Lecture 11: First Program Fundamentals
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the Control Unit in a computer?

  • Performs calculations on arithmetic expressions
  • Commands all components to perform their tasks (correct)
  • Receives data from input devices
  • Stores data permanently

    • Which part of a computer is responsible for executing arithmetic and logical operations?

  • Control Unit
  • Input Device
  • Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) (correct)
  • Memory Unit

    • What is the first step in writing a program according to the presented method?

  • Read the problem statement and identify input and output (correct)
  • Write the code
  • Test the code
  • Convert the steps to an algorithm

    • What type of expression can a computer compute to solve a problem?

    <p>Both arithmetic and logical expressions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What device takes data from the user and sends it to memory?

    <p>Keyboard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is testing an essential step in programming?

    <p>To compare the program results against human results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Memory Unit in a computer?

    <p>Stores data temporarily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final outcome of the programming method described?

    <p>A sequence of instructions that forms a software program</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct formula to calculate the area of a rectangle based on the given steps?

    <p>area = h * w</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a valid variable name according to the given rules?

    <p>radius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should an array of numbers be defined when taking user input in MATLAB?

    <p>X = input('enter array elements: ');</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding memory in the system?

    <p>Memory can store only integer numbers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a user inputs the height as 5 in the MATLAB program?

    <p>h is assigned the value 5.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly defines the term 'variable' in programming?

    <p>A named space for storing a value.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the output of the 'disp(area)' command after calculating the area with h as 5 and w as 3?

    <p>15</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In MATLAB, what happens if you use the variable name 'Area' instead of 'area'?

    <p>It will be treated as a different variable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What will be the value of 'area' when height is 5 and width is 4?

    <p>20</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function would you use to round up the number of buses required to transport students?

    <p>ceil()</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the expression 'a = x + y – 5 / (3 + z)', what is the value of 'a' if x = 4, y = 3.5, and z = 2?

    <p>5.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How would you calculate the area of a circle given a radius 'r' using the formula?

    <p>area = pi*r^2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the output of 'disp(a);' if 'a' contains the value 102?

    <p>102</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If N = 30, what is the integer value of 'dozen' when calculating dozens from N?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If numS is 60 and busC is 50, what is the calculated value of numB before applying the ceil function?

    <p>1.2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct replacement for '?' in the following line: 'r = ?' when calculating the remainder after dividing N by 12?

    <p>N - 12 * dozen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Lecture 11: First Program

    • Lecture topic: Memory variables, input, display, arithmetic expressions, math functions
    • Topics covered in the first program lecture: This lecture will cover computer hardware & software, how to write a program, building a first program, memory, getting input, displaying output, arithmetic expressions, and sample programs.

    Overview

    • Lecture overview: The presentation covers a high-level overview of programming topics, encompassing computer hardware and software concepts, the process of writing programs, and the creation of a basic program.

    Computer Hardware

    • Components: Input/Output Devices, Central Processing Unit (CPU), Keyboard, Screen, Hard Disk.
    • Internal structure: The CPU consists of Memory Unit (RAM), Control Unit, and Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU).
    • Functionalities: The Control Unit manages all components, Memory Unit stores data, ALU processes arithmetic and logical operations.

    Hardware Functionality

    • Control Unit: Manages all components, acting as a central controller.
    • Memory Unit: Stores data temporarily.
    • Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Performs arithmetic and logical computations using data from memory.
    • Input devices (Keyboard): Gather data from the user and send to computer's memory.
    • Output devices (Screen): Display data stored in the computer's memory on the screen for user viewing.
    • Storage devices (Hard Disk): Store data persistently. This data is transferred to RAM when required by the computer.

    Software

    • Instructions: A computer performs instructions sequentially to complete a task.
    • Program: A sequence of instructions to achieve a specific goal, for example calculating area of a rectangle or a circle.
    • Types of Instructions: The instructions can include getting input, displaying output, computing arithmetic expressions, and performing logical operations and loops.

    How to Write a Program

    • Stages: Identify needed input, define output, understand a relationship between input and output (algorithm), translate algorithm to code (programming), test program and match your result to human result.

    Building Our First Program: Calculate Area of a Rectangle

    • Human approach: Obtain values for height and width, multiply these values, and display the result.
    • Algorithm: Get height, get width, calculate area (height * width), display area.
    • Program: Write the code steps as MatLab lines utilizing input and disp commands.

    Calculate Area of a Rectangle (Program and Testing)

    • Program code snippet:
      • h = input('enter height: ');
      • w = input('enter width: ');
      • area = h * w;
      • disp(area);
    • Example usage: enter height: 5, enter width: 4, Result 20.

    Calculate Area of a Circle (Algorithm, Program, Testing)

    • Algorithm: Get radius, calculate area (π * radius^2), display area.

    • Program code: r = input('enter radius: ');, area = pi * r^2;, disp(area);

    • Example run: enter radius: 5, result 49.348.

    Calculate Number of Buses to Transfer Students (Algorithm)

    • Get number of students (numS), Get bus capacity (busC);
    • Calculate number of buses (numB): numB = ceil(numS/busC);
    • Display number of buses (numB).

    Calculate Number of Dozens and Remainder

    • Algorithm:   - Enter a number (N)   - Calculate dozen (N/12) – integer division   - Calculate remainder (remainder of N / 12)   - Display calculated dozen, remainder.

    • Program code:   - N = input('enter a number');   - dozen = fix(N/12);   - r = rem(N,12);   - disp(dozen);   - disp(r);

    Memory

    • Bytes: Memory is structured in bytes, each with its address.
    • Binary numbers: Addresses are represented in binary form.
    • Data types: Integers and floating-point numbers are stored using 4 or 8 bytes.
    • Variable names: Programs use letters and numbers to identify locations/variables, e.g., A, A1.

    Memory Location Names (Variables)

    • Variable: A named memory location for storing a value.
    • Naming rules: Variable names start with a letter followed by letters or numbers.
    • Examples: A, A1, radius.
    • Case sensitivity: MatLab is case-sensitive. area and Area are different variables.

    Get input from user

    • Function: h = input('enter height: ');
    • Purpose: The input() command gets input from the user (e.g., 5). This allows the user to enter a value for the variable/memory location h.
    • Displays to memory location: A statement like h = input ('enter value'); writes the value entered by the user in the memory location h allocated for the code.

    Get an array from user

    • Function: X = input('enter array elements: ');

    • Purpose; The input() command gets multiple array (list) elements from the user.

    Display to Screen (disp())

    • Purpose: Displays the value of a variable or a result calculated from the code to the user's screen.

    Arithmetic expressions

    • Operations: Exponentiation (^), multiplication (*), division (/), addition (+), subtraction (-).
    • Order of operations: Operations are executed in a specific order.
    • Example: An expression a = x + y - 5 / (3 + z);

    Summary

    • Overviewing a comprehensive programming module that encompasses fundamental computer components such as hard-drive, and software concepts.

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    Lecture 1: First Program - Cairo University

    Description

    This quiz covers the fundamental concepts in programming introduced in Lecture 11. Topics include computer hardware and software, writing a first program, managing memory, and understanding input, output, and arithmetic expressions. Test your knowledge on the essential components of a programming environment.

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