Questions and Answers
What is the role of acetylcholine (ACh)?
What is an action potential?
A short-lasting electrical event in which the membrane potential of a cell rapidly rises above the threshold of excitation, then falls.
What does the adrenal cortex produce?
Steroid hormones including cortisol, aldosterone, and androgen.
What is the function of the adrenal gland?
Signup and view all the answers
What is produced by the adrenal medulla?
Signup and view all the answers
What is adrenaline also known as?
Signup and view all the answers
What does 'adrenergic' refer to?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an afferent neuron?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the all-or-none principle state?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an alpha motor neuron?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an alpha receptor?
Signup and view all the answers
What is antagonistic control?
Signup and view all the answers
What does atrophy refer to?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the autonomic nervous system control?
Signup and view all the answers
What part of a neuron is responsible for transmitting impulses?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the axon hillock?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the beta receptor do?
Signup and view all the answers
What are catecholamines?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the central nervous system (CNS) comprise?
Signup and view all the answers
What does cholinergic refer to?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a cholinergic receptor?
Signup and view all the answers
What is contraction in muscle cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the cytoplasm composed of?
Signup and view all the answers
What are dendrites?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Neurotransmitters and Neurons
- Acetylcholine (ACh): A crucial neurotransmitter involved in somatic and autonomic nervous system signaling.
- Action Potential: A rapid electrical signal in excitable cells, crucial for communication and intracellular processes in muscle cells.
- Afferent Neuron: Specialized sensory neurons responsible for transmitting sensory information to the central nervous system.
- All-or-None Principle: Once a neuron's action potential threshold is reached, it fully propagates, affecting muscle twitches similarly.
Adrenal Gland Structure and Hormones
- Adrenal Gland: Also known as suprarenal glands, these endocrine structures produce hormones like cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine.
- Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer, responsible for synthesizing steroid hormones such as cortisol and aldosterone.
- Adrenal Medulla: The inner layer that produces catecholamines, primarily epinephrine and norepinephrine, crucial for fight-or-flight responses.
- Adrenaline: Another name for epinephrine, mainly secreted by the adrenal medulla.
Types of Receptors and Control Mechanisms
- Alpha Receptor: An adrenergic receptor that induces vasoconstriction when activated by epinephrine or norepinephrine.
- Beta Receptor: An adrenergic receptor that can have varying effects on different tissues depending on subtype (Beta1, Beta2, Beta3).
- Cholinergic Receptor: Binds acetylcholine, including nicotinic and muscarinic types that mediate diverse physiological responses.
- Antagonistic Control: In autonomic nervous system regulation, organs receive both excitatory and inhibitory signals from sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
Muscle Physiology and Morphology
- Alpha Motor Neuron: A motor neuron innervating skeletal muscles, crucial for voluntary movement.
- Atrophy: Reduction in muscle cross-sectional area, typically due to inactivity or denervation.
- Contraction: Occurs through actin and myosin filament interaction, leading to muscle fiber tension.
Nervous System Basics
- Central Nervous System (CNS): Comprises the brain and spinal cord, responsible for processing sensory input and coordinating responses.
- Dendrites: Neuron extensions that receive signals from other cells and convey them to the cell body.
- Axon: A long projection from the neuron that transmits action potentials away from the cell body.
- Axon Hillock: The area where action potentials initiate, integrating synaptic inputs from the neuron’s dendrites.
Cellular Components and Function
- Cytoplasm: Consists of cytosol and organelles, serving as the site for major cellular activities like glycolysis.
- Adrenergic: Pertaining to the effects caused by catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine).
- Cholinergic: Relates to the actions of acetylcholine within the nervous system.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge on neural control with these flashcards. This quiz covers key terms such as acetylcholine and action potentials, essential for understanding the nervous system's operation. Perfect for neuroscience or biology students!