Human Physiology Week 6c/d

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Questions and Answers

What primarily increases during exercise regardless of the type of exercise performed?

Diastolic arterial pressure

Total peripheral resistance

Heart rate variability

Systolic arterial pressure (correct)

What are the three cardiovascular responses activated by the sympathetic nervous system during exercise?

Decreased heart rate, stroke volume, vasodilation

Increased heart rate, increased stroke volume, vasoconstriction (correct)

Decreased heart rate, decreased peripheral resistance, increased stroke volume

Increased heart rate, decreased stroke volume, vasodilation

How does aerobic exercise typically affect diastolic blood pressure?

It always increases

It remains unchanged (correct)

It fluctuates unpredictably

It decreases (correct)

What happens to the arterioles as a result of sympathetic nervous system activation during exercise?

They constrict, decreasing their size Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall effect of increased cardiac output and total peripheral resistance during exercise?

Increased systolic arterial pressure Signup and view all the answers

What causes higher total peripheral resistance during exercise?

Isolated muscle activation Signup and view all the answers

How does aerobic exercise affect systolic arterial blood pressure compared to isolated muscle exercises?

Aerobic exercise raises blood pressure less than isolated exercises. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does regular moderate to vigorous exercise training have on the heart's left ventricle?

It leads to left ventricular hypertrophy. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of a larger left ventricle during exercise?

It enhances the heart's ability to contract and increases stroke volume. Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical consideration when prescribing exercise for patients with hypertension?

Focusing on whole-body exercises to avoid drastic blood pressure increases. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to total peripheral resistance during exercise?

It increases due to vasoconstriction in various areas. Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the body is specifically mentioned as experiencing vasoconstriction during exercise?

Kidneys Signup and view all the answers

How do metabolically active muscles respond during exercise in terms of blood flow?

They release vasodilators to increase blood flow. Signup and view all the answers

What role does the sympathetic nervous system play during exercise?

It activates vasoconstriction in non-active muscles. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does engaging large muscle groups during exercise have on total peripheral resistance?

It lowers total peripheral resistance but remains above normal. Signup and view all the answers

What is one key benefit of left ventricular hypertrophy due to exercise training?

Higher stroke volume at rest Signup and view all the answers

How does aortic stenosis affect the function of the left ventricle?

It requires the left ventricle to work harder for each contraction Signup and view all the answers

What similarity does the heart share with skeletal muscles when subjected to excessive work?

They can become overtrained and eventually fail Signup and view all the answers

What complication may arise when assessing left ventricular hypertrophy in athletes versus patients with vascular issues?

Ultrasound or MRI cannot differentiate between exercise and pathology Signup and view all the answers

What is one effect of exercise training on the heart’s ability to maintain cardiac output?

It allows for lower heart rate with increased stroke volume Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Left Ventricular Hypertrophy

Exercise training leads to left ventricular hypertrophy, meaning the left ventricle of the heart gets bigger and stronger.
Left ventricular hypertrophy is a natural adaptation that helps the heart deliver more oxygenated blood to muscles during exercise.
A well-trained athlete will have a bigger left ventricle than a non-athlete.
Due to increased stroke volume, the heart can achieve a higher cardiac output with a lower heart rate at rest.
Left ventricular hypertrophy can also be pathological, caused by conditions like aortic stenosis.
Aortic stenosis makes the left ventricle work harder to pump blood, causing hypertrophy.
However, unlike exercise-induced hypertrophy, this pathological hypertrophy occurs continuously, leading to overtraining and weakening of the heart.
Cardiologists face challenges in differentiating between exercise-induced and pathological left ventricular hypertrophy because both present with an enlarged left ventricle.

Blood Flow Changes During Exercise

Muscle contractions require ATP, which is broken down and needs to be regenerated.
Regeneration of ATP involves glycolysis and aerobic metabolism
Glycolysis produces hydrogen ions.
Aerobic metabolism requires oxygen and produces carbon dioxide.
During ATP regeneration, AMP and adenosine are produced.
Hydrogen ions, carbon dioxide, AMP, and adenosine are vasodilators.
Vasodilators are released from muscle cells into the interstitial fluid.
Vasodilators diffuse through the interstitial fluid, reaching the arterioles.
Vasodilators cause vasodilation in the arterioles, decreasing vascular resistance.
Decreased vascular resistance allows for increased blood flow to the muscle.
Increased blood flow delivers more oxygen, supporting ATP regeneration and continued muscle contraction.

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Description

Explore the intricacies of left ventricular hypertrophy, focusing on how exercise training influences the heart's adaptation. Understand the differences between exercise-induced and pathological hypertrophy, including the impacts on athletic performance and heart health. This quiz is essential for those studying cardiovascular physiology and sports medicine.

Human Physiology Week 6c/d - Transcripts

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