Les Frontières Politiques et leurs Types

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Questions and Answers

Quels droits sont associés à la zone économique exclusive (ZEE) ?

Droits militaires

Droits de navigation commerciale

Droits économiques sur les ressources maritimes (correct)

Droits de pêche à l'intérieur des mers territoriales

Quelle institution est chargée de résoudre les conflits maritimes entre États à partir de 1996 ?

Tribunal international du droit de la mer (correct)

Cour internationale de justice

Organisation maritime internationale

Comité des droits de la mer

Quelle est l'étendue maximale de la zone économique exclusive (ZEE) sous certaines conditions ?

150 miles

350 miles (correct)

300 miles

200 miles

Quel pays a une zone économique exclusive (ZEE) de 12 miles ?

États-Unis Signup and view all the answers

Quels problèmes sont souvent constatés concernant les limites maritimes ?

Elles sont souvent sujettes à des conflits. Signup and view all the answers

Quel type de frontière est caractérisé par des murs et une séparation artificielle ?

Frontières fermées Signup and view all the answers

Quelle frontière était dynamique et utilisée pour le passage et le contact pendant l'Empire romain ?

Limes Rhénan Signup and view all the answers

Quel événement historique a été organisé pour établir des règles afin d'éviter des conflits en Afrique ?

La Conférence de Berlin Signup and view all the answers

Quelle caractéristique présente les frontières dessinées géométriquement lors de la colonisation ?

Elles sont établies sans tenir compte de la réalité locale. Signup and view all the answers

Quelle est la principale différence entre la Corée du Nord et la Corée du Sud ?

La Corée du Nord est sous dictature et en autarcie. Signup and view all the answers

Quels événements ont conduit à la formation de deux Corées après 1945 ?

La capitulation du Japon Signup and view all the answers

Comment la frontière entre les États-Unis et le Mexique est-elle principalement décrite ?

Comme une frontière fermée marquée par des murs et le fleuve Rio Grande. Signup and view all the answers

Quel pays a été le plus affecté par des invasions germaniques durant le IIIe siècle ?

L'Empire romain Signup and view all the answers

Quelle est la principale caractéristique de la zone de démarcation (DMZ) entre les deux Corées ?

Une frontière militarisée Signup and view all the answers

Qu'est-ce qui a entraîné la reconnaissance de la frontière germano-polonaise en 1970 ?

Les accords de Potsdam Signup and view all the answers

Quel était l'objectif principal de la 'course au clocher' durant la période coloniale ?

L'établissement de colonies et de possessions européennes. Signup and view all the answers

Quel était l'objectif principal de la construction du mur de Berlin en 1961 ?

Prévenir l'exode vers l'Ouest Signup and view all the answers

Quelle doctrine a promu la liberté des mers et l'absence de frontières maritimes ?

Doctrine de Grotius Signup and view all the answers

Quelle a été la décision significative prise au sujet des mers après 1945 ?

Un changement de perspective sur l'exploitation Signup and view all the answers

Comment la frontière entre l'Allemagne et la Pologne a-t-elle été redéfinie après 1945 ?

Par la ligne Oder-Neisse Signup and view all the answers

Qu'est-ce qui a symbolisé la division de l'Europe entre les blocs est et ouest ?

Le mur de Berlin Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction

Frontière: A territorial political limit separating at least two states, signifying sovereignty. A line of conflict in international relations.
Frontiers are not fixed: They are internationally recognized and inviolate (by the UN).
20th Century: Saw a significant increase in the number of borders, particularly in Africa and South America.
Post-World War II: Led to an increase in the number of states in Europe and globally.
Treaties: Define the location and acceptance of borders

Types of Borders

Natural Borders: Based on natural features (e.g., rivers, mountains). Not necessarily closed, can be open, partially marked, or unmarked/porous depending on the degree of demarcation.
Man-Made Borders: Artificial barriers like walls, fences, or other man-made structures, usually indicate a firmer boundary.
Open Borders: Are permeable or porous with little demarcation.
Closed Borders: Marked by physical/artificial barriers (walls, fences, etc.)

US-Mexico Border

Border features: Primary border is the Rio Grande river, some areas have walls
Border Crossings: Vary widely in nature, involving illegal activities (drugs, etc.), economics (capital flows), and human movements (students, tourists, etc.).
Transborder Spaces: Areas on either side of a border.

Roman Limes

Limes Rhine: A Roman border zone, was partly fortified, mobile, and porous. It dealt with Germanic peoples. It was a line of defense for Rome. It included fortifications, watchtowers, roads, and walls.
Purpose: To defend the Roman Empire against the Germanic peoples. It was a dynamic line with trading and cultural exchange alongside defensive functions.
Decline: This area faced frequent Germanic invasions in the 4th century AD, leading to the abandoning and eventual ruin of the border zone.

Berlin Conference

The Berlin Conference (1884-1885): Europeans divided up Africa amongst themselves; little regard for local populations, essentially based on their colonial claims on maps.
Consequences: The borders drawn were not based on or respected the existing ethnic, religious or ancestral connections.
Impact: Led to conflict and issues of control over resources. Limited African nations’ autonomy.

Korean Border

Division: Korea was divided along the 38th parallel following World War II, under Soviet and US spheres of influence. A lasting, unresolved border.
War: The Korean War (1950-1953): An ongoing, unresolved conflict. The armistice in 1953 established a Demilitarized Zone (DMZ.)

Post-WWII German-Polish Border

1939-1990: Germany and Poland had fluctuating borders, impacted by the war, Nazi and Soviet influence.
Final Settlement: The 1990 border agreement finalized the boundary between the two countries

Cold War Border (German)

Division: Post-World War II Europe was divided into communist and capitalist blocs. Germany, being a key country, further divided into two states (East and West).
Berlin Wall: A significant and symbolic wall separating communist East Berlin from democratic West Berlin and the border between these sides of Berlin/Germany.
Collapse: Division ended with the fall of the Berlin Wall (1989) and the reunification (1990).

Law of the Sea

Importance: Covers 71% of the Earth and regulates marine activities. Sets rules to prevent clashes arising due to differing perspectives regarding ownership of oceans.
Historical and Contemporary Treaties: Establishing clear boundaries, including treaties like the Treaty of Tordesillas.
International Bodies like the UN: The United Nations plays a role in codifying and developing relevant international law, and addressing disputes around marine boundaries.

Maritime Zones

Territorial Sea: Sovereign territory of a nation extending up to 12 nautical miles from the coastline
Contiguous Zone : A zone extending beyond the territorial sea, for customs, immigration, etc., purposes
Exclusive Economic Zone: Zone where a nation has rights to the resources of the surrounding water and seabed.

Maritime Disputes

China's claims: Disputes with neighbouring nations over islands.
General tensions: Disagreements based on differing interpretation of maritime boundaries.

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Description

Ce quiz explore les concepts de frontières politiques, leur évolution au cours du 20ème siècle et après la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Il examine également les différents types de frontières, y compris naturelles, artificielles, ouvertes et fermées. Testez vos connaissances sur ce sujet crucial en relations internationales.