Theories of International Relations - Liberalism
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Questions and Answers

What is the core belief that underpins liberalism?

Progress.

List two historical revolutions that contributed to the emergence of liberalism.

The Scientific Revolution and the Industrial Revolution.

How do liberalists define the state differently compared to realists?

Liberalists see the state as a Rechtsstaat, a constitutional entity focused on rules and rights, rather than a Machtstaat, a concentration of power.

What role do basic freedoms, democracy, and economic development play in sustaining progress in liberalism?

<p>They are essential for the long-term sustainability of progress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What led to the development of utopian liberalism after WWI?

<p>It was developed to prevent the repetition of conflicts caused by militarized non-democratic powers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one philosopher who inspired liberalism and describe their contribution.

<p>John Locke; he emphasized property rights and the rule of law.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do liberalists believe mutually beneficial cooperation can be achieved between states?

<p>Through reason and the recognition of common interests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the effect of the alliance system during WWI according to liberalist thought?

<p>It created an inevitable clash between the Entente and Alliance blocks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the core assumption of Republican Liberalism regarding liberal democracies?

<p>Liberal democracies are more peaceful and law abiding than other political systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the three conditions necessary for achieving liberal peace.

<p>Democratic norms of peaceful conflict resolution, peaceful relations between states, and economic cooperation and interdependence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What two elements contributed to peace according to Hegre, Bernhard, and Teorell (2020)?

<p>Social accountability and vertical accountability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concerns exist about the relationship between democracy and peace following the Cold War?

<p>Widespread democratic backsliding and the rise of aggressive narratives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Interdependence Liberalism, what is considered more critical than natural resources for state success?

<p>The ability to provide wealth through trade and international cooperation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has the perception of international relations changed since the post-war decades?

<p>International relations is viewed as less anarchic and more structured through complex institutional layers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do citizens play in a democracy concerning war, according to Republican Liberalism?

<p>Citizens are the ones who fight and die in wars, so if they can vote, they will choose not to fight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'reverse U curve' in the context of democratization?

<p>It refers to the phenomena where the process of democratization can lead to unstable intermediate regimes that are aggressive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major flaw of Utopian liberalism during its implementation?

<p>Refusal to keep up with obligations and a lack of effective mechanisms to control military buildup.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does modern liberalism differ from realism in its view of states?

<p>Modern liberalism sees states as interconnected and influenced by non-state actors, unlike realism which views them as independent entities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of Sociological Liberalism?

<p>Sociological Liberalism emphasizes transnational relations and the interactions between individuals across state borders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify one primary goal of Sociological Liberalism regarding state interaction.

<p>To make state interaction more human, reducing government involvement and emphasizing cooperation between national communities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do non-state actors play in Sociological Liberalism?

<p>Non-state actors are seen as important players in the international arena, facilitating cooperation and promoting human rights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did democratic countries struggle before World War I despite having democratic structures?

<p>They lacked effective structures for international cooperation that could prevent conflicts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two levels of focus in Modern Liberalism?

<p>The nation-state level and the systemic level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the ultimate outcome of Utopian liberalism?

<p>It did not succeed in establishing lasting peace or cooperation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of iterated interactions in institutional liberalism?

<p>Iterated interactions refer to the idea that states are more likely to cooperate if they expect to engage with each other repeatedly over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does collective security function in the context of institutional liberalism?

<p>Collective security functions by treating an attack on one member as an attack on all, which deters potential aggressors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do international institutions play in dispute resolution?

<p>International institutions provide mechanisms for resolving disputes through legal and diplomatic channels, reducing the likelihood of war.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does interdependence refer to in the context of institutional liberalism?

<p>Interdependence refers to the growing mutual reliance among states, particularly in economic matters, which institutions help manage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three elements that define the depth of international institutions?

<p>The three elements are commonality, specificity, and autonomy, which determine the degree of shared norms, rule clarity, and institutional adaptability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the UN exemplify varying levels of institutionalization?

<p>The UN's institutionalization level can be assessed through the scope of its issues, the depth of shared norms, specificity of rules, and autonomy in rule changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary critique of liberalism according to neorealism?

<p>A primary critique is that realism challenges the liberal understanding of human nature, suggesting that both perspectives overlook its complexity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are international institutions not viewed as mere 'paper scraps'?

<p>International institutions deliver tangible improvements and foster cooperation among states, thus proving their relevance and effectiveness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Theories of International Relations - Liberalism

  • Liberalism presents a different view of human nature and social life compared to realism.
  • Humans are competitive and self-interested, but also capable of reason and cooperation.
  • Shared interests foster collaboration and cooperation, both domestically and internationally.
  • Conflicts and wars are not inevitable.
  • Mutual cooperation between states is the norm when guided by reason.
  • Progress stems from the scientific and industrial revolutions and modernization.
  • Basic freedoms, democracy, and economic development are necessary for sustained progress.

Liberalism - Inspirers and State Views

  • Key figures include Locke (property and rule of law), Bentham (utilitarianism), and Kant (perpetual peace through international union).
  • A contrasting view of the state: Machtstaat (concentration of power – Hobbesian) and Rechtsstaat (constitutional entity focused on rules and rights).

Utopian Liberalism

  • Developed after WWI to prevent history from repeating.
  • Issues: Cynical calculus of non-democratic powers, lack of information and accountability of people in power preventing them from removing those leaders, and a rigid alliance system leading to conflicts.
  • Proposed solutions include free trade agreements, international treaties, and the establishment of the Society of Nations.
  • Critical assessment: Utopian Liberalism failed to prevent World War II because of a lack of adherence to agreements, widespread hypocrisy, and distrust in democracy.

Modern Liberalism

  • Tied to the Industrial Revolution, constitutional democracies, and advances in mobility and communication.
  • States aren't independent entities; complex interconnectedness is evident.
  • Four main schools: sociological, republican, interdependence, and institutional.

Sociological Liberalism

  • Focuses on transnational relations.
  • State-level interactions are less crucial compared to interactions among individuals across borders.
  • Shifts paradigm from billiard balls colliding to a network of interactions.

Republican Liberalism

  • Core assumption: Liberal democracies are more peaceful and law-abiding than other political systems.
  • Democracy prioritizes peaceful conflict resolution.
  • Democratic norms, peaceful relations, and economic cooperation are crucial for peace.

Interdependence Liberalism

  • International system involves complex institutions, beyond just states.
  • Successful states are those that foster wealth via trade and international cooperation; avoiding war benefits states economically.
  • There are now international structures, and cooperation takes many forms beyond military alliances.

Institutional Liberalism

  • Iterated interactions (repeated interactions leading to cooperation).
  • Collective security (attack on one considered attack on all).
  • Dispute resolution (peaceful mechanisms).
  • Interdependence (reliance among states encourages cooperation).

Criticisms of Liberalism by Neorealists

  • Human nature is complex and poorly understood.
  • Institutions are tools for egoistic state interests.
  • History does not always progress.
  • States use interdependence and institutions to assert hegemony.

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Explore the principles of Liberalism in international relations, focusing on human nature, cooperation, and the role of key philosophers. Understand how shared interests can lead to mutual collaboration and the importance of democratic freedoms for progress. This quiz covers various perspectives on the state and highlights major thinkers who have influenced Liberal thought.

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