Alcohol

How is 'proof' measured?

2x the alcohol content, for example, 40% ethanol in whiskey = 80 proof. (correct)
By the weight of the liquid in grams.
Based on the color of the beverage.
By the temperature at which the alcohol evaporates.

How soon are peak levels of alcohol reached after PO dosing?

30 mins (correct)
1 hour
2 hours
15 mins

EtOH readily passes the blood-brain barrier (BBB).

True (A)

Where does biotransformation of alcohol mostly take place?

Liver (A) Signup and view all the answers

What order kinetics does the biotransformation of alcohol follow?

Zero order (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme converts EtOH to acetaldehyde?

Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which EtOH biotransformation pathway includes CYP 2E1, CYP 1A2, and CYP 3A4 enzymes?

Microsomal EtOH oxidizing system (MEOS) pathway (A) Signup and view all the answers

At which concentration of alcohol does the Microsomal EtOH oxidizing system (MEOS) contribution increase?

<blockquote> 100 mg/dL (C) </blockquote> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme converts acetaldehyde to acetate?

Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALD) (D) Signup and view all the answers

What effects can acetaldehyde cause? (Select all that apply)

Facial flushing, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, headache (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is used to inhibit aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALD) and avert drinking in alcoholics?

disulfiram (B) Signup and view all the answers

What drugs (other than disulfiram) cannot inhibit aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALD)?

Aspirin (@) Signup and view all the answers

Which population has a genetic polymorphism where aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) is reduced, leading to major acetaldehyde (ACD) toxicity from a single drink?

Asians (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the legal blood alcohol content (BAC) limit for driving in most states?

0.07% (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which receptors' actions are enhanced by EtOH?

GABA A (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which disease has alcohol as its primary causative agent?

Chronic pancreatitis (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which opioid drug is used to help patients abstain from drinking?

Naltrexone (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is deficient in Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome?

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the leading cause of mental retardation and congenital malformation?

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) (A) Signup and view all the answers

The fetus's liver has no ADH enzyme.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is contraindicated with alcohol use?

Acetaminophen (B) Signup and view all the answers

What effect does ethanol use with sedatives have?

Increase the blood levels of sedatives due to CYP enzyme inhibition (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the most common causes of seizures in adults?

Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which drug class prevents symptoms of alcohol withdrawal?

Benzodiazepines (C) Signup and view all the answers

Match each alcoholism treatment to its description:

naltrexone = (1) long acting opioid receptor antagonist (blocker) (2) reduces alcohol craving (3) taken po 50 mg 1x per day (4) monitor aminotransferase activity to guard against liver toxicity due to the drug acamprosate = (1) weak NMDA receptor antagonist (2) GABAA receptor activator (3) po dosing 333 mg 3x per day (4) effects not clear disulfiram = (1) flushing, throbbing headache, nausea, vomiting, sweating, hypotension and confusion occur within minutes after a single drink (2) drug inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase which normally removes aldehydes from the body (3) seldom used because patient adherence is low Signup and view all the answers

Match each alcohol to its description:

Ethylene Glycol (ETG) = (1) found in industrial solvents and antifreeze (2) has a sweet taste and children may ingest, sometimes used as a substitute for EtOH or suicide (3) death follows due to kidney failure from oxalate crystals formed as a metabolite which deposit in kidney (4) diagnosis in the absence of an actual ETG blood level can be made with anion gap acidosis, osmolar gap, and oxalate crystals in the urine Methanol (MeOH) = (1) wood alcohol (2) found in home products like windshield washer fluids etc (3) often used as a substitute for EtOH (4) converted to formaldehyde (5) blood osmolar gap is a good indication of ingestion Signup and view all the answers

What is the most frequent outcome of methanol ingestion?

Blurred vision which leads to blindness (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most cost-effective way to reduce methanol and ethylene poisoning?

EtOH iv to saturate ADH enzyme (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which liver function blood test is most sensitive for the detection of ethanol liver damage?

Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) (@) Signup and view all the answers

Match the effects of alcohol to its organ system

<h1>CNS = a) sedation, relief from anxiety (b) at higher doses, slurred speech, ataxia, impaired judgement, disinhibited behavior (drunkenness or intoxication) Heart = (a) significant depression of myocardial contractility Smooth Muscle = a) ACD metabolite direct action on smooth muscle causing relaxation (b) EtOH direct suppression of vasomotor center causing relaxation of smooth muscle</h1> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can be used to inhibit alcohol dehydrogenase in the treatment of Methanol poisoning?

fomepizole (A), ethanol (C) Signup and view all the answers