30 Questions
What is the primary benefit of immunophenotyping in AML cases?
To guide treatment decisions in cases with difficult morphology
Which technique is used to classify AML into eight categories based on morphological features of leukemic cells?
FAB classification
What is the focus of cytogenetics in the study of AML?
Chromosomal changes and genetic abnormalities
What is the significance of morphology of blasts in AML?
It determines the diagnosis and classification of the disease
What is the importance of bone marrow biopsy in AML diagnosis?
It provides a comprehensive understanding of the disease
What is the primary purpose of FAB classification system?
To guide treatment decisions and predict patient outcomes
What is the primary purpose of a bone marrow biopsy in the diagnosis of AML?
To analyze the bone marrow for the presence of leukemic cells and other abnormalities
What is the role of immunohistochemistry in bone marrow biopsy?
To detect specific antigens on leukemic cells
Which of the following is a specific application of bone marrow biopsy?
Diagnosis of myeloid neoplasms associated with myelofibrosis
What is the main purpose of immunophenotyping in AML?
To identify the lineage of leukemic cells
What is the relationship between immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry in AML diagnosis?
Immunohistochemistry can easily correlate with flow cytometry
Which of the following techniques is not mentioned in the context of AML histopathology?
Gene expression profiling
What are the characteristic features of blasts in acute myeloid leukemia?
Immature, round or oval cells with a high nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio, prominent nucleoli, and scant or absent cytoplasm.
What is the significance of Auer rods in acute myeloid leukemia?
The presence of abnormal granules, such as Auer rods, is a hallmark feature of AML, particularly in cases with monocytic differentiation.
How many main subtypes of AML are recognized by the FAB classification system?
Eight
What is the purpose of bone marrow biopsy in the diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia?
To aid in diagnosis and classification of AML through the examination of bone marrow tissue.
What is the role of cytogenetics in the diagnosis and classification of acute myeloid leukemia?
To identify chromosomal abnormalities and aid in diagnosis and classification of AML.
What is the relationship between morphology and clinical features in the FAB classification system?
The FAB classification system categorizes AML into eight main subtypes based on morphology and clinical features.
What is the significance of the morphology of blasts in AML diagnosis?
The morphology of blasts is significant in AML diagnosis as it helps in the classification of AML into different subtypes based on the morphological features of leukemic cells.
How does the FAB classification system categorize AML?
The FAB classification system categorizes AML into eight subtypes based on the morphological features of leukemic cells.
What type of chromosomal abnormalities are common in AML?
Abnormalities in chromosome number or structure, such as translocations, inversions, or deletions, are common in AML.
What is the value of bone marrow biopsy in evaluating AML?
Bone marrow biopsy is valuable in evaluating AML as it allows for the assessment of bone marrow architecture and the presence of blasts.
What is the purpose of immunohistochemistry in bone marrow biopsy?
The purpose of immunohistochemistry in bone marrow biopsy is to demonstrate pathological accumulations of blasts using markers such as CD34.
How can the presence of reticulin fibrosis or fatty changes in the bone marrow affect AML diagnosis?
The presence of reticulin fibrosis or fatty changes in the bone marrow can make accurate disease characterization difficult in certain cases.
What is the main function of the myocardium in the heart?
contractions
What is the purpose of the epicardium in the heart?
protects the heart from outside forces
What is the function of the right atrium in the heart?
receives blood from the body and returns it to the heart
What is the difference between the right and left sides of the heart?
right side receives deoxygenated blood from the body, while the left side receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs
What is the purpose of the endocardium in the heart?
lines the heart's chambers and protects the valves
Where is the heart located in the body?
near the center of the chest, in the mediastinal cavity of the thorax, between the lungs
Study Notes
Acute Myeloid Leukemia Histopathology
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a type of cancer that affects the bone marrow and blood cells. The diagnosis and classification of AML require a combination of morphology, cytochemistry, immunophenotyping, and cytogenetics. This article will focus on the subtopics of bone marrow biopsy, immunophenotyping, FAB classification, cytogenetics, and the morphology of blasts in the context of AML histopathology.
Bone Marrow Biopsy
Bone marrow biopsy is an essential diagnostic tool in the detection of AML. It involves the removal of a sample of bone marrow tissue from the hip bone using a needle. The bone marrow is then analyzed for the presence of leukemic cells and other abnormalities. Immunohistochemistry of bone marrow biopsy is a powerful diagnostic tool that uses antibodies to detect specific antigens on leukemic cells. This technique can easily correlate with other diagnostic methods like flow cytometry and genetic analysis. The role of bone marrow biopsy is particularly emphasized in cases of myeloid neoplasms associated with myelofibrosis and in cases with hypocellular marrows, such as hypoplastic myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS).
Immunophenotyping
Immunophenotyping is the process of identifying specific antigens on the surface of leukemic cells using immunohistochemical staining. This technique can be used to differentiate between the various subtypes of AML and to identify the lineage of leukemic cells. Immunophenotyping is particularly helpful in cases where morphology is difficult to interpret, such as cases of AML with monocytic differentiation that can mimic metastatic carcinoma.
FAB Classification
The French-American-British (FAB) classification system is a widely used method for classifying AML based on morphological features of the leukemic cells. The system divides AML into eight categories (M0 to M7) based on the shape, size, and number of leukemic blasts present in the bone marrow and peripheral blood. The FAB classification system is a useful tool for guiding treatment decisions and predicting patient outcomes.
Cytogenetics
Cytogenetics is the study of chromosomes and their changes in diseases, including AML. Abnormalities in the chromosome structure can provide valuable information about the genetic causes of AML and can help guide treatment decisions. Cytogenetic analysis can detect chromosomal translocations, deletions, and other genetic abnormalities associated with AML.
Morphology of Blasts
The morphology of blasts in AML is an important factor in determining the diagnosis and classification of the disease. Leukemic blasts can have various shapes and sizes, and their number in the bone marrow and peripheral blood can vary. Immunophenotyping and cytochemical stains can help identify specific subtypes of AML based on the morphology of the leukemic blasts.
In conclusion, the histopathology of acute myeloid leukemia encompasses various techniques, including bone marrow biopsy, immunophenotyping, FAB classification, cytogenetics, and the morphology of blasts. These techniques work together to provide a comprehensive understanding of the disease, aiding in its accurate diagnosis and classification.
This quiz covers the diagnosis and classification of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) through histopathology, including bone marrow biopsy, immunophenotyping, FAB classification, cytogenetics, and morphology of blasts. It's essential for understanding the disease and guiding treatment decisions.
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