C++ Programming Flashcards - Test 1 Review

Introduction to Programming & Hardware Components

• Major hardware components include CPU (Processor), RAM (Main Memory), secondary storage (Disk, SSD), and input/output devices.
• RAM serves as temporary storage for quick access by the CPU, while secondary storage retains data permanently.
• An algorithm is defined as a step-by-step procedure designed to solve problems or perform tasks.

C++ Basics and Constants

• Constants in C++ are variables with fixed values that cannot be altered after declaration, using the 'const' keyword (e.g., const int MAX = 100).
• Fundamental C++ data types encompass int, double, char, and string.

Expressions and Data Types

• The expression y = 3 + 2 * x evaluates to 13 when x = 5, due to the precedence of multiplication over addition.
• C++ manages type conversions by automatically promoting smaller types to larger types (e.g., converting int to double in operations).
• To cast an integer x to a double, use static_cast<double>(x).

Branching in C++

• An 'if' statement allows execution of a code block based on whether a specific condition evaluates to true.
• The syntax for an 'if-else' statement includes a conditional check followed by two code blocks: one for true and another for false outcomes.
• An 'if-elseif-else' structure evaluates multiple conditions sequentially and executes the corresponding block upon the first true evaluation, executing the else block if none are true.

Input and Output in C++

• User input in C++ is handled through cin, where data is read from standard input (e.g., cin >> variable;).
• Data output is performed using cout, allowing display of information to the console (e.g., cout << "Output";).