LEC 14: Hypothalamic Control of Food Intake
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Questions and Answers

What is the consequence of leptin resistance?

  • Enhanced leptin sensitivity
  • Decreased appetite
  • Increased appetite (correct)
  • Accelerated metabolism
  • Which signaling pathway component serves as an indicator of leptin activity?

  • Arcuate nucleus neurons
  • Transcription factor STAT3
  • Phosphorylated STAT3 (correct)
  • Leptin receptor dimerization
  • In the arcuate nucleus, which type of neurons decrease appetite?

  • POMC neurons (correct)
  • Leptin-resistant neurons
  • Leptin-sensitive neurons
  • STAT3 neurons
  • What is one factor contributing to the development of leptin resistance?

    <p>Diminished leptin sensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the arcuate nucleus in the body's energy balance?

    <p>Maintain energy balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain area plays a crucial role in signaling the body's energy status to the brain?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a BMI over 30 signify?

    <p>Clinical obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How has global obesity rates changed since 1975?

    <p>Tripled</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate number of clinically obese individuals globally in 2016?

    <p>650 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a BMI between 25 and 30 indicate?

    <p>Overweightness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common method of assessing obesity mentioned in the text?

    <p>Weight in kilograms divided by height in square meters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the color red represent in the obesity map of the United States mentioned in the text?

    <p>Individuals with a BMI above 30</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neurons showed a critical role in mediating leptin's effects on body weight?

    <p>GABAergic neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the preference testing with mice after they were conditioned with blue light activation of AgRP neurons?

    <p>Mice developed a distinct aversion to the orange flavor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of knocking out leptin receptors in neurons expressing AgRP?

    <p>No change in body weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was associated with the consumption of the orange-flavored food during the conditioning phase for the mice?

    <p>Blue light activation of AgRP neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact can AgRP neuron activation have on behaviors related to food preference and aversion?

    <p>It can generate lasting aversion to specific stimuli associated with its activation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the study, what was the outcome of knocking out leptin receptors in neurons of the ventromedial hypothalamus?

    <p>No significant weight differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of hunger do AgRP neurons impact, according to the information provided?

    <p>Both physiological and complex behaviors related to food preference and aversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact did a combined knockout of leptin receptors in both POMC and ventromedial hypothalamic neurons have on weight gain?

    <p>Additive effect on weight gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the negative association created with the orange-flavored food during conditioning?

    <p>It led to a lasting aversion to the orange flavor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What observation was made regarding the impact of knocking out leptin receptors in glutamatergic neurons?

    <p>No significant changes in body weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the experiments, what conclusion can be drawn about the role of leptin signaling in regulating body weight?

    <p>Leptin signaling has a distributed role in regulating body weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of neurons activation can generate a lasting aversion to specific stimuli?

    <p>AgRP neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of NPY/AgRP neurons in appetite control?

    <p>Increase appetite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does leptin influence POMC neurons and NPY/AgRP neurons?

    <p>Activates POMC neurons and inhibits NPY/AgRP neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone opposes leptin's inhibitory action on appetite?

    <p>Ghrelin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique uses antibodies to detect brain proteins under various conditions?

    <p>Immunohistochemistry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a fasted state, what happens to the levels of AgRP compared to the fed state?

    <p>Increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the discovery of increased levels of NPY in a fasted state suggest?

    <p>Promotes feeding and increased appetite</p> Signup and view all the answers

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