and material factors are important.
    • Actors can build a conflictual world or a cooperative world.
    • Change is possible, but usually does not happen quickly.

    Self vs Other

    • The identity of the Self is developed through interactions with the Other.
    • Negative identification: Seeing the Other as a threat.
    • Positive identification: Seeing the Other's interest as our own.

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    Explore the core principles of Liberalism in international relations, including the nature of human cooperation and the roles of various actors such as states and NGOs. Understand how these principles apply to global trade, arms management, and the Democrat Peace Theory at multiple levels of analysis.

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