⁨⁨⁨⁨⁨⁨أسئلة المحاضرة السابعة أورام باطنة الدلتا ⁩⁩⁩⁩⁩⁩
63 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the most common form of lymphadenopathy in Hodgkin's lymphoma?

  • Mediastinal enlargement
  • Axillary enlargement
  • Cervical enlargement (correct)
  • Inguinal enlargement

Which of the following symptoms is NOT considered a B symptom of Hodgkin's lymphoma?

  • Intermittent fever
  • Peripheral lymph node enlargement (correct)
  • Night sweats
  • Weight loss greater than 10%

In which age group is Hodgkin's lymphoma most commonly diagnosed?

  • Adults (18-30 years)
  • Infants
  • Children (5-15 years) (correct)
  • Toddler age (1-4 years)

What percentage of patients experience itching as a symptom?

<p>15-25% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential CNS manifestation of lymphoma?

<p>Intra-cranial infiltration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the lymph nodes in Hodgkin's lymphoma?

<p>Rubbery and painless (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the shape and echogenicity of lymph nodes in lymphoma on ultrasound?

<p>Round and hypoechoic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant sign of hepatomegaly in Hodgkin's lymphoma?

<p>Obstructive jaundice (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most significant finding in a lymph node biopsy for diagnosing Hodgkin’s disease?

<p>Presence of Reed-Sternberg giant cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which virus has been theorized to be related to Hodgkin's lymphoma?

<p>Epstein-Barr Virus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with jaundice in lymphoma patients?

<p>Chronic fatigue syndrome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sex ratio (males to females) commonly observed in Hodgkin's lymphoma?

<p>3:1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a prognosis of lymphocyte depletion type of Hodgkin’s disease indicate?

<p>Worst prognosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common clinical manifestation in advanced stages of Hodgkin's lymphoma?

<p>Splenomegaly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What biochemical abnormality is considered a CNS manifestation of lymphoma?

<p>Decreased sodium levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding the size of lymph nodes in lymphoma is correct?

<p>Lymph nodes in lymphoma tend to be larger in size. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging technique is used primarily for detecting mediastinal lymph nodes or lung disease?

<p>Plain X-ray chest (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hematologic condition is indicated by a complete blood picture in lymph nodes involvement?

<p>Anaemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following biochemical changes indicates active disease?

<p>Increased serum copper level (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a low-risk category for lymphoma?

<p>Stage I or II without B symptoms or bulky disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Ann Arbor classification, what does Stage I represent?

<p>Single lymph node region or single extra-lymphatic organ involvement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group is classified as high risk for lymphoma?

<p>Stage IIIB and IVB (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a feature of Stage III in the Ann Arbor classification?

<p>Localized involvement of a single organ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor suggests a good prognosis in lymphoma patients?

<p>Female gender (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is assessed during a bone marrow exam in relation to lymphatic conditions?

<p>B.M infiltration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended chemotherapy protocol for intermediate risk lymphoma patients?

<p>6 cycles + IFRT (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following biochemical markers is associated with active lymphatic disease?

<p>Increased serum lactic dehydrogenase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common clinical presentation of Burkitt lymphoma?

<p>Abdominal mass (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which additional staging category signifies the absence or presence of systemic symptoms?

<p>Ann Arbor A/B classification (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic method is primarily used to differentiate Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma from leukemia?

<p>Bone marrow examination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT typically associated with lymphoma progression?

<p>Persistent fever (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of radiotherapy in the treatment of lymphoma?

<p>For intermediate and high-risk patients (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant indication of good prognosis in lymphoma patients?

<p>Early good response to treatment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following treatments is standard for high-risk lymphoma patients?

<p>8 cycles of chemotherapy + IFRT (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is commonly associated with Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

<p>Painless lymph node enlargement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common clinical presentation of Burkitt lymphoma?

<p>Abdominal mass (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the treatment of lymphoma, which option includes the ABVD protocol?

<p>4 cycles + IFRT for low risk (B), 6 cycles + IFRT for intermediate risk (C), 8 cycles for high risk (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method is primarily used to differentiate Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma from leukemia?

<p>Bone marrow examination (A), Lymph node biopsy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary indication of hepatic involvement in a lymphoma patient presenting with jaundice?

<p>Enlarged lymph nodes in the porta hepatis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the echogenicity of lymph nodes in lymphoma on an ultrasound evaluation?

<p>Hypoechoic without echogenic hilus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is associated with lymph node biopsies for diagnosing lymphoma?

<p>Histopathological features (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unique histopathological finding is diagnostic for Hodgkin’s disease when examining a lymph node biopsy?

<p>Presence of Reed-Sternberg giant cells surrounded by benign inflammatory cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which CNS manifestation associated with lymphoma is characterized by metabolic changes?

<p>Metabolic abnormalities like increased calcium and decreased sodium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identifying the shape of lymph nodes that are characteristic of lymphoma is crucial. What is this shape?

<p>Round in shape (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What biochemical abnormalities could indicate a CNS manifestation of lymphoma?

<p>Increased calcium and decreased sodium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hematologic condition is characterized by bone marrow suppression or infiltration in lymphoma patients?

<p>Immune thrombocytopenia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Among the types of Hodgkin’s disease, which one is associated with the best prognosis?

<p>Lymphocyte predominance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging technique is NOT typically used for detecting mediastinal lymph nodes or lung disease?

<p>Abdominal ultrasound (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What biochemical marker indicates an active disease state in lymphoma?

<p>↑ Serum lactic dehydrogenase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage in the Ann Arbor classification indicates the involvement of lymph nodes on both sides of the diaphragm?

<p>Stage III (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common hematologic finding associated with lymphoma?

<p>Thrombocytosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Ann Arbor classification, what additional features can be assigned to each stage?

<p>A or B based on systemic symptoms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT accurately describe Stage IV in the Ann Arbor classification?

<p>Involvement is confined to lymph nodes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily assessed through a bone marrow examination in the context of lymphoma?

<p>Bone marrow infiltration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following biochemical changes is typically NOT associated with active lymphoma disease?

<p>↑ Serum albumin level (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sex ratio observed in Hodgkin’s lymphoma occurrences?

<p>3:1 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is commonly associated with B symptoms in Hodgkin's lymphoma?

<p>Intermittent fever (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unique characteristic distinguishes lymph nodes in Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

<p>Rubbery and painless (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which clinical sign indicates at least stage III of Hodgkin's lymphoma?

<p>Splenomegaly (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) in relation to Hodgkin's lymphoma?

<p>It is theorized to be related to the disease. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of lymphadenopathy is most prevalent in Hodgkin's lymphoma cases?

<p>Cervical lymphadenopathy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors contributes to obstructive jaundice in Hodgkin's lymphoma?

<p>Enlarged lymph nodes at the porta hepatis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the mediastinal syndrome in Hodgkin's lymphoma?

<p>Presents with mediastinal lymph node enlargement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Lymphoma

A type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system, the body's network of vessels and tissues that help fight infection.

Peripheral Lymphadenopathy

Most common presentation of Hodgkin's lymphoma, characterized by painless, rubbery enlargement of lymph nodes in the neck, armpits, or groin.

Bulky Mediastinal Mass

A symptom in Hodgkin's lymphoma where a large mass of lymph nodes (≥ 6cm) is present in the chest, potentially causing breathing problems.

Mediastinal Syndrome

Enlarged lymph nodes in the chest area, frequently seen in Hodgkin's lymphoma, which can cause breathing problems.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Splenomegaly

An abnormal enlargement of the spleen, a vital organ involved in the immune system, seen in Hodgkin's lymphoma, often indicating a more advanced stage.

Signup and view all the flashcards

B Symptoms

Symptoms often accompanying Hodgkin's lymphoma, including fever, night sweats, and unexplained weight loss.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hodgkin's Lymphoma

A type of lymphoma that is more common in children, named after Dr. Thomas Hodgkin who first described it.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

A large group of lymphomas that are not Hodgkin's lymphoma and are more common in children (also known as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Itching in Lymphoma

A common symptom in 15-25% of lymphoma patients, often appearing in the advanced stages. It can indicate the presence of B-symptoms and may return during relapses.

Signup and view all the flashcards

CNS Manifestation in Lymphoma

A symptom of lymphoma that affects the central nervous system (CNS). It can occur due to various reasons, including infiltration, metabolic changes, infections, chemotherapy-related side effects, or paraneoplastic manifestations.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Jaundice in Lymphoma

A key symptom of lymphoma involving the liver. It can be caused by various reasons including direct liver involvement, hemolytic anemia, viral or toxoplasma infection, and enlarged lymph nodes in the liver area.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hematologic Manifestations in Lymphoma

A category of lymphoma symptoms related to blood cells and the immune system.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ultrasound Evaluation of Lymph Nodes in Lymphoma

A key diagnostic tool for lymphoma. It involves using ultrasound to evaluate the size, shape, borders, and echogenicity of lymph nodes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lymph Node Biopsy in Lymphoma

A crucial diagnostic procedure involving the removal of a sample of tissue from a lymph node. It is typically performed on a larger node as it is more likely to contain the pathology of the disease.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Reed-Sternberg Cells in Lymphoma

Giant cells found in Hodgkin's lymphoma, surrounded by other inflammatory cells. Their presence confirms the diagnosis of Hodgkin's disease.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Rye Classification of Hodgkin's Lymphoma

A classification system for Hodgkin's lymphoma based on the type of cells present in a biopsy. This classification helps predict the prognosis of the disease.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Abdominal Mass (Burkitt Lymphoma)

It is a clinical presentation in children with NHL where a mass in the abdomen is the most common symptom.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Peripheral LN Enlargement

A key symptom of NHL where the lymph nodes are enlarged and located in areas like the neck, armpits, and groin.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bone Marrow Examination (NHL)

A procedure used to examine the bone marrow to see if cancerous cells are present.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Peripheral Blood Exam (NHL)

A blood test to check for abnormalities in the blood cells, used to diagnose NHL.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hepatosplenomegaly (NHL)

A common symptom in many lymphomas, indicating an advanced stage of the disease and affecting the liver.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lymph Node Biopsy

A diagnostic procedure involving removing a small sample of lymph node tissue to be examined microscopically.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nodular Sclerosis

A type of lymphoma that is most common in adults and involves the lymph nodes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Plain X-ray Chest

An imaging technique that uses X-rays to create images of the chest, helping to detect mediastinal lymph node enlargement or lung abnormalities.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Abdominal Ultrasound

A non-invasive imaging technique that uses sound waves to create images of the abdomen, allowing for the visualization of organs and structures.

Signup and view all the flashcards

CT Scan

A detailed imaging technique that uses X-rays and computers to create cross-sectional images of the neck, chest, abdomen, and pelvis, providing a comprehensive view of organs and tissues.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Complete Blood Picture

A blood test that measures the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in the blood. It can help detect anemia (low red blood cells) or leukopenia (low white blood cells).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bone Marrow Exam

A procedure that involves taking a sample of bone marrow to examine it for signs of lymphoma infiltration.

Signup and view all the flashcards

ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate)

A blood test that measures the rate at which red blood cells settle to the bottom of a test tube. Elevated ESR is often seen in active lymphoma.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ann Arbor Classification

A system used to classify lymphoma based on the location and extent of the disease. Stage I involves a single lymph node or isolated extra-lymphatic site. Stage II involves multiple lymph node regions on the same side of the diaphragm. Stage III involves lymph node regions on both sides of the diaphragm or involvement of the spleen. Stage IV involves diffuse or disseminated involvement of extra-lymphatic organs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ultrasound Evaluation for Lymphoma

Ultrasound is a key diagnostic tool for lymphoma. It helps assess the size, shape, borders, and echogenicity of lymph nodes. Suspicious lymph nodes tend to be larger, round, well-defined, and hypoechoic without an echogenic hilus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Burkitt Lymphoma

A type of lymphoma that is more common in children and is characterized by fast-growing tumors, often in the abdomen. It's known for its rapid progression and sensitivity to chemotherapy.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Abdominal Mass (NHL)

The most common clinical presentation of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL) in children, usually a noticeable mass in the abdomen.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Peripheral Lymph Node Enlargement (NHL)

Enlargement of lymph nodes in the neck, armpits, and groin, often a key symptom in Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Level 4, Semester 7 Oncology (L7) Lymphoma

  • Lymphoma is a malignant disease of lymphatic tissues.
  • It is the third most common malignant disease in childhood.
  • Two main types: Hodgkin's lymphoma and Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). NHL is more common in children.

Hodgkin's Disease (Overview)

  • One type of malignant lymphoma.
  • Males are affected more than females (3:1 ratio).
  • Age range 5-15 years.
  • Originates from a single site.

Hodgkin's Disease (Etiology)

  • Cause currently unknown, but theories exist.
  • Possible link to Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection, which causes infectious mononucleosis.
  • High prevalence of EBV positivity associated with Hodgkin's Disease in certain regions (e.g., Iran, Greece, Kenya - 92-94%).

Clinical Picture of Lymphoma

  • Lymphadenopathy: Swelling of lymph nodes (most common presentation—90% of cases).
    • Cervical (60-80%)
    • Axillary (20%)
    • Inguinal (5%)
  • Characteristics of Lymph Nodes:
    • Rubbery consistency
    • Painless
    • Not tender
  • Mediastinal lymph node enlargement (60% of cases).
  • Nodal mass ≥ 6cm.
  • Mass/thoracic ratio ≥0.33.

Clinical Picture of Lymphoma (Other findings)

  • Splenomegaly: Spleen enlargement
  • Hepatomegaly: Liver enlargement
  • Bone marrow involvement: Bone marrow affected
  • B symptoms:
    • Intermittent fever
    • Night sweats
    • Weight loss (10% or more over the past 6 months).
  • Stage III or higher is associated with potential complications like:
    • Hepatomegaly and enlarged lymph nodes at the porta hepatis leading to obstructive jaundice.
    • Anemia due to reduced red blood cell count.
    • Bleeding due to reduced platelet count.
  • Itching, CNS manifestations, jaundice, or hematologic manifestations may also occur.

Lymphoma (Stages, Complications)

  • Stage of disease (III+) is associated with potential complications.
  • Various stages (I-IV) are defined based on location and spread of the disease. Using the Ann Arbor classification.

Diagnosis Procedures

  • Ultrasound grey scale evaluation of lymph nodes is important. Nodes in lymphoma tend to be larger than normal. Progressive enlargement on repeated scans is a strong indicator.
  • Lymph node biopsy: It is the most crucial diagnostic procedure.
  • Bone marrow examination (for differentiation from leukemia).
  • Peripheral blood examination.
  • Radiology studies (similar to Hodgkin's disease).

Treatment (Hodgkin's lymphoma)

  • Combinations of chemotherapy and radiation therapy are commonly employed,
    • Specific treatment regimens (e.g., COPADM protocol, ABVD protocol).
  • Autologous or allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (for recurrent or resistant cases).
  • Emergency situations (such as intestinal obstruction, SVC syndrome, or mediastinal syndrome) may require surgical intervention.

Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL)

  • Accounts for 60% of childhood lymphomas.
  • Males are affected more than females (2.5:1 ratio).
  • Multifocal origin.
  • Abdominal mass may be the most noticeable symptom.
  • Peripheral lymph node enlargement (usually firm, painless, non-tender).
  • Mediastinal lymph node enlargement (potentially causing a mediastinal syndrome).
  • Hepatosplenomegaly (enlarged spleen and liver).
  • Bone marrow infiltration possible. Symptoms like anemia, leukopenia, or thrombocytopenia.
  • Histopathology is crucial for diagnosis.

Risk stratification

  • Based on stage, presence of B symptoms and the presence of bulky disease.
  • Used to tailor treatment (e.g., Low risk, intermediate risk, High risk patients).

Prognosis

  • Prognosis varies depending on factors involved, including (age, type of lymphoma, stage of the disease, presence of B symptoms).
  • Good prognosis linked to Young age, Stages I or II, Female gender, and Lymphocytic predominance.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Lymphoma Notes PDF

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser