Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of astrocytes in the central nervous system?
What is the primary function of astrocytes in the central nervous system?
Which part of the neuron is primarily responsible for generating and sending signals?
Which part of the neuron is primarily responsible for generating and sending signals?
Which type of neuron is referenced as having multiple processes and is most commonly involved in motor functions?
Which type of neuron is referenced as having multiple processes and is most commonly involved in motor functions?
What role do interneurons play in the nervous system?
What role do interneurons play in the nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which structure of a neuron is primarily involved in receiving information?
Which structure of a neuron is primarily involved in receiving information?
Signup and view all the answers
In the context of ion channels, what is their main function?
In the context of ion channels, what is their main function?
Signup and view all the answers
What classification applies to sensory neurons that conduct information to the central nervous system?
What classification applies to sensory neurons that conduct information to the central nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which direction of signal transmission is associated with efferent neurons?
Which direction of signal transmission is associated with efferent neurons?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?
What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which component of the nervous system is responsible for processing sensory input?
Which component of the nervous system is responsible for processing sensory input?
Signup and view all the answers
Which division of the nervous system controls cardiac muscle activity?
Which division of the nervous system controls cardiac muscle activity?
Signup and view all the answers
What distinguishes the somatic nervous system from the autonomic nervous system?
What distinguishes the somatic nervous system from the autonomic nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
What role do neurotransmitters play in the nervous system?
What role do neurotransmitters play in the nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement correctly describes the role of afferent and efferent pathways in the nervous system?
Which statement correctly describes the role of afferent and efferent pathways in the nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best describes the two branches of the autonomic nervous system?
Which of the following best describes the two branches of the autonomic nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which part of the nervous system includes cranial and spinal nerves?
Which part of the nervous system includes cranial and spinal nerves?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary role of microglial cells in the central nervous system (CNS)?
What is the primary role of microglial cells in the central nervous system (CNS)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which ion channel is primarily involved in the propagation of action potentials?
Which ion channel is primarily involved in the propagation of action potentials?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the resting membrane potential typically found in neurons?
What is the resting membrane potential typically found in neurons?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) supports nerve regeneration?
What type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) supports nerve regeneration?
Signup and view all the answers
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with excitatory effects?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with excitatory effects?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements about action potentials is correct?
Which of the following statements about action potentials is correct?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system?
What is the role of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of neuron is involved in carrying signals from sensory receptors to the central nervous system?
Which type of neuron is involved in carrying signals from sensory receptors to the central nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Introduction to Nervous System
- The nervous system monitors conditions and corrects them when needed to keep the body functioning properly.
- The nervous and endocrine systems, along with the special senses, control bodily functions.
Objectives
- Structurally and functionally organize the nervous system.
- Define afferent and efferent.
- Explain how action potentials occur (general overview).
- Describe different neurotransmitters and their effects.
Organization
- Central Nervous System (CNS): Includes the brain and spinal cord.
-
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Everything outside the CNS, including:
- Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): Controls involuntary functions like cardiac muscle, smooth muscles, and glands.
- Somatic Nervous System: Controls voluntary movements.
Parts and Basic Operations
- The brain and spinal cord form the CNS, which controls the entire nervous system.
- Everything outside the brain and spinal cord is the PNS.
- The sensory system receives input, while the motor system provides output.
- The somatic nervous system controls voluntary skeletal muscles.
- The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary smooth and cardiac muscles, and various glands.
Terms and Directions
- Afferent: Carries sensory information to the CNS.
- Efferent: Carries motor information from the CNS to the body.
Terms
- Ion Channels: Proteins in cell membranes that convert chemical/mechanical signals into electrical signals.
- Ligand-gated channels: Open in response to a neurotransmitter.
- Voltage-gated channels: Important for action potential propagation.
- Mechanically-gated channels: Open based on pressure or physical force.
- G-Proteins: "Memory" proteins that allow doors to stay open longer.
Tissue Types
- Main Actor: The cell body (nuclei in the CNS, ganglia in the PNS).
- Supporting Actor: Glial cells.
Neurons (1 of 3)
- The nervous system's control functions rely on neurons.
- Neurons have branches and a tail-like structure.
- Each part of a neuron has a specific function.
Neurons (2 of 3)
- Soma: Protein synthesis for neurotransmitters.
- Dendrites: Input site to the neuron.
- Axon: Output portion of the neuron.
- Presynaptic terminals: Transmitting portion, transmitting info via neurotransmitters.
Neurons (3 of 3)
- Axon terminal: Where the signal leaves the cell.
- Synapse: Where the axon terminal and receiving cell meet.
Neuron Types
- Multipolar: Most common type, including motor neurons and neurons in the autonomic nervous system.
- Pseudounipolar: Used for senses, and sensory neurons in the PNS.
- Bipolar: Has one axon and one dendrite.
Classification of Neurons (1 of 2)
-
Structural Classification:
- Bipolar: Two processes (axon and dendrite).
- Unipolar: One process (splits into central and peripheral).
- Multipolar: Multiple processes (usually one axon and many dendrites).
Classification of Neurons (2 of 2)
-
Functional Classification:
- Sensory: Input neurons.
- Motor: Output neurons.
- Interneurons: Communication between neurons (association neurons).
Central Nervous System Glial Cells
- Astrocytes: Abundant, support and nourish neurons, regulate chemical environment.
- Microglial: Immune system role in CNS.
- Ependymal: Aids in CSF circulation.
- Oligodendrocytes: Produce myelin sheath in CNS.
Peripheral Nervous System Glial Cells
- Satellite cells: Support and nourish neurons in the PNS.
- Schwann cells: Produce myelin sheath in the PNS.
How Neurons Work (1 of 2)
- Neurons are excitable cells.
- They conduct electrical charges.
- They send and receive signals using electrical currents.
How Neurons Work (2 of 2)
- All muscle types and many gland cells are excitable.
- Cells create currents by altering membrane permeability.
Propagation of Information
- Electrical potential arises from differences in ion distribution.
- Four types of ion channels:
- Leak channels
- Mechanically gated channels
- Ligand-gated channels
- Voltage-gated channels
Electric Potentials
- Resting Membrane Potential (RMP): Typically -70 mV, maintained by the Na+/K+ pump.
- Local Potentials: Graded potentials, not all-or-none, important for sensory systems.
- Action Potentials: All-or-none, rapid depolarization and repolarization due to opening/closing of voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels.
Propagation of Action Potential
- Speed of conduction depends on axon diameter and myelination.
- Saltatory conduction occurs in myelinated axons.
Synapses
- Neurons connect at synapses.
- Neurotransmitters are released to transmit signals across synapses.
Neurotransmitters
- Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers.
- Table shows examples and their effects.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz covers the structure and function of the nervous system, including the central and peripheral nervous systems. It also explores the roles of afferent and efferent pathways, action potentials, and various neurotransmitters. Test your understanding of how these elements work together to maintain bodily functions.
