Acute Myeloid Leukemia Histopathology

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary benefit of immunophenotyping in AML cases?

  • To identify morphological features of leukemic cells
  • To classify AML into eight categories based on blast shape
  • To detect chromosomal translocations and deletions
  • To guide treatment decisions in cases with difficult morphology (correct)

Which technique is used to classify AML into eight categories based on morphological features of leukemic cells?

  • Immunophenotyping
  • Morphology of blasts
  • FAB classification (correct)
  • Cytogenetics

What is the focus of cytogenetics in the study of AML?

  • Bone marrow biopsy
  • Chromosomal changes and genetic abnormalities (correct)
  • Immunophenotyping
  • Morphology of leukemic blasts

What is the significance of morphology of blasts in AML?

<p>It determines the diagnosis and classification of the disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of bone marrow biopsy in AML diagnosis?

<p>It provides a comprehensive understanding of the disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of FAB classification system?

<p>To guide treatment decisions and predict patient outcomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a bone marrow biopsy in the diagnosis of AML?

<p>To analyze the bone marrow for the presence of leukemic cells and other abnormalities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of immunohistochemistry in bone marrow biopsy?

<p>To detect specific antigens on leukemic cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a specific application of bone marrow biopsy?

<p>Diagnosis of myeloid neoplasms associated with myelofibrosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of immunophenotyping in AML?

<p>To identify the lineage of leukemic cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry in AML diagnosis?

<p>Immunohistochemistry can easily correlate with flow cytometry (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following techniques is not mentioned in the context of AML histopathology?

<p>Gene expression profiling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristic features of blasts in acute myeloid leukemia?

<p>Immature, round or oval cells with a high nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio, prominent nucleoli, and scant or absent cytoplasm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Auer rods in acute myeloid leukemia?

<p>The presence of abnormal granules, such as Auer rods, is a hallmark feature of AML, particularly in cases with monocytic differentiation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many main subtypes of AML are recognized by the FAB classification system?

<p>Eight</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of bone marrow biopsy in the diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia?

<p>To aid in diagnosis and classification of AML through the examination of bone marrow tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cytogenetics in the diagnosis and classification of acute myeloid leukemia?

<p>To identify chromosomal abnormalities and aid in diagnosis and classification of AML.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between morphology and clinical features in the FAB classification system?

<p>The FAB classification system categorizes AML into eight main subtypes based on morphology and clinical features.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the morphology of blasts in AML diagnosis?

<p>The morphology of blasts is significant in AML diagnosis as it helps in the classification of AML into different subtypes based on the morphological features of leukemic cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the FAB classification system categorize AML?

<p>The FAB classification system categorizes AML into eight subtypes based on the morphological features of leukemic cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of chromosomal abnormalities are common in AML?

<p>Abnormalities in chromosome number or structure, such as translocations, inversions, or deletions, are common in AML.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the value of bone marrow biopsy in evaluating AML?

<p>Bone marrow biopsy is valuable in evaluating AML as it allows for the assessment of bone marrow architecture and the presence of blasts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of immunohistochemistry in bone marrow biopsy?

<p>The purpose of immunohistochemistry in bone marrow biopsy is to demonstrate pathological accumulations of blasts using markers such as CD34.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the presence of reticulin fibrosis or fatty changes in the bone marrow affect AML diagnosis?

<p>The presence of reticulin fibrosis or fatty changes in the bone marrow can make accurate disease characterization difficult in certain cases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the myocardium in the heart?

<p>contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the epicardium in the heart?

<p>protects the heart from outside forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the right atrium in the heart?

<p>receives blood from the body and returns it to the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between the right and left sides of the heart?

<p>right side receives deoxygenated blood from the body, while the left side receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the endocardium in the heart?

<p>lines the heart's chambers and protects the valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the heart located in the body?

<p>near the center of the chest, in the mediastinal cavity of the thorax, between the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)

A type of cancer that affects bone marrow and blood cells.

Bone Marrow Biopsy

A procedure to remove a sample of bone marrow tissue, usually from the hip bone.

Bone Marrow Analysis

Analyzing bone marrow for the presence of leukemic cells and other abnormalities.

Immunohistochemistry

Using antibodies to identify specific antigens on leukemic cells.

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Immunophenotyping

The process of identifying specific antigens on the surface of leukemic cells using antibodies.

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FAB Classification

A widely used system to classify AML based on cell morphology

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Cytogenetics

The study of chromosomes and their changes, including those in AML.

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Chromosomal Abnormalities

Abnormal changes in chromosome structure that can provide information about AML's genetic causes.

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Morphology of Blasts

The shape, size, and number of leukemic blasts in the bone marrow and blood.

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Leukemic Blasts

Immature white blood cells that are abnormal in AML.

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Myelofibrosis

Myelofibrosis is a condition where scar tissue replaces normal bone marrow.

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Hypoplastic MDS

A condition with an abnormally low bone marrow cell count.

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AML with Monocytic Differentiation

A subtype of AML characterized by monocyte differentiation, which can resemble metastatic carcinoma.

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Flow Cytometry

A process that helps to distinguish between cell types by looking at certain cell surface proteins.

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Leukemia

A blood disorder with an abnormal increase in immature white blood cells.

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Multiple Myeloma

A rare type of blood cancer involving plasma cells.

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Lymphoma

A type of cancer affecting the lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell.

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Polycythemia Vera

A type of blood disorder involving abnormal red blood cell production.

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Acute Myeloid Leukemia

A type of cancer affecting the bone marrow and blood cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bone Marrow Biopsy

A procedure to remove a sample of bone marrow tissue.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bone Marrow Analysis

Analyzing bone marrow for the presence of leukemic cells and other abnormalities.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Immunohistochemistry

Using antibodies to identify specific antigens on leukemic cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Immunophenotyping

The process of identifying specific antigens on the surface of leukemic cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

FAB Classification

A widely used system to classify AML based on cell morphology

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cytogenetics

The study of chromosomes and their changes, including those in AML.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chromosomal Abnormalities

Abnormal changes in chromosome structure that can provide information about AML's genetic causes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Morphology of Blasts

The shape, size, and number of leukemic blasts in the bone marrow and blood.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Leukemic Blasts

Immature white blood cells that are abnormal in AML.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Myelofibrosis

Myelofibrosis is a condition where scar tissue replaces normal bone marrow.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hypoplastic MDS

A condition with an abnormally low bone marrow cell count.

Signup and view all the flashcards

AML with Monocytic Differentiation

A subtype of AML characterized by monocyte differentiation, which can resemble metastatic carcinoma.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Flow Cytometry

A process that helps to distinguish between cell types by looking at certain cell surface proteins.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Acute Myeloid Leukemia Histopathology

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a type of cancer that affects the bone marrow and blood cells. The diagnosis and classification of AML require a combination of morphology, cytochemistry, immunophenotyping, and cytogenetics. This article will focus on the subtopics of bone marrow biopsy, immunophenotyping, FAB classification, cytogenetics, and the morphology of blasts in the context of AML histopathology.

Bone Marrow Biopsy

Bone marrow biopsy is an essential diagnostic tool in the detection of AML. It involves the removal of a sample of bone marrow tissue from the hip bone using a needle. The bone marrow is then analyzed for the presence of leukemic cells and other abnormalities. Immunohistochemistry of bone marrow biopsy is a powerful diagnostic tool that uses antibodies to detect specific antigens on leukemic cells. This technique can easily correlate with other diagnostic methods like flow cytometry and genetic analysis. The role of bone marrow biopsy is particularly emphasized in cases of myeloid neoplasms associated with myelofibrosis and in cases with hypocellular marrows, such as hypoplastic myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS).

Immunophenotyping

Immunophenotyping is the process of identifying specific antigens on the surface of leukemic cells using immunohistochemical staining. This technique can be used to differentiate between the various subtypes of AML and to identify the lineage of leukemic cells. Immunophenotyping is particularly helpful in cases where morphology is difficult to interpret, such as cases of AML with monocytic differentiation that can mimic metastatic carcinoma.

FAB Classification

The French-American-British (FAB) classification system is a widely used method for classifying AML based on morphological features of the leukemic cells. The system divides AML into eight categories (M0 to M7) based on the shape, size, and number of leukemic blasts present in the bone marrow and peripheral blood. The FAB classification system is a useful tool for guiding treatment decisions and predicting patient outcomes.

Cytogenetics

Cytogenetics is the study of chromosomes and their changes in diseases, including AML. Abnormalities in the chromosome structure can provide valuable information about the genetic causes of AML and can help guide treatment decisions. Cytogenetic analysis can detect chromosomal translocations, deletions, and other genetic abnormalities associated with AML.

Morphology of Blasts

The morphology of blasts in AML is an important factor in determining the diagnosis and classification of the disease. Leukemic blasts can have various shapes and sizes, and their number in the bone marrow and peripheral blood can vary. Immunophenotyping and cytochemical stains can help identify specific subtypes of AML based on the morphology of the leukemic blasts.

In conclusion, the histopathology of acute myeloid leukemia encompasses various techniques, including bone marrow biopsy, immunophenotyping, FAB classification, cytogenetics, and the morphology of blasts. These techniques work together to provide a comprehensive understanding of the disease, aiding in its accurate diagnosis and classification.

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