Leukemia Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is Stage 1 of Hodgkin's Lymphoma characterized by?

  • Multiple lymph node regions on both sides of the diaphragm
  • Two or more lymph node regions on the same side of the diaphragm
  • Localized, single lymph node region (correct)
  • Widespread disease in multiple organs

Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with malignant lymphomas?

  • Fever
  • Bone pain (correct)
  • Fatigue
  • Weight loss

What is a significant risk factor for developing multiple myeloma?

  • High-altitude living
  • Pregnancy
  • Being under 35 years of age
  • Being African American (correct)

What condition is indicated by hypercalcemia greater than 11.5 mg/dL?

<p>Confusion and possible coma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common complication associated with radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy?

<p>Renal insufficiency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be evaluated in older adults presenting with back pain and elevated total protein levels?

<p>Multiple Myeloma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of medical management in blast crisis?

<p>To achieve acute remission or maintain chronic phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gender has a slightly higher risk for developing multiple myeloma?

<p>Men (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)?

<p>Chest pain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these substances is NOT recognized as an exposure risk factor for multiple myeloma?

<p>Asbestos (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is specifically noted for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)?

<p>Imatinib mesylate (Gleevec) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant difference between children and adults with Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia regarding prognosis?

<p>Children generally have a better prognosis than adults (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is indicative of blast crisis in leukemia?

<p>Enlarged liver (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What nursing intervention is important for managing patients with acute leukemia?

<p>Educating on balancing fluid and electrolyte levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the pathophysiology of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)?

<p>Accumulation of abnormal B lymphocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common late treatment option for those with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)?

<p>IVIG (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)?

<p>Rapid proliferation of abnormal myeloid cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lab test is essential for diagnosing Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)?

<p>CBC and bone marrow analysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication associated with both Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) and Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)?

<p>Bleeding and infection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What genetic abnormality is primarily associated with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)?

<p>Philadelphia chromosome mutation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) are symptoms least noticeable?

<p>Chronic phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom associated with Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)?

<p>Weight gain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of therapy may be employed in the treatment of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)?

<p>Antimicrobial therapy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the progression rates of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) and Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) differ?

<p>AML progresses more rapidly than CML (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)?

<p>Uncontrolled proliferation of myeloid cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is most commonly associated with Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)?

<p>Bone pain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the prognosis of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) compare to that of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)?

<p>Prognosis for AML is highly variable (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What diagnostic method is essential for confirming Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)?

<p>CBC and bone marrow analysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What treatment option is typically considered for patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)?

<p>Aggressive chemotherapy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) typically shows the least noticeable symptoms?

<p>Chronic phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What complication is a major cause of death in patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)?

<p>Infection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for understanding the specific disease type and treatment history in patients with malignant lymphomas?

<p>To assess the risk of secondary cancer development (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is closely associated with multiple myeloma due to its impact on kidney function?

<p>Hypercalcemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor significantly increases the risk of developing multiple myeloma in older adults?

<p>Direct exposure to radiation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which stage of Hodgkin's lymphoma are two or more lymph node regions present on the same side of the diaphragm?

<p>Stage 2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a common complication associated with radiation therapy for lymphomas?

<p>Nausea and vomiting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic group has been shown to have a significantly increased risk for developing multiple myeloma?

<p>African Americans (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical sign that might suggest the presence of multiple myeloma in older adults with back pain?

<p>Elevated total protein level (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which laboratory finding is indicative of anemia in the context of multiple myeloma?

<p>Hemoglobin less than 10 g/dL (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is associated with Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)?

<p>Dyspnea on exertion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) from other types of leukemia?

<p>Accumulation of abnormal B lymphocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is commonly utilized for patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)?

<p>Imatinib mesylate (Gleevec) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which patient population is most commonly diagnosed with Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)?

<p>Young children, particularly boys (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of treatment is patient education about medication management crucial?

<p>Throughout the nursing management (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common treatment approach for Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)?

<p>Chemotherapy and monoclonal antibody therapy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) for patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)?

<p>They improve long-term survival rates. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of the symptoms seen in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)?

<p>Crowding out of normal bone marrow production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which laboratory finding is most indicative of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)?

<p>Excess number of blast cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What genetic abnormality is commonly associated with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)?

<p>Philadelphia chromosome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) are patients likely to experience the fewest symptoms?

<p>Chronic phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT typically associated with blast crisis in leukemia?

<p>Lymphadenopathy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the major causes of death in patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)?

<p>Bleeding and infection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stage of Hodgkin's Lymphoma involves multiple lymph node regions above and below the diaphragm?

<p>Stage 3 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) marks the evolution into an acute stage?

<p>Transformational phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of medical management for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)?

<p>Prolonging the chronic phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is associated with hypercalcemia in multiple myeloma?

<p>Thirst (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment approach is indicated for managing Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) in children?

<p>Chemotherapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of therapy is often included in the treatment regimen for patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)?

<p>Induction and consolidation chemotherapy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of nursing management for Acute Leukemia, which intervention is a priority?

<p>Maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom commonly associated with Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) may also point to other hematologic conditions?

<p>Enlarged liver or spleen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor least increases the risk of developing multiple myeloma?

<p>Frequent exercise (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common side effect of radiation therapy for lymphomas?

<p>Anemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which patient population shows the best prognosis in Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)?

<p>Young children, particularly boys (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is indicated by a creatinine level greater than 2 mg/dL in the context of multiple myeloma?

<p>Renal insufficiency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common treatment for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) in later stages?

<p>Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is associated with Stage 4 Hodgkin's Lymphoma?

<p>Widespread disease with multiple organ involvement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is characteristic of Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)?

<p>Weight loss and fatigue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic group is at a higher risk for multiple myeloma compared to others?

<p>African Americans (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with malignant lymphomas?

<p>Persistent cough (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the clonal development in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)?

<p>Development of abnormal blast cells from myeloid HSC (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of the major complications seen in patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)?

<p>Bleeding and infection resulting from blood cell abnormalities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML), what is the significance of the Philadelphia chromosome?

<p>It results from a mutation promoting uncontrolled cell proliferation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) are symptoms the most pronounced?

<p>Transformational phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What laboratory finding is essential for diagnosing Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)?

<p>Excess number of blast cells in the bone marrow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common treatment strategy utilized for Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)?

<p>Induction and consolidation chemotherapy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which complication poses the greatest risk for patients undergoing treatment for Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)?

<p>Neutropenia leading to infection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of Hodgkin's Lymphoma indicates widespread disease with multiple organ involvement?

<p>Stage 4 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is commonly associated with Multiple Myeloma related to renal function?

<p>Anemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by hypercalcemia greater than 11.5 mg/dL?

<p>Multiple Myeloma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of nursing care for patients with Hodgkin's Lymphoma, why is understanding treatment history essential?

<p>To predict future complications (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic group has a higher risk of developing Multiple Myeloma?

<p>African Americans (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential complication is associated with radiation therapy in cancer treatment?

<p>Secondary cancer development (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common symptom of Multiple Myeloma indicative of bone issues?

<p>Bone pain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor is NOT typically associated with a higher risk of developing multiple myeloma?

<p>Sedentary lifestyle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary goal of medical management during the blast crisis phase?

<p>To maintain acute remission or prolong the chronic phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is least likely associated with Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)?

<p>Shortness of breath (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment option is characteristic for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)?

<p>Imatinib mesylate (Gleevec) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor significantly affects the prognosis of Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) in adults compared to children?

<p>Age at diagnosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL), what is the primary mechanism contributing to the disease's pathology?

<p>Accumulation of abnormal B lymphocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is commonly observed in the later stages of leukemia treatment?

<p>Severe mucositis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nursing intervention is crucial for patients undergoing treatment for acute leukemia?

<p>Monitoring for signs of infection and bleeding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the presence of lymphadenopathy indicate in a patient diagnosed with Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)?

<p>Possible progression of the disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)

A type of blood cancer where immature blood cells (blasts) multiply rapidly, crowding out normal blood cells.

AML Pathogenesis

Genetic mutations in stem cells cause uncontrolled growth of abnormal myeloid cells.

AML Symptoms

Fever, weight loss, low/high WBC count, bleeding, fatigue, and organ enlargement, pain.

AML Diagnosis

A complete blood count (CBC) and bone marrow analysis are used to detect an excess of blast cells.

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AML Treatment

Aggressive chemotherapy, supportive care, and sometimes stem cell transplants are used.

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Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)

A type of blood cancer marked by slow proliferation of abnormal myeloid cells, often involving the Philadelphia chromosome.

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CML Stages

CML progresses through stages (chronic, transformation, and acute).

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Philadelphia Chromosome

A specific genetic mutation linked to CML, triggering uncontrolled cell growth.

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Blast Crisis in CML

The most advanced stage of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML), characterized by symptoms of acute myeloid leukemia.

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CML Treatment Goal

To maintain the disease in acute remission or keep the patient in the chronic phase for as long as possible.

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Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)

Cancer in which immature lymphocytes (lymphoblasts) rapidly grow and multiply.

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ALL in children vs Adults

Prognosis for children is better than for adults, with higher survival rates for children.

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Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)

A type of leukemia that develops more slowly than other types and is characterized by the accumulation of abnormal B lymphocytes.

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CLL Risk Factors

Risk factors for CLL can vary; it is crucial to consult with a medical professional for detailed information.

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Acute Leukemia Nursing Assessment

Nursing Assessment for Acute Leukemia should include family history, weight loss, bleeding tendencies, and loss of appetite.

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Acute Leukemia Nursing Interventions

Nursing interventions for Acute Leukemia involve managing infections, bleeding, mouth sores (mucositis), nourishing the patient , easing pain, addressing fatigue/ activity intolerance, providing emotional support, and ensuring fluid balance

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Hodgkin's Lymphoma Staging

Categorizes the extent of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Stage 1: localized, single lymph node. Stage 2: multiple lymph nodes on one side of the diaphragm. Stage 3: lymph node involvement above and below the diaphragm. Stage 4: widespread disease, affecting multiple organs.

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Hodgkin's Lymphoma: B Symptoms

Characteristic symptoms of Hodgkin's lymphoma, including weight loss, fatigue, weakness, and fever.

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Multiple Myeloma: Risk Factors

Factors increasing the likelihood of developing multiple myeloma. These include increasing age, African American race, exposure to radiation or certain chemicals, family history, and being male or overweight/obese.

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Hypercalcemia in Multiple Myeloma

Elevated calcium levels (above 11.5 mg/dL) in multiple myeloma, leading to symptoms like thirst, constipation, confusion, and potentially coma.

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Renal Insufficiency in Multiple Myeloma

Decreased kidney function in multiple myeloma indicated by elevated creatinine levels (above 2 mg/dL) or reduced creatinine clearance below 40 mL/min.

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Anemia in Multiple Myeloma

Low red blood cell count (hemoglobin less than 10 g/dL) in multiple myeloma, contributing to fatigue and weakness.

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Bone Lesions in Multiple Myeloma

Characteristic bone destruction or lesions caused by multiple myeloma, leading to bone pain, fractures, compression, and other complications.

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Assessment of Back Pain in Older Adults

Any older adult with back pain and elevated total protein levels should be evaluated for possible multiple myeloma.

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AML: What's the problem?

Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is caused by abnormal, rapidly growing myeloid cells, crowding out normal blood production in bone marrow.

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CML: Hallmark?

Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) is characterized by a specific genetic mutation called the Philadelphia chromosome.

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CML: What's Different from AML?

Unlike AML, CML progresses more slowly and is divided into three stages, with the chronic phase often having few symptoms. The Philadelphia chromosome distinguishes CML.

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CML: What Happens in Blast Crisis?

Blast crisis is the most advanced stage of CML, where the disease becomes aggressive and resembles AML, with rapid growth of abnormal cells.

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Oral Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs)

Medications that block signals in leukemic cells that express BCR-ABL protein, significantly improving CML treatment and survival.

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Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) in Children

A type of leukemia affecting immature lymphocytes. Children have a better prognosis than adults, with higher survival rates.

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ALL in Adults

A type of leukemia affecting immature lymphocytes, but with a lower survival rate compared to children.

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Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) Pathogenesis

An accumulation of abnormal B lymphocytes in the bone, blood, and lymph nodes.

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Nursing Management for Acute Leukemia

Focuses on managing infection, bleeding, mucositis, nutrition, pain, fatigue, anxiety, and grief.

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Acute Leukemia Interventions

Include managing infection and bleeding, improving nutrition, easing pain, decreasing fatigue, maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance, and improving self-care.

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AML: What's the difference between AML and CML?

AML is characterized by rapid growth of abnormal myeloid cells, while CML progresses more slowly and is divided into stages. AML usually involves a lack of normal blood cells, leading to anemia, bleeding, and infection. CML can be managed for a longer time with treatment, often in the chronic phase with mild symptoms.

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CML: What is the Philadelphia chromosome?

The Philadelphia chromosome is a specific genetic mutation found in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML), causing uncontrolled growth of myeloid cells.

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CML: What are the stages of CML?

Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) progresses through three stages: Chronic phase (slow growth, often few symptoms), Transformation phase (increasingly active disease), and Blast crisis (rapidly growing, resembling AML).

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AML Treatment: What are the main options?

Treatment for AML often includes aggressive chemotherapy, supportive care like antibiotics and blood transfusions, and sometimes hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).

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Complications of AML and CML: what are the most dangerous?

Bleeding and infection are the major causes of death in patients with both AML and CML. They occur due to the lack of normal blood cells, especially platelets and white blood cells, which fight infection.

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CML: What is the goal of treatment?

The goal of CML treatment is either to keep the disease in a stable chronic phase for as long as possible or to achieve complete remission. Therapies often focus on managing the mutations driving CML.

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AML and CML: What are the common symptoms?

Both AML and CML can cause fatigue, weakness, fever, weight loss, and bleeding tendencies due to abnormal blood cell counts. CML symptoms may be milder in the early stages.

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Blast Crisis

The most advanced stage of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML), characterized by rapid growth of abnormal cells and symptoms resembling acute myeloid leukemia.

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Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs)

Medications used to treat CML by blocking signals in leukemic cells that express the BCR-ABL protein, improving treatment and long-term survival.

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Managing Mucositis

Addressing mouth sores and inflammation by using artificial saliva and mouth moisturizers to provide comfort and prevent infection.

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Improving Nutritional Intake

Addressing nutritional needs of acute leukemia patients through dietary modifications and/or supplemental feeding to maintain strength and support recovery.

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Decreasing Fatigue and Activity Intolerance

Helping acute leukemia patients manage fatigue and weakness by promoting rest, pacing activities, and considering energy conservation techniques.

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Multiple Myeloma Risk Factor: Age

Rarely occurs in those under 35. Risk increases with age.

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Multiple Myeloma Risk Factor: Race

African Americans have twice the risk compared to Caucasians.

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Multiple Myeloma: Hypercalcemia

High calcium levels (above 11.5 mg/dL) can cause thirst, constipation, confusion, and potentially coma.

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Multiple Myeloma: Renal Insufficiency

Decreased kidney function indicated by high creatinine levels (above 2 mg/dL) or reduced creatinine clearance below 40 mL/min.

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What is the goal of CML treatment?

The goal of CML treatment is either to keep the disease in a stable chronic phase for as long as possible or to achieve complete remission.

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What are Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs)?

Medications used to treat CML by blocking signals in leukemic cells that express the BCR-ABL protein, improving treatment and long-term survival.

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What are the nursing interventions for managing Mucositis?

Addressing mouth sores and inflammation by using artificial saliva and mouth moisturizers to provide comfort and prevent infection.

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Managing nutritional intake for acute leukemia patients

Addressing nutritional needs through dietary modifications and/or supplemental feeding to maintain strength and support recovery.

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How to decrease fatigue and activity intolerance in acute leukemia?

Helping patients manage fatigue and weakness by promoting rest, pacing activities, and considering energy conservation techniques.

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AML: What's wrong?

In AML, the bone marrow makes too many immature white blood cells (blasts), crowding out normal blood cells, leading to problems with infection, bleeding, and anemia.

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CML: What's the key difference?

Unlike AML, CML is a slow-growing leukemia often with few symptoms, distinguished by the presence of the 'Philadelphia chromosome'.

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Multiple Myeloma: What's the main problem?

Cancer cells in the bone marrow, primarily affecting plasma cells, leading to problems with bone health, calcium levels, and kidney function.

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Multiple Myeloma: What are the risk factors?

Risk factors include older age, African American race, exposure to radiation or certain chemicals, family history, and being male or overweight/obese.

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Study Notes

Leukemia

  • Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)

    • Originates from genetic mutations in myeloid hematopoietic stem cells (HSC)
    • Characterized by abnormal myeloid blast cells (immature white blood cells)
    • Rapid proliferation of abnormal cells crowds out normal bone marrow function
    • Leading to anemia, thrombocytopenia (low platelets), and decreased or elevated white blood cell counts
    • Defective stem cells prevent differentiation into monocytes, granulocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets
    • Most common type of leukemia in adults
    • Prognosis varies significantly
    • Symptoms include fever, weight loss, neutropenia (low neutrophils), petechiae (small red spots), weakness, fatigue, bleeding, and pain from enlarged liver/spleen
    • Treatment options include induction, consolidation, supportive care, aggressive chemotherapy, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT)

  • Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)

    • Mutation in myeloid stem cells leads to uncontrolled cell proliferation
    • Philadelphia chromosome is associated
    • Characterized by abnormal myeloid cells that proliferate slowly
    • Divided into three stages:
      • Chronic phase: few symptoms
      • Transformational phase: slow or rapid, evolving to acute stage
      • Blast crisis: most advanced, acute myeloid symptoms seen, chronic
    • Symptoms include weight loss, malaise, shortness of breath, enlarged liver, and splenomegaly (enlarged spleen)
    • Management involves tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) to keep the disease in a chronic phase, as long as possible, and supportive care -Treatment: Imatinib mesylate (Gleevec) blocks abnormal cell signals and HSCT are possible management strategies

Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)

  • Uncontrolled proliferation of immature lymphoid cells (lymphoblasts)
    • Most common in children, especially young children
    • Good prognosis in children, but drops for adults
    • Characterized by anemia, pallor, fatigue, enlarged liver and spleen, dizziness, petechiae, ecchymosis, lymphadenopathy.
    • Treatment options include chemotherapy, HSCT, and monoclonal antibody therapy

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)

  • Accumulation of abnormal B lymphocytes in bone marrow, blood, and lymph nodes
  • Slow progression
  • Symptoms present in B symptoms
    • Fever (100.4°F/38°C or greater), night sweats, weight loss (10% of body fat)
    • Can be present in other types of hematopoietic malignancies like lymphoma or NHL
  • Management involves chemotherapy, and supportive therapy

Lymphomas

  • Hodgkin Lymphoma:

    • Malignant lymphoma type starting in single lymph node, spread to lymphatic system.
    • Reed-Sternberg cell is characteristic
    • Symptoms include painless lymph node swelling, later stage is symptomatic with lymph node swelling in neck, axilla, or groin, fatigue, weakness, fever, and weight loss.
    • Diagnosed using Biopsy, X-ray, CT, PET scan.
    • Treatment includes chemo, radiation, or both along with stem cell treatment for advanced disease.

  • Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

    • Originates from lymphocytes.
    • Diverse malignant cell types.
    • Symptoms include lymph node swelling (painless initially), later stages show varying symptoms such as weight loss, fatigue, weakness, fever
    • Diagnosed using biopsy, bone marrow, and CT/PET scans
    • Similar management strategies to Hodgkin lymphoma: chemo, radiation, or stem cell treatment

Multiple Myeloma

  • Cancer of plasma cells

  • Elevated total proteins in blood (M-proteins).

  • May cause multiple complications

    • Hypercalcemia (high calcium levels) bone pain, kidney damage, anemia, thrombocytopenia, infections, and bleeding.

  • Other risk factors include radiation exposure, family history, overweight/obesity, etc

  • Clinical Manifestations:

    • Back pain, spinal fractures
    • Renal issue (decreased creatinine clearance/insufficiency)
    • Anemia (low hemoglobin)
    • Bone lesions/ destruction

  • Risk factors include age, particularly in those over 35 and African American ethnicity (higher risk compared to other ethnicities)

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Leukemia Management PDF

Description

This quiz covers essential information about leukemia, focusing on Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) and Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML). It explores genetic mutations, symptoms, and treatment options. Understand the complexities and prognosis of these common types of leukemia.

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