Lecture 6: The Pancreas and GIT Disorders

The Pancreas

• Elongated, feather-shaped organ located posterior to the stomach.
• Functions as both digestive and endocrine organ by producing digestive enzymes and hormones, primarily insulin.

Disorders Affecting the Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT)

• Dysphagia: Difficulty in swallowing.
• Esophagitis: Inflammation of the esophagus.
• GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease; upward flow of stomach acids into the esophagus.
• Gastritis: Inflammation of gastric mucosa, can lead to ulcers; causes include infections, food allergies, spicy foods, and NSAIDs.
• Gastric Ulcer: Erosion of gastric mucosa.
• Dyspepsia: Impairment of digestion.
• Appendicitis: Acute inflammation of the appendix; can result in peritonitis if the appendix ruptures.
• Colitis: Inflammation of the colon.
• Enteritis: Inflammation of the intestines.
• Enteropathy: Any intestinal disease.
• Cancer: Commonly affects the lower GIT, particularly the colon.
• Anorexia: Loss of appetite due to psychological reasons.
• Hyperemesis: Excessive vomiting.
• Gastroenteritis: Inflammation of both the stomach and intestines.
• Gastroduodenitis: Inflammation of the stomach and duodenum.
• Enterohepatitis: Inflammation of the intestine and liver.

Pharmacology

• Antacids: Neutralize stomach acid.
• Emetics: Induce vomiting, often used in poisoning cases.
• Antiemetics: Relieve vomiting.

Diagnosis of Digestive System Diseases

• Colonoscope: Used for colon examinations.
• Colonoscopy: Visual examination of the colon.
• Duodenoscopy: Examination of the duodenum using an endoscope.
• Enteroscope: Instrument for examining intestines.
• Gastroscope: Instrument for stomach examination.
• Gastroscopy: Visual examination of the stomach.
• Sialography: Radiography of salivary glands and ducts.

Practices and Practitioners

• Gastroenterology: Medical specialty focused on digestive system disorders.
• Gastroenterologist: Specialist in diagnosing and treating digestive disorders.
• Internal Medicine: Specialty in diagnosing and treating serious chronic illnesses in the abdomen and related organs.
• Internist: Specialist in internal medicine.
• Proctologist: Specialist in rectal and anal disorders.

Terminology

• Stom/o: Mouth
• Pharyng/o: Pharynx, throat
• Labi/o: Lips
• Dent/i & Odont/o: Teeth
• Lingu/o & Gloss/o: Tongue
• Uvul/o: Uveola
• Cleft Palate: Congenital split in the roof of the mouth.
• Cleft Lip: Congenital split in upper lip.
• Fistula: Abnormal channel from an internal organ to the body surface.
• Polyp: Benign growth in the intestine.

Additional Terminology

• Gastr/o: Stomach (e.g., Gastritis, Gastrectomy)
• Hepat/o: Liver (e.g., Hepatitis, hepatoma)
• Chol/e: Gall, bile (e.g., Cholecystitis, cholecystectomy)
• Cyst/o: Bladder, sac
• Emes/o: Vomit (e.g., Emesis, emetic, antiemetic)
• Lith/o: Stone (e.g., Cholelithotomy)
• Lapar/o: Abdominal wall (e.g., Laparotomy)
• -centesis: To puncture (e.g., Abdominocentesis)
• -tripsy: To crush (e.g., Cholelithotripsy)
• -rrhea: Flow, discharge (e.g., Diarrhea)
• -iasis: Abnormal condition (e.g., Cholelithiasis)

This quiz explores the anatomy and functions of the pancreas, highlighting its dual role in digestion and hormone secretion. Additionally, it covers disorders related to the gastrointestinal tract, such as dysphagia and esophagitis. Test your knowledge on these important topics.