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What is the common function of operant behavior maintained by negative reinforcement?
What is the common function of operant behavior maintained by negative reinforcement?
Escape/avoidance
Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?
Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?
When talking about reinforcement, what does positive and negative mean?
When talking about reinforcement, what does positive and negative mean?
Positive means the addition of a stimulus, negative means the removal of a stimulus
What type of behavior is generally passed down because they promote the survival of the species?
What type of behavior is generally passed down because they promote the survival of the species?
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Which of the following are examples of unconditioned reinforcers?
Which of the following are examples of unconditioned reinforcers?
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What is the name of the schedule of reinforcement where some but not all occurrences of the behavior are reinforced?
What is the name of the schedule of reinforcement where some but not all occurrences of the behavior are reinforced?
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What type of schedule of reinforcement is used in order to maintain established behaviors?
What type of schedule of reinforcement is used in order to maintain established behaviors?
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What is the absence of responding for a period of time following the delivery of the reinforcer called?
What is the absence of responding for a period of time following the delivery of the reinforcer called?
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What type of schedule delivers reinforcement for the first response after a specific amount of time has elapsed?
What type of schedule delivers reinforcement for the first response after a specific amount of time has elapsed?
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What is the increasingly accelerated rate of response immediately prior to the moment of reinforcement called?
What is the increasingly accelerated rate of response immediately prior to the moment of reinforcement called?
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What is an example of variable ratio schedule?
What is an example of variable ratio schedule?
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What kind of schedule of reinforcement produces consistent, high, steady rates of responding?
What kind of schedule of reinforcement produces consistent, high, steady rates of responding?
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Which schedule of reinforcement is contingent on the first correct response after an average amount of time has elapsed?
Which schedule of reinforcement is contingent on the first correct response after an average amount of time has elapsed?
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What are common examples of a fixed time schedule?
What are common examples of a fixed time schedule?
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What kind of behavior principle did Dan's parents use for earning $10 for every A?
What kind of behavior principle did Dan's parents use for earning $10 for every A?
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What kind of behavior principle did Ms. Louis inadvertently use with Andrew's disruptive behavior?
What kind of behavior principle did Ms. Louis inadvertently use with Andrew's disruptive behavior?
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What kind of process can be described regarding Jace's eating behavior after thanksgiving?
What kind of process can be described regarding Jace's eating behavior after thanksgiving?
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What is the state of an organism where a decrease in frequency of operant behavior is presumed to be the result of continued contact with or consumption of a reinforcer?
What is the state of an organism where a decrease in frequency of operant behavior is presumed to be the result of continued contact with or consumption of a reinforcer?
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Which is/are an example(s) of motivating operations?
Which is/are an example(s) of motivating operations?
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Why are unconditioned reinforcers phylogenic?
Why are unconditioned reinforcers phylogenic?
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What are conditioned reinforcers sometimes called?
What are conditioned reinforcers sometimes called?
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What is a rule that describes a contingency of reinforcement?
What is a rule that describes a contingency of reinforcement?
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What do we use in order to teach and strengthen a new behavior?
What do we use in order to teach and strengthen a new behavior?
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Which of the following is an example of a continuous schedule of reinforcement?
Which of the following is an example of a continuous schedule of reinforcement?
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On what schedule of reinforcement does the rate of reinforcement determine how quickly the individual completes the ratio requirement?
On what schedule of reinforcement does the rate of reinforcement determine how quickly the individual completes the ratio requirement?
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On a fixed schedule, the response criterion is _____, whether time or number of required responses. When a variable schedule is in place, the response criterion is ____.
On a fixed schedule, the response criterion is _____, whether time or number of required responses. When a variable schedule is in place, the response criterion is ____.
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What influences the duration of the post-reinforcement pause in a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement?
What influences the duration of the post-reinforcement pause in a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement?
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Which of the following will result in a ratio strain on an intermittent schedule?
Which of the following will result in a ratio strain on an intermittent schedule?
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Which response, after the interval has elapsed, will provide reinforcement in a fixed interval schedule?
Which response, after the interval has elapsed, will provide reinforcement in a fixed interval schedule?
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Which schedules of reinforcement typically produce many more responses than the schedule requires?
Which schedules of reinforcement typically produce many more responses than the schedule requires?
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Regarding the Post Reinforcement Pause on a fixed interval, the ____ the fixed interval requirement, the ____ the Post Reinforcement Pause.
Regarding the Post Reinforcement Pause on a fixed interval, the ____ the fixed interval requirement, the ____ the Post Reinforcement Pause.
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What is the intermittent schedule called where reinforcement is delivered based on an average number of responses?
What is the intermittent schedule called where reinforcement is delivered based on an average number of responses?
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What changes to the ratio contingency causes a post-reinforcement pause to be reduced or eliminated?
What changes to the ratio contingency causes a post-reinforcement pause to be reduced or eliminated?
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What should be added to a variable interval schedule of reinforcement in order to increase the rate of responding by reinforcing short inter-response times?
What should be added to a variable interval schedule of reinforcement in order to increase the rate of responding by reinforcing short inter-response times?
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What is the time between the offset of one response and the onset of the next consecutive response called?
What is the time between the offset of one response and the onset of the next consecutive response called?
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What kind of schedule of reinforcement is Adam in when waiting for coffee?
What kind of schedule of reinforcement is Adam in when waiting for coffee?
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What kind of schedule of reinforcement produces higher rates of responding than interval schedules?
What kind of schedule of reinforcement produces higher rates of responding than interval schedules?
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A behavior change due to an organism's learning history is of _____ prevalence?
A behavior change due to an organism's learning history is of _____ prevalence?
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What kind of schedules of reinforcement serve as abolishing operation that decrease the effectiveness of reinforcer maintaining the problem behavior?
What kind of schedules of reinforcement serve as abolishing operation that decrease the effectiveness of reinforcer maintaining the problem behavior?
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What kind of schedule of reinforcement is Jamal engaged in at the casino?
What kind of schedule of reinforcement is Jamal engaged in at the casino?
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Which of the following is an example of superstitious behavior?
Which of the following is an example of superstitious behavior?
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What are the two types of time-based schedules of reinforcement?
What are the two types of time-based schedules of reinforcement?
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What kind of schedule of reinforcement is not contingent on a specific target behavior?
What kind of schedule of reinforcement is not contingent on a specific target behavior?
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Study Notes
Reinforcement Contingencies Overview
- Operant behavior maintained by negative reinforcement serves the function of escape or avoidance of adverse stimuli.
- Positive reinforcement entails the addition of a stimulus to increase a behavior, while negative reinforcement refers to the removal of a stimulus to achieve similar results.
Types of Reinforcement
- Unconditioned reinforcers are naturally reinforcing and do not require learning to be effective.
- Conditioned reinforcers, also known as learned or secondary reinforcers, acquire their ability to reinforce through association with primary reinforcers.
Schedules of Reinforcement
- An intermittent schedule provides reinforcement for some, but not all occurrences, supporting the maintenance of established behaviors.
- A fixed interval schedule rewards the first response after a set amount of time, while variable interval schedules offer reinforcement after an average time has passed.
- Fixed ratio schedules require a specific number of responses for reinforcement, whereas variable ratio schedules yield rewards based on an average number of responses, leading to higher response rates.
Behavior Responses
- The post-reinforcement pause is a period of inactivity following reinforcement, influenced by the size of the ratio in fixed ratio schedules.
- Satiation occurs when the effectiveness of a reinforcer decreases due to overexposure.
Examples of Application
- Scenarios illustrate principles of behavior; for example, Dan earns extra allowance for good grades, demonstrating positive reinforcement.
- Ms. Louis' scenario with Andrew reflects negative reinforcement, as her actions inadvertently increase disruptive behavior to escape interaction.
Unique Effects of Schedules
- High, steady response rates are produced by variable ratio schedules, contrasting with interval schedules which often yield fewer responses than required.
- Ratio strain may occur if changes to the reinforcement criteria are too drastic or sudden.
Factors Influencing Behavior
- Motivating operations, which alter the effectiveness of reinforcers, can include conditions such as deprivation or satiation.
- Inter-response time measures the gap between consecutive responses, influencing overall behavior patterns.
Superstitious Behavior
- Superstitious behaviors arise when individuals associate certain actions with successful outcomes, often reinforcing the behavior despite a lack of causal relationship.
Time-based vs. Response-based Schedules
- Time-based schedules, including fixed-time and variable-time, are not contingent on specific behaviors and therefore serve different reinforcement functions compared to response-based schedules.
Final Notes
- Understanding these principles and applications of reinforcement can deepen insights into behavior modification and learning processes.
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Description
Test your knowledge on reinforcement contingencies with flashcards that cover both positive and negative reinforcement concepts. Explore examples and definitions to enhance your understanding of operant behavior and its functions.
