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Questions and Answers
What is the function of leukocytes in the immune response?
Which type of stem cell gives rise to granulocytes and monocytes?
What is the typical range for adult white blood cell (WBC) count?
Which of the following is NOT a determinant of the number of circulating leukocytes?
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During leukopoiesis, which pool involves division and maturation of precursor cells?
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How long does it take for a myeloblast to develop into a myelocyte?
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What is the average lifespan of neutrophils in the peripheral blood?
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Which cytokines are responsible for the growth and differentiation of neutrophils?
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Where is the storage pool of mature neutrophils located?
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Which of the following is NOT a stage in neutrophil development?
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What is the last step in the process of neutrophil phagocytosis and killing of a microbe?
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What is the main function of neutrophils in relation to undigested vacuole contents?
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Which type of granules in neutrophils contains proteins like myeloperoxidase, lysozyme, and collagenase?
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What is the main function of monocytes in immunity?
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Eosinophils release histaminase to:
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What is the main similarity between basophils and mast cells?
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Where do lymphocytes develop from?
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Which type of lymphocyte plays a key role in generating antigenic specificity?
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What is a likely cause of leukocytosis (>10.0 x 10^9/L)?
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What is a qualitative abnormality that can affect leukocytes?
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Which disorder can impact leukocyte structure and function?
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Study Notes
Leukocytes
- Developed from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow (BM)
- Go through differentiation and maturation before entering the circulation
- Classified based on morphology: polymorphonuclear (PMN) and mononuclear (MN)
Functions of Leukocytes
- Innate immunity: defend against infectious agents and foreign substances
- Adaptive immunity: participate in specific immune responses
Granulocytes
- Derived from granulocyte-monocyte progenitor (GMP) in BM
- Cytokines responsible for growth and differentiation: GM-CSF, IL-3, and G-CSF
- Stages of development: myeloblast, promyelocyte, myelocyte, metamyelocyte, band, and segmented neutrophil
- Average lifespan: 6-10 hours in peripheral blood, several days in tissues
Neutrophils
- First line of defense against foreign substances and microorganisms
- Functions:
- Adhesion
- Diapedesis
- Migration
- Phagocytosis
- Killing and digestion
- Granules: primary, secondary, and tertiary
- Primary granules: contain myeloperoxidase (MPO), lysozyme, and bacterial permeability-increasing protein (BPI)
- Secondary granules: contain lactoferrin, lysozyme, and collagenase
- Tertiary granules: contain lysozyme and collagenase
Monocytes
- Derived from granulocyte-monocyte progenitor (GMP) in BM
- Cytokines responsible for growth and differentiation: GM-CSF, IL-3, and M-CSF
- Stages of development: monoblast, promonocyte, and monocyte
- Average lifespan: 20-40 hours in peripheral blood, then mature into macrophages in tissues
- Functions:
- Innate immunity: phagocytosis and cytokine production
- Adaptive immunity: antigen presentation to T-lymphocytes
Eosinophils
- Derived from eosinophil-basophil progenitor (EBP) in BM
- Cytokines responsible for growth and differentiation: GM-CSF, IL-3, and IL-5
- Average lifespan: 18 hours in circulation, 2-5 days in tissues
- Functions:
- Parasitic infections: release histaminase to slow down hypersensitivity reaction
- Antigen presentation: promote proliferation of effector T cells
Basophils
- Derived from eosinophil-basophil progenitor (EBP) in BM
- Cytokines responsible for growth and differentiation: GM-CSF, IL-3, and IL-5
- Average lifespan: 4 days in circulation
- Functions:
- Allergic reactions: release histamine and other mediators
- Inflammation: involved in innate immunity
Lymphocytes
- Derived from common lymphoid progenitor (CLP) in BM
- Participate in adaptive immunity
- Two types of adaptive immune response: humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity
- Subtypes: T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, and natural killer (NK)-cells
- Functions:
- T-lymphocytes: helper and cytotoxic
- B-lymphocytes: antibody production and antigen presentation
- NK-cells: innate immunity and tumor surveillance
Benign Leukocytes Disorders
- Quantitative Abnormalities:
- Leukocytosis: >10.0 x 10^9/L in adults
- Leukopenia: <4.0 x 10^9/L in adults
- Qualitative Abnormalities:
- Nuclear abnormalities: Pelger-Huët Anomaly
- Cytoplasmic abnormalities: toxic granulation and toxic vacuolization
- Adhesion defect: leukocyte adhesion deficiency
- Toxic changes: Döhle bodies and May-Hegglin Anomaly
Cytochemistry
- Diagnosis and classification of acute leukemia
- Study of chemical elements in cells: enzymatically or nonenzymatically
- Stains:
- Myeloperoxidase (MPO)
- Sudan black B (SBB)
- Chloroacetate esterase (CAE)
- Nonspecific esterase (NSE)
- Periodic acid Schiff (PAS)
- Neutrophil alkaline phosphatase (NAP)
- Acid phosphatase (AP) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)
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Description
Learn about the structure, function, and classification of leukocytes, the white blood cells that protect the body from infectious agents. Explore how leukocytes develop from hematopoietic stem cells and the different types based on morphology and function.
