Lexical Morphology Quiz 06
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Questions and Answers

What is the process of converting an existing word from one part of speech to another without adding any morphemes called?

  • Inflection
  • Compounding
  • Derivation
  • Conversion (correct)

Which of the following is NOT an example of conversion or zero derivation in Modern English?

  • a call
  • a kingdom (correct)
  • to better
  • to bottle

What is a primary reason why conversion is more common and productive in Modern English, compared to languages like German or Russian?

  • Modern English is a more agglutinative language compared to German or Russian.
  • Modern English has a more complex system of verb conjugation than German or Russian.
  • Modern English is a more analytic language than German or Russian, where word-class membership is less dependent on morphological marking. (correct)
  • Modern English has more morphemes than German or Russian.

Which of the following is a diachronic change in English related to word formation?

<p>The decline of inflectional morphology in Modern English (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the morphological status of the word "lord" in Modern English, based on the context of the content provided?

<p>Single morpheme (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the example of "cnihthd" becoming "knight-hood", what is the diachronic change specifically affecting the process of word formation?

<p>A change from compounding to suffixation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main point made in the text about the open word classes in Modern English?

<p>The open word classes are more flexible than in other languages due to the reduced significance of morphology in marking word class membership. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the content, which of these words is a potential example of conversion in Shakespeare's writing?

<p>necessity (A), kingdom (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following words is an example of conversion (zero derivation)?

<p>Boycott (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes conversion from other word-formation processes?

<p>Conversion involves changing the grammatical category of an existing word without adding morphemes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples illustrates non-morphemic word-formation?

<p>Blog (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why non-morphemic word-formation is considered rarer than other word-formation processes?

<p>Non-morphemic word-formation is often subjective and subject to individual preferences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between coinage and conversion?

<p>Coinage involves creating a new word from a proper noun, while conversion involves creating a new word from a common noun. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of backformation?

<p>to bike ← bicycle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between backformation and clipping?

<p>Backformation is based on a perceived earlier form of a word, while clipping is based on shortening an existing word. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential problem with backformation in a synchronic framework?

<p>It can be difficult to distinguish from other types of word formation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of clipping?

<p>It always creates words that are grammatically correct. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between the 'restored base' in backformation and the original word?

<p>The restored base is a hypothetical word, while the original word is a real word. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following words is NOT an example of a blend?

<p>laser (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of blends?

<p>They often have a meaning related to 'mixture' or 'something in between'. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Brexit' exemplify?

<p>The productivity of splinters from blends. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an acronym?

<p>NATO (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of alphabetism?

<p>Pronouncing each letter of the abbreviation separately. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences the creation of words?

<p>The number of entries in the Oxford English Dictionary. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information provided, what is the best estimate for the vocabulary of an average 20-year-old native speaker of American English?

<p>42,000 lemmas and 4,200 non-transparent multiword expressions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided text, what is the primary focus of Lexicology?

<p>The study of the vocabulary of a language. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between compounding and univerbation?

<p>Compounding is a systematic word-formation process, while univerbation is an unsystematic process of combining words together. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following words are examples of univerbation?

<p>anything, has-been, hereby, jack-o’-lantern (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between the German compound words Rind-fleisch, Rind-s-leder and Rind-er-braten?

<p>They are all formed using the same root word, but they have different suffixes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of linking elements in compounding, as seen in the examples from German?

<p>To indicate a grammatical relationship between the two words, such as a possessive or genitive case. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a correct example of a compound word in French?

<p>sans papier (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of compounding?

<p>nevertheless (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are compounding and univerbation related?

<p>Compounding and univerbation are both ways of creating new words. (A), Compounding and univerbation are both based on the combination of existing words. (B), Compounding is a more formal process than univerbation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following languages uses linking elements in compounding?

<p>German (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Compounding

The process of creating new words by combining two or more existing words.

Examples of Compounding

Common compounds from various languages like 'swordfish' in English and 'sans-papier' in French.

Phonological Linking Elements

Sound elements used in some languages to connect words in compounds.

Univerbation

The spontaneous merging of words or phrases into a single lexeme.

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Examples of Univerbation

Common phrases like 'nevertheless' and 'mother-in-law' that have become single words.

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Compounding vs Univerbation

Compounding is systematic, while univerbation happens spontaneously.

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Lexical Morphology

The study of how words are formed and their meanings in a language.

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Cultural Variations in Compounding

Different languages have unique ways of forming compounds, seen in phrases like 'lava-platos' in Spanish.

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Sound Sequence Representation

A sound sequence can represent nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, or prepositions.

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Conversion (Zero Derivation)

A word changes its category without altering its form, such as from noun to verb.

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Coinage (Eponymy)

Creating a new word by using the name of a person, place, or brand as a lexeme.

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Non-Morphemic Word-Formation

Creating words using patterns that disregard existing morphemic structures.

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Morphemic vs Non-Morphemic Patterns

Morphemic patterns follow existing word structures while non-morphemic do not.

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Morphological Status

The category of a word based on its structure and function in language.

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Suffixation

Adding an affix at the end of a word to change its meaning.

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Zero Derivation

Changing a word's grammatical category without altering its form.

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Historical Linguistics

The study of how languages change over time.

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Grammatical Categories

Classes of words categorized by tense, mood, aspect, etc.

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Conversion Examples

Instances where a word shifts from one part of speech to another.

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Blending

Combining parts of two words to create a new one, e.g. 'brunch'.

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Semantic Meaning of Blends

Blends often signify a mixture or something between two concepts.

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Workaholic

A blend of 'work' and 'alcoholic', indicating an obsession with work.

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Acronymy

A type of abbreviation where initials are pronounced as a word, e.g. 'NATO'.

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Alphabetism

An abbreviation pronounced letter by letter, such as 'FBI'.

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Word-manufacture

Creating a new word that has no prior basis, like 'Kodak'.

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English Vocabulary Size

The Oxford English Dictionary has over 600,000 entries.

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Average Vocabulary Knowledge

An average 20-year-old knows around 42,000 lemmas.

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Backformation

Creation of a new word by assuming an earlier derivation.

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Examples of Backformation

Words like 'burgle' from 'burglar' and 'baby-sit' from 'baby-sitter'.

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Clipping

Cutting away parts of a word to create a shorter form.

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Clipped Words Examples

Common clipped terms include 'gym' from 'gymnasium' and 'flu' from 'influenza'.

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Clipping and Semantics

Clipped forms often start as informal, becoming neutral over time.

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Study Notes

Lexical Morphology

  • Compounding is common in many languages
  • Example: German (Haut-Mikrobiom-freundlich), French (sans-papier), Italian (pesce-spada), Spanish (lava-platos), Japanese (man-ga)
  • Some languages use linking elements when compounding (e.g. German)
  • Compound formation can be difficult to predict in some cases
  • Compounding differs from univerbation (a less systematic combining of phrases)
  • Univerbation is a spontaneous process, not as predictable
  • Conversion (zero derivation) allows for change of words from one part of speech to another directly, which is more common in English compared to other languages.
  • E.g., noun to verb (bottle → to bottle)
  • Coinage/eponymy changes names of individuals/brands to normal lexemes (Boycott → boycott, Lynch → lynch)
  • This conversion sometimes happens by sound/word blending.

Non-morphemic word formation

  • In expanding vocabulary, speakers sometimes misinterpret existing morphemic structures
  • Non-morphemic types of word formation might be more associated with certain stylistic levels or semantic domains. It's often more unpredictable
  • It's normally less common than other morphemic processes

Backformation

  • Backformation creates new words by reversing an assumed process (to baby-sit ← baby-sitter, burgle ← burglar)
  • The presumed base word may not previously exist
  • Determining the original formation can be challenging

Clipping

  • Clipping is shortening words by removing sounds (e.g., exam → "exam", bus → "bus").
  • Phonological forms can change after clipping.
  • These shortened forms initially act as a less formal equivalent of the full word but may over time become general usage.

Blending

  • Blending combines parts of words in a creative way (e.g., brunch, kidult, smog)
  • Words are typically blended by combining sounds from more than one original word.
  • These blends are sometimes used as productive morphemes themselves.

Acronymy

  • Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of a phrase (e.g., LOL, AIDS, NATO, CARE, FBI)

Alphabetism

  • Alphabetism is an abbreviation pronounced letter by letter (e.g., CIA, FBI, UN)

Word Manufacture

  • Creates new words without a clear basis in existing vocabulary
  • While sometimes involving elaborate spelling, the word must typically follow language's phonotactics. Speakers' perceptions are affected by associations and sound symbolism.

Lexicology

  • Oxford English Dictionary (OED) has more than 600,000 entries
  • Defining vocabularies for language learners vary from 2,000 to 3,000 words
  • Native English speakers usually know about 42,000 lemmas, and 11,100 word families that become several more expressions.

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TS 06 Morphology - Lexicology PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on lexical morphology, including concepts like compounding, conversion, and non-morphemic word formation. This quiz explores how different languages handle word formation and the nuances of creating new lexemes. Dive into the fascinating processes that shape our vocabulary!

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