week 7D1A
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of anemia?

  • Dyspnea
  • Palpitations
  • Fatigue
  • Excessive thirst (correct)

    • Sickle cell anemia is genetically transmitted.

    True

    What is the primary cause of nutritional deficit anemia?

    Lack of nutrients

    The __________ is a team of healthcare professionals working together for the best outcome for the patient.

    <p>interdisciplinary team</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin deficiency can lead to pernicious anemia?

    <p>Vitamin B12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of anemia with its characteristic symptom:

    <p>Iron Deficiency Anemia = Pica Vitamin B12 Deficiency Anemia = Paresthesia Folic Acid Deficiency Anemia = Neural tube defects Sickle Cell Anemia = Pain in hands &amp; feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hemolytic anemia involves the destruction of red blood cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one dietary source of iron.

    <p>Meat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ice cream, milk, and fish are good dietary sources of __________.

    <p>Vitamin B12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is commonly used to diagnose anemia?

    <p>Complete Blood Count (CBC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of both leukemia and anemia?

    <p>Pallor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leukemia is characterized by the proliferation of functioning white blood cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one definitive diagnostic test for leukemia.

    <p>Bone Marrow Biopsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anemia is defined as a condition with low __________ .

    <p>RBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their correct definitions:

    <p>Anemia = Low red blood cells Leukemia = Malignant disorder of white blood cells Ecchymosis = Bruising under the skin Dyspnea = Shortness of breath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common cause of anemia?

    <p>Blood loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Petichiae are small red spots caused by bleeding into the skin, commonly associated with leukemia.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential treatment option for leukemia?

    <p>Chemotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically happens to the ratio of RBCs to WBCs in a patient with leukemia?

    <p>The ratio of RBCs decreases and WBCs increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a known symptom of bleeding associated with leukemia?

    <p>Petechiae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary definitive diagnostic test for leukemia?

    <p>Bone Marrow Biopsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following options best describes the pathophysiology of leukemia?

    <p>Mutation in stem cells leading to production of non-functioning WBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anemia can be categorized into several types. Which of the following is NOT a cause of anemia?

    <p>Gallbladder disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is associated with anemia but not specifically identified with leukemia?

    <p>Dyspnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an expected action of chemotherapy in the treatment of leukemia?

    <p>Increase platelet production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which inflammatory response is commonly associated with infections related to both leukemia and anemia?

    <p>Tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is specifically associated with vitamin B12 deficiency anemia?

    <p>Paresthesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hallmark of aplastic anemia?

    <p>Bone marrow fails to produce enough RBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following interventions should be prioritized for a patient with severe iron deficiency anemia?

    <p>Iron supplementation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of anemia is characterized by the sickling of red blood cells and can lead to severe pain crises?

    <p>Sickle Cell Anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of a nutritional deficit in folic acid?

    <p>Impaired RBC production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes hemolytic anemia?

    <p>Destruction of red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following laboratory tests is deemed most essential for diagnosing anemia?

    <p>Bone marrow biopsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the symptom of tachycardia in relation to anemia?

    <p>Increased heart rate compensating for low oxygen levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dietary source is primarily recommended for patients needing B12 supplementation?

    <p>Fish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication is increased in patients undergoing treatment for sickle cell anemia?

    <p>Stroke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Leukemia Overview

    • Malignant disorder primarily affecting white blood cells (WBCs).
    • Characterized by an increase in immature or abnormal WBCs, reducing the ratio of red blood cells (RBCs) to WBCs.
    • Normal ratio: 600 RBCs for every 1 WBC; in leukemia, this ratio is inverted as RBCs decrease and WBCs increase.

    Pathophysiology of Leukemia

    • Stem cell mutation leads to cancer.
    • Proliferation of non-functioning WBCs, which crowd out healthy RBCs and platelets.
    • Resulting conditions include increased infections, anemia, and bleeding.

    Etiology & Symptoms

    • Etiology: Unknown.
    • Common symptoms:
      • Anemia (pallor, fatigue, tachycardia, dyspnea).
      • Infections (fever, malaise, altered vital signs).
      • Bleeding manifestations (ecchymosis, petechiae, purpura, occult blood in stool).

    Diagnosis of Leukemia

    • Initial diagnosis via Complete Blood Count (CBC) with differential.
    • Definitive diagnosis through bone marrow biopsy.

    Treatment Options for Leukemia

    • Chemotherapy to destroy malignant cells.
    • Radiation therapy to shrink the tumor masses.
    • Bone marrow or stem cell transplant as potential curative approaches.

    Anemia Overview

    • Defined as a condition of low RBC count.

    Causes of Anemia

    • Blood loss (e.g., hemorrhaging).
    • Nutritional deficits (iron, vitamin B12, folic acid).
    • Hemolytic conditions (destruction of RBCs).
    • Aplastic anemia (bone marrow fails to produce sufficient RBCs).

    Symptoms of Anemia

    • Reduced oxygen-carrying capacity leads to respiratory issues (tachypnea, dyspnea).
    • Cardiovascular symptoms: tachycardia, palpitations, and angina.
    • Neurological symptoms: headache, fatigue, decreased concentration, dizziness.
    • Integumentary signs: pallor, weakness, leg cramps, bone pain.

    Specific Types of Anemia

    • Iron Deficiency Anemia: Characterized by low hemoglobin levels; may include pica.
    • Vitamin B12 Deficiency Anemia (Pernicious Anemia): Specific symptoms include paresthesia.
    • Folic Acid Deficiency Anemia: Necessary for RBC maturation and neural development.
    • Hemolytic Anemia: Includes sickle cell anemia, which is genetically transmitted and results in clumping of sickled cells, leading to pain and increased stroke risk.

    Diagnostic Tests for Anemia

    • Complete Blood Count (CBC), iron and vitamin B12 levels, and bone marrow biopsy.

    Interdisciplinary Team (IDT) Care

    • Involves a comprehensive healthcare team (doctors, nurses, pharmacists, therapy professionals) working collaboratively for patient outcomes.

    Anemia Management

    • Medications such as iron supplements, vitamin B12, and folic acid.
    • Dietary sources include meats, beans, green vegetables, fish, and dairy products.
    • Blood transfusions may be necessary in severe cases.

    Anticoagulants, Antiplatelets, and Thrombolytics

    • Anticoagulants prevent clot formation and interfere with the coagulation cascade.
    • Antiplatelets inhibit platelet activity to prevent thrombus formation.
    • Thrombolytic agents dissolve existing clots.

    Hemostasis and Thrombosis

    • Hemostasis: process of stopping bleeding; involves clot formation.
    • Thrombosis: pathological clot formation that can lead to complications like embolism (mobile clots) and ischemia (decreased blood supply).

    Patient Education and Nursing Assessment

    • Important considerations for patients on anticoagulants include careful shaving, tooth brushing techniques, and monitoring alcohol intake.
    • Ongoing assessment should involve checking for bruising, bleeding, stool appearance, energy levels, and lab results.

    Leukemia Overview

    • Malignant disorder primarily affecting white blood cells (WBCs).
    • Characterized by an increase in immature or abnormal WBCs, reducing the ratio of red blood cells (RBCs) to WBCs.
    • Normal ratio: 600 RBCs for every 1 WBC; in leukemia, this ratio is inverted as RBCs decrease and WBCs increase.

    Pathophysiology of Leukemia

    • Stem cell mutation leads to cancer.
    • Proliferation of non-functioning WBCs, which crowd out healthy RBCs and platelets.
    • Resulting conditions include increased infections, anemia, and bleeding.

    Etiology & Symptoms

    • Etiology: Unknown.
    • Common symptoms:
      • Anemia (pallor, fatigue, tachycardia, dyspnea).
      • Infections (fever, malaise, altered vital signs).
      • Bleeding manifestations (ecchymosis, petechiae, purpura, occult blood in stool).

    Diagnosis of Leukemia

    • Initial diagnosis via Complete Blood Count (CBC) with differential.
    • Definitive diagnosis through bone marrow biopsy.

    Treatment Options for Leukemia

    • Chemotherapy to destroy malignant cells.
    • Radiation therapy to shrink the tumor masses.
    • Bone marrow or stem cell transplant as potential curative approaches.

    Anemia Overview

    • Defined as a condition of low RBC count.

    Causes of Anemia

    • Blood loss (e.g., hemorrhaging).
    • Nutritional deficits (iron, vitamin B12, folic acid).
    • Hemolytic conditions (destruction of RBCs).
    • Aplastic anemia (bone marrow fails to produce sufficient RBCs).

    Symptoms of Anemia

    • Reduced oxygen-carrying capacity leads to respiratory issues (tachypnea, dyspnea).
    • Cardiovascular symptoms: tachycardia, palpitations, and angina.
    • Neurological symptoms: headache, fatigue, decreased concentration, dizziness.
    • Integumentary signs: pallor, weakness, leg cramps, bone pain.

    Specific Types of Anemia

    • Iron Deficiency Anemia: Characterized by low hemoglobin levels; may include pica.
    • Vitamin B12 Deficiency Anemia (Pernicious Anemia): Specific symptoms include paresthesia.
    • Folic Acid Deficiency Anemia: Necessary for RBC maturation and neural development.
    • Hemolytic Anemia: Includes sickle cell anemia, which is genetically transmitted and results in clumping of sickled cells, leading to pain and increased stroke risk.

    Diagnostic Tests for Anemia

    • Complete Blood Count (CBC), iron and vitamin B12 levels, and bone marrow biopsy.

    Interdisciplinary Team (IDT) Care

    • Involves a comprehensive healthcare team (doctors, nurses, pharmacists, therapy professionals) working collaboratively for patient outcomes.

    Anemia Management

    • Medications such as iron supplements, vitamin B12, and folic acid.
    • Dietary sources include meats, beans, green vegetables, fish, and dairy products.
    • Blood transfusions may be necessary in severe cases.

    Anticoagulants, Antiplatelets, and Thrombolytics

    • Anticoagulants prevent clot formation and interfere with the coagulation cascade.
    • Antiplatelets inhibit platelet activity to prevent thrombus formation.
    • Thrombolytic agents dissolve existing clots.

    Hemostasis and Thrombosis

    • Hemostasis: process of stopping bleeding; involves clot formation.
    • Thrombosis: pathological clot formation that can lead to complications like embolism (mobile clots) and ischemia (decreased blood supply).

    Patient Education and Nursing Assessment

    • Important considerations for patients on anticoagulants include careful shaving, tooth brushing techniques, and monitoring alcohol intake.
    • Ongoing assessment should involve checking for bruising, bleeding, stool appearance, energy levels, and lab results.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the essential aspects of leukemia, focusing on its definition, pathophysiology, and etiology. Explore the role of white blood cells and how they affect the ratio of red blood cells in leukemia. Gain insight into the implications of immature and non-functioning white blood cells in infections and anemia.

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