Leukocyte Recruitment Mechanisms

<p>Selectins are receptors on leukocytes and endothelium that bind to sugars, facilitating rolling. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smaller RBC move faster than larger white cells, pushing leukocytes away from the center of the blood vessel. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rolling, Integrin activation &amp; Adhesion, Diapedesis, Chemotaxis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Complement C3a (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maturation and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Administering drugs that block integrin activity, inhibiting firm adhesion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stasis slows down blood flow, increasing leukocyte interaction with the endothelium. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can be directly activated by toxins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase in vascular permeability and pain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased fluid leakage from blood vessels and accumulation at the site of injury (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Migration to the site of injury and phagocytosis of pathogens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The immediate transient response is short-lived and involves intercellular gaps, while the slower, prolonged retraction involves changes in the cytoskeleton. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activation of the kinin cascade (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activation of regulatory T cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase in vascular permeability, vasodilation, leukocyte activation, and opsonization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TNF (A), IL-1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stable tissues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Collagen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Paracrine signaling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both A and B (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To initiate a systemic response to injury or infection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Directly initiating the inflammatory response (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Opsonization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The uncontrolled formation of blood clots throughout the body, blocking small blood vessels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiac muscle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Marking pathogens for phagocytosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regeneration involves the complete restoration of the original tissue, while resolution involves replacement of damaged cells with scar tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hormonal influences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tissue redness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Platelet-activating factor (PAF) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased vascular permeability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chemokines (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is directly involved in the production of prostaglandins. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Leukotrienes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By activating enzymes that produce inflammatory mediators. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nitric Oxide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A vasoactive amine released in inflammation.

Mediators from mast cells and leukocytes causing vasodilation, pain, and fever.

Mediators that increase vascular permeability and help in leukocyte functions.

A potent mediator from leukocytes and endothelial cells, inducing vasodilation and leukocyte activity.

Mediators that kill microbes and amplify the inflammatory response.

A mediator from endothelium and macrophages that causes vasodilation and kills microbes.

Signaling proteins made by immune cells for cell communication during inflammation.

Cytokines produced by lymphocytes.

A multi-protein complex that activates inflammatory responses.

Interconnected system of cytokines aiding in inflammation and immune response.

Smooth flow of liquid in parallel layers, with highest velocity at the center of the vessel.

Smaller red blood cells (RBC) move faster than larger white blood cells, affecting leukocyte positioning.

A condition where movement of all cells is slowed down, aiding leukocyte adhesion.

Transmembrane glycoproteins on leukocytes that interact with endothelial cell ligands for adhesion.

Receptors on leukocytes and endothelium that bind sugars for initial cell adhesion.

The process by which leukocytes move through the endothelium to tissues.

Initial interaction of leukocytes with the endothelium, where they roll along the vessel wall before adhesion.

Movement of leukocytes towards chemical signals released at the site of infection or injury.

Cytokines like IL-1 and IL-18 that promote inflammation and the immune response.

A single cytokine can act on multiple different target cells.

Different cytokines can perform the same functions in the immune response.

Protein-rich fluid that leaks from blood vessels during inflammation due to increased vascular permeability.

The ability of blood vessels to allow fluid and proteins to pass through their walls, increasing during inflammation.

The process by which white blood cells exit the bloodstream and accumulate at the injury site.

A group of proteins that enhance the ability of antibodies and phagocytes to clear microbes and damaged cells.

A series of enzymatic reactions that increase vascular permeability and induce pain during inflammation.

The mechanism that increases vascular permeability by creating intercellular gaps in blood vessels.

The process by which cells divide and reproduce in tissues.

Tissues that continuously divide and replace lost cells, such as hematopoietic cells and epithelia.

Tissues that are mostly inactive but can proliferate in response to injury, like liver and pancreas cells.

Tissues that are terminally differentiated and do not typically divide, like neurons and cardiac muscle cells.

A dynamic structure that supports and regulates cell behavior, aids in tissue repair, and acts as a reservoir for growth factors.

The process by which white blood cells move from blood to tissue at sites of infection or damage.

The stabilized binding of leukocytes to the endothelium after rolling, allowing for migration into tissue.

Molecules that promote directed movement of leukocytes toward the site of infection or damage.

The process by which leukocytes engulf and digest pathogens or particles.

A short-term inflammatory response characterized by edema and the presence of neutrophils for quick repair.

Long-term inflammation often resulting in tissue destruction and processes like fibrosis and angiogenesis.

Development of fibrous connective tissue as a response to injury.

Systemic response to inflammation leading to various symptoms.

Proteins whose levels change in response to tissue injury or inflammation.

A protein that rises in blood during inflammation, secreted by liver.

Complete replacement of damaged tissue components.

Repair process when complete restoration isn't possible, leading to scarring.

Factors crucial for tissue repair, including cell proliferation and growth factors.