Lesson 16: Reinforcement Contingencies

Questions and Answers

What is the common function of operant behavior maintained by negative reinforcement?

Escape/avoidance

Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?

Giving a treat for good behavior

Praise for completing a task

All of the above (correct)

Providing extra playtime

When talking about reinforcement, what does positive and negative mean?

Positive means the addition of a stimulus, negative means the removal of a stimulus

What type of behavior is generally passed down because they promote the survival of the species?

Respondent behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are examples of unconditioned reinforcers?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the schedule of reinforcement where some but not all occurrences of the behavior are reinforced?

Intermittent schedule Signup and view all the answers

What type of schedule of reinforcement is used in order to maintain established behaviors?

Intermittent schedule of reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

What is the absence of responding for a period of time following the delivery of the reinforcer called?

Post-reinforcement pause Signup and view all the answers

What type of schedule delivers reinforcement for the first response after a specific amount of time has elapsed?

Fixed interval Signup and view all the answers

What is the increasingly accelerated rate of response immediately prior to the moment of reinforcement called?

Scallop effect Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of variable ratio schedule?

Paul plays on a slot machine and wins about every 15 times Signup and view all the answers

What kind of schedule of reinforcement produces consistent, high, steady rates of responding?

Variable ratio Signup and view all the answers

Which schedule of reinforcement is contingent on the first correct response after an average amount of time has elapsed?

Variable interval Signup and view all the answers

What are common examples of a fixed time schedule?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What kind of behavior principle did Dan's parents use for earning $10 for every A?

Positive reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

What kind of behavior principle did Ms. Louis inadvertently use with Andrew's disruptive behavior?

Negative reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

What kind of process can be described regarding Jace's eating behavior after thanksgiving?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the state of an organism where a decrease in frequency of operant behavior is presumed to be the result of continued contact with or consumption of a reinforcer?

Satiation Signup and view all the answers

Which is/are an example(s) of motivating operations?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Why are unconditioned reinforcers phylogenic?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What are conditioned reinforcers sometimes called?

Learned and secondary reinforcers Signup and view all the answers

What is a rule that describes a contingency of reinforcement?

Schedule of reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

What do we use in order to teach and strengthen a new behavior?

Continuous schedule of reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a continuous schedule of reinforcement?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

On what schedule of reinforcement does the rate of reinforcement determine how quickly the individual completes the ratio requirement?

Ratio schedule Signup and view all the answers

On a fixed schedule, the response criterion is _, whether time or number of required responses. When a variable schedule is in place, the response criterion is .

Constant, changes Signup and view all the answers

What influences the duration of the post-reinforcement pause in a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement?

The size of the ratio Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following will result in a ratio strain on an intermittent schedule?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which response, after the interval has elapsed, will provide reinforcement in a fixed interval schedule?

First response Signup and view all the answers

Which schedules of reinforcement typically produce many more responses than the schedule requires?

Fixed ratio and variable ratio Signup and view all the answers

Regarding the Post Reinforcement Pause on a fixed interval, the the fixed interval requirement, the the Post Reinforcement Pause.

Larger, longer Signup and view all the answers

What is the intermittent schedule called where reinforcement is delivered based on an average number of responses?

Variable ratio Signup and view all the answers

What changes to the ratio contingency causes a post-reinforcement pause to be reduced or eliminated?

Changes from a fixed to variable Signup and view all the answers

What should be added to a variable interval schedule of reinforcement in order to increase the rate of responding by reinforcing short inter-response times?

Limited hold Signup and view all the answers

What is the time between the offset of one response and the onset of the next consecutive response called?

Inter-response time Signup and view all the answers

What kind of schedule of reinforcement is Adam in when waiting for coffee?

Variable interval Signup and view all the answers

What kind of schedule of reinforcement produces higher rates of responding than interval schedules?

Ratio schedules Signup and view all the answers

A behavior change due to an organism's learning history is of _____ prevalence?

Ontogenetic Signup and view all the answers

What kind of schedules of reinforcement serve as abolishing operation that decrease the effectiveness of reinforcer maintaining the problem behavior?

Fixed-time schedules Signup and view all the answers

What kind of schedule of reinforcement is Jamal engaged in at the casino?

Variable ratio Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of superstitious behavior?

A professional dancer wears the same hair tie for six performances in a row because she has won every performance wearing them Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of time-based schedules of reinforcement?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What kind of schedule of reinforcement is not contingent on a specific target behavior?

Time-based schedules Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Reinforcement Contingencies Overview

Operant behavior maintained by negative reinforcement serves the function of escape or avoidance of adverse stimuli.
Positive reinforcement entails the addition of a stimulus to increase a behavior, while negative reinforcement refers to the removal of a stimulus to achieve similar results.

Types of Reinforcement

Unconditioned reinforcers are naturally reinforcing and do not require learning to be effective.
Conditioned reinforcers, also known as learned or secondary reinforcers, acquire their ability to reinforce through association with primary reinforcers.

Schedules of Reinforcement

An intermittent schedule provides reinforcement for some, but not all occurrences, supporting the maintenance of established behaviors.
A fixed interval schedule rewards the first response after a set amount of time, while variable interval schedules offer reinforcement after an average time has passed.
Fixed ratio schedules require a specific number of responses for reinforcement, whereas variable ratio schedules yield rewards based on an average number of responses, leading to higher response rates.

Behavior Responses

The post-reinforcement pause is a period of inactivity following reinforcement, influenced by the size of the ratio in fixed ratio schedules.
Satiation occurs when the effectiveness of a reinforcer decreases due to overexposure.

Examples of Application

Scenarios illustrate principles of behavior; for example, Dan earns extra allowance for good grades, demonstrating positive reinforcement.
Ms. Louis' scenario with Andrew reflects negative reinforcement, as her actions inadvertently increase disruptive behavior to escape interaction.

Unique Effects of Schedules

High, steady response rates are produced by variable ratio schedules, contrasting with interval schedules which often yield fewer responses than required.
Ratio strain may occur if changes to the reinforcement criteria are too drastic or sudden.

Factors Influencing Behavior

Motivating operations, which alter the effectiveness of reinforcers, can include conditions such as deprivation or satiation.
Inter-response time measures the gap between consecutive responses, influencing overall behavior patterns.

Superstitious Behavior

Superstitious behaviors arise when individuals associate certain actions with successful outcomes, often reinforcing the behavior despite a lack of causal relationship.

Time-based vs. Response-based Schedules

Time-based schedules, including fixed-time and variable-time, are not contingent on specific behaviors and therefore serve different reinforcement functions compared to response-based schedules.

Final Notes

Understanding these principles and applications of reinforcement can deepen insights into behavior modification and learning processes.

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Test your knowledge on reinforcement contingencies with flashcards that cover both positive and negative reinforcement concepts. Explore examples and definitions to enhance your understanding of operant behavior and its functions.

Lesson 16: Reinforcement Contingencies

Questions and Answers

What is the common function of operant behavior maintained by negative reinforcement?

Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?

When talking about reinforcement, what does positive and negative mean?

What type of behavior is generally passed down because they promote the survival of the species?

Which of the following are examples of unconditioned reinforcers?

What is the name of the schedule of reinforcement where some but not all occurrences of the behavior are reinforced?

What type of schedule of reinforcement is used in order to maintain established behaviors?

What is the absence of responding for a period of time following the delivery of the reinforcer called?

What type of schedule delivers reinforcement for the first response after a specific amount of time has elapsed?

What is the increasingly accelerated rate of response immediately prior to the moment of reinforcement called?

What is an example of variable ratio schedule?

What kind of schedule of reinforcement produces consistent, high, steady rates of responding?

Which schedule of reinforcement is contingent on the first correct response after an average amount of time has elapsed?

What are common examples of a fixed time schedule?

What kind of behavior principle did Dan's parents use for earning $10 for every A?

What kind of behavior principle did Ms. Louis inadvertently use with Andrew's disruptive behavior?

What kind of process can be described regarding Jace's eating behavior after thanksgiving?

What is the state of an organism where a decrease in frequency of operant behavior is presumed to be the result of continued contact with or consumption of a reinforcer?

Which is/are an example(s) of motivating operations?

Why are unconditioned reinforcers phylogenic?

What are conditioned reinforcers sometimes called?

What is a rule that describes a contingency of reinforcement?

What do we use in order to teach and strengthen a new behavior?

Which of the following is an example of a continuous schedule of reinforcement?

On what schedule of reinforcement does the rate of reinforcement determine how quickly the individual completes the ratio requirement?

On a fixed schedule, the response criterion is _____, whether time or number of required responses. When a variable schedule is in place, the response criterion is ____.

What influences the duration of the post-reinforcement pause in a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement?

Which of the following will result in a ratio strain on an intermittent schedule?

Which response, after the interval has elapsed, will provide reinforcement in a fixed interval schedule?

Which schedules of reinforcement typically produce many more responses than the schedule requires?

Regarding the Post Reinforcement Pause on a fixed interval, the ____ the fixed interval requirement, the ____ the Post Reinforcement Pause.

What is the intermittent schedule called where reinforcement is delivered based on an average number of responses?

What changes to the ratio contingency causes a post-reinforcement pause to be reduced or eliminated?

What should be added to a variable interval schedule of reinforcement in order to increase the rate of responding by reinforcing short inter-response times?

What is the time between the offset of one response and the onset of the next consecutive response called?

What kind of schedule of reinforcement is Adam in when waiting for coffee?

What kind of schedule of reinforcement produces higher rates of responding than interval schedules?

A behavior change due to an organism's learning history is of _____ prevalence?

What kind of schedules of reinforcement serve as abolishing operation that decrease the effectiveness of reinforcer maintaining the problem behavior?

What kind of schedule of reinforcement is Jamal engaged in at the casino?

Which of the following is an example of superstitious behavior?

What are the two types of time-based schedules of reinforcement?

What kind of schedule of reinforcement is not contingent on a specific target behavior?

Study Notes

Reinforcement Contingencies Overview

Types of Reinforcement

Schedules of Reinforcement

Behavior Responses

Examples of Application

Unique Effects of Schedules

Factors Influencing Behavior

Superstitious Behavior

Time-based vs. Response-based Schedules

Final Notes

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Description

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On a fixed schedule, the response criterion is _, whether time or number of required responses. When a variable schedule is in place, the response criterion is .

Regarding the Post Reinforcement Pause on a fixed interval, the the fixed interval requirement, the the Post Reinforcement Pause.