Questions and Answers
What is a program?
A set of instructions that a computer follows to perform a task.
Who is a programmer?
A person who can create, design, and test computer programs.
What is the most important component of a computer?
Which of the following is not a type of secondary storage?
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RAM is volatile, meaning it retains data when the power is turned off.
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What does ASCII stand for?
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A compiler translates a high-level language program into a separate machine language program.
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The CPU executes programs in a cycle that includes fetch, _____, and execute.
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In Python, what is the name of the environment that provides tools to write, execute, and test a program?
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Match the following programming languages with their characteristics:
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Study Notes
Software Overview
- A program is a set of instructions that a computer executes to complete tasks.
- A programmer creates, designs, and tests computer programs.
Computer Hardware
- Hardware refers to the physical devices that comprise a computer.
- Major components include:
- Central Processing Unit (CPU): The brain of the computer, executes programs and controls operations.
- Main Memory: Temporary storage for programs and data while they run.
- Secondary Storage Devices: Long-term data storage solutions.
Main Memory
- RAM (Random Access Memory): Allows quick access for the CPU and is volatile, losing data when powered off.
Secondary Storage Types
- Disk Drive: Magnetically encodes data on a spinning disk.
- Solid State Drive (SSD): FASTER than disk drives, with no moving parts, utilizing solid-state memory.
- Flash Memory: Portable storage without physical disks.
- Optical Devices: Store data using optical encoding methods.
Input and Output
- Input: Data collected by the computer from users or devices.
- Output: Data produced by the computer, such as text, audio, images, or bitstreams.
- Input Devices: Keyboard, mouse, camera, microphone, scanners, etc.
- Output Devices: Printers, speakers, monitors, etc.
Software Types
- System Programs: Manage and control computer functions (e.g., Windows, Linux, macOS).
- Application Programs: Perform specific tasks (e.g., Word, Chrome, Gmail).
Data Storage
- Data stored as sequences of 0s and 1s.
- A byte contains enough memory for a letter or small number (8 bits), with a maximum value of 255.
- Bits represent electrical states (positive or negative).
Coding Schemes
- ASCII: Defines code for 128 characters.
CPU Functionality
- CPU operates in cycles: Fetch, Decode, Execute.
- Machine Language: Low-level language directly understood by the CPU.
- Assembly Language: Uses short words instead of binary numbers and needs an assembler for translation.
- High-Level Languages: Simplify programming with predefined keywords and reduced instructions.
Compilers and Interpreters
- Compiler: Translates high-level language programs into machine language.
- Interpreter: Translates and executes high-level instructions one at a time.
Python Programming
- Python operates in two modes:
- Interactive Mode: Real-time conversation with the machine.
- Script Mode: Executes pre-written statements.
- IDLE (Integrated Development Environment): Tool for writing, executing, and testing Python programs.
Error Types
- Syntax Error: Mistakes in code; resolved with compiler assistance (e.g., typo in function names).
- Runtime Error: Errors that occur during execution; must be avoided to ensure smooth operation.
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Description
This quiz covers fundamental concepts of computer science, including software, hardware, and the role of programmers. Test your understanding of key components like the CPU and memory management. Ideal for beginners looking to grasp the essentials of computing.
