Questions and Answers
What is the common function of operant behavior maintained by negative reinforcement?
Escape/avoidance
Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?
When talking about reinforcement, what does positive and negative mean?
Positive means the addition of a stimulus, negative means the removal of a stimulus
What type of behavior is generally passed down because they promote the survival of the species?
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Which of the following are examples of unconditioned reinforcers?
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What is the name of the schedule of reinforcement where some but not all occurrences of the behavior are reinforced?
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What type of schedule of reinforcement is used in order to maintain established behaviors?
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What is the absence of responding for a period of time following the delivery of the reinforcer called?
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What type of schedule delivers reinforcement for the first response after a specific amount of time has elapsed?
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What is the increasingly accelerated rate of response immediately prior to the moment of reinforcement called?
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What is an example of variable ratio schedule?
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What kind of schedule of reinforcement produces consistent, high, steady rates of responding?
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Which schedule of reinforcement is contingent on the first correct response after an average amount of time has elapsed?
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What are common examples of a fixed time schedule?
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What kind of behavior principle did Dan's parents use for earning $10 for every A?
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What kind of behavior principle did Ms. Louis inadvertently use with Andrew's disruptive behavior?
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What kind of process can be described regarding Jace's eating behavior after thanksgiving?
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What is the state of an organism where a decrease in frequency of operant behavior is presumed to be the result of continued contact with or consumption of a reinforcer?
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Which is/are an example(s) of motivating operations?
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Why are unconditioned reinforcers phylogenic?
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What are conditioned reinforcers sometimes called?
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What is a rule that describes a contingency of reinforcement?
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What do we use in order to teach and strengthen a new behavior?
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Which of the following is an example of a continuous schedule of reinforcement?
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On what schedule of reinforcement does the rate of reinforcement determine how quickly the individual completes the ratio requirement?
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On a fixed schedule, the response criterion is _____, whether time or number of required responses. When a variable schedule is in place, the response criterion is ____.
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What influences the duration of the post-reinforcement pause in a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement?
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Which of the following will result in a ratio strain on an intermittent schedule?
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Which response, after the interval has elapsed, will provide reinforcement in a fixed interval schedule?
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Which schedules of reinforcement typically produce many more responses than the schedule requires?
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Regarding the Post Reinforcement Pause on a fixed interval, the ____ the fixed interval requirement, the ____ the Post Reinforcement Pause.
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What is the intermittent schedule called where reinforcement is delivered based on an average number of responses?
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What changes to the ratio contingency causes a post-reinforcement pause to be reduced or eliminated?
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What should be added to a variable interval schedule of reinforcement in order to increase the rate of responding by reinforcing short inter-response times?
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What is the time between the offset of one response and the onset of the next consecutive response called?
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What kind of schedule of reinforcement is Adam in when waiting for coffee?
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What kind of schedule of reinforcement produces higher rates of responding than interval schedules?
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A behavior change due to an organism's learning history is of _____ prevalence?
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What kind of schedules of reinforcement serve as abolishing operation that decrease the effectiveness of reinforcer maintaining the problem behavior?
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What kind of schedule of reinforcement is Jamal engaged in at the casino?
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Which of the following is an example of superstitious behavior?
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What are the two types of time-based schedules of reinforcement?
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What kind of schedule of reinforcement is not contingent on a specific target behavior?
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Study Notes
Reinforcement Contingencies Overview
- Operant behavior maintained by negative reinforcement serves the function of escape or avoidance of adverse stimuli.
- Positive reinforcement entails the addition of a stimulus to increase a behavior, while negative reinforcement refers to the removal of a stimulus to achieve similar results.
Types of Reinforcement
- Unconditioned reinforcers are naturally reinforcing and do not require learning to be effective.
- Conditioned reinforcers, also known as learned or secondary reinforcers, acquire their ability to reinforce through association with primary reinforcers.
Schedules of Reinforcement
- An intermittent schedule provides reinforcement for some, but not all occurrences, supporting the maintenance of established behaviors.
- A fixed interval schedule rewards the first response after a set amount of time, while variable interval schedules offer reinforcement after an average time has passed.
- Fixed ratio schedules require a specific number of responses for reinforcement, whereas variable ratio schedules yield rewards based on an average number of responses, leading to higher response rates.
Behavior Responses
- The post-reinforcement pause is a period of inactivity following reinforcement, influenced by the size of the ratio in fixed ratio schedules.
- Satiation occurs when the effectiveness of a reinforcer decreases due to overexposure.
Examples of Application
- Scenarios illustrate principles of behavior; for example, Dan earns extra allowance for good grades, demonstrating positive reinforcement.
- Ms. Louis' scenario with Andrew reflects negative reinforcement, as her actions inadvertently increase disruptive behavior to escape interaction.
Unique Effects of Schedules
- High, steady response rates are produced by variable ratio schedules, contrasting with interval schedules which often yield fewer responses than required.
- Ratio strain may occur if changes to the reinforcement criteria are too drastic or sudden.
Factors Influencing Behavior
- Motivating operations, which alter the effectiveness of reinforcers, can include conditions such as deprivation or satiation.
- Inter-response time measures the gap between consecutive responses, influencing overall behavior patterns.
Superstitious Behavior
- Superstitious behaviors arise when individuals associate certain actions with successful outcomes, often reinforcing the behavior despite a lack of causal relationship.
Time-based vs. Response-based Schedules
- Time-based schedules, including fixed-time and variable-time, are not contingent on specific behaviors and therefore serve different reinforcement functions compared to response-based schedules.
Final Notes
- Understanding these principles and applications of reinforcement can deepen insights into behavior modification and learning processes.
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Test your knowledge on reinforcement contingencies with flashcards that cover both positive and negative reinforcement concepts. Explore examples and definitions to enhance your understanding of operant behavior and its functions.