Psychology: Intermittent Reinforcement & Learning

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Questions and Answers

What is the importance of social roles within a group?

They determine who leads the group.

They help coordinate efforts to prevent chaos. (correct)

They establish hierarchy among members.

They eliminate the need for communication.

What does familiarity refer to in the context of relationships?

Being slightly acquainted with someone.

Being frequently distant from someone.

Being uncomfortable around someone.

Being comfortable with another person. (correct)

What is the role of attraction in relationships?

It replaces the need for communication.

It may lead to deeper encounters. (correct)

It is only based on physical characteristics.

It is irrelevant in forming connections.

Which of the following is a common factor that influences people's attraction to others?

Similar attitudes and behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

What defines love as described in the content?

An intense feeling of deep affection for oneself or another. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of love is considered the highest level of love?

Agape Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to enjoying the company of another person?

Feelings of attraction and comfort. Signup and view all the answers

What negative consequence can arise from a lack of relationships?

Loneliness and isolation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining characteristic of a fixed interval schedule?

Reinforcement is delivered based on a constant time period. Signup and view all the answers

Which example best illustrates a variable ratio schedule?

Raising your hand in class and getting called on every third time. Signup and view all the answers

What outcome occurs from observing a model who is reinforced for a behavior?

The observer experiences vicarious reinforcement. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of schedule is best for establishing a new behavior?

Fixed Ratio Signup and view all the answers

How does a variable interval schedule differ from a fixed interval schedule?

It reinforces based on a random time interval. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of observational learning, who is referred to as a model?

The person engaging in a behavior for others to imitate. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of social cognitive theory emphasizes learning from others?

Social Environment Signup and view all the answers

What type of reinforcement schedule provides inconsistent reinforcement after a set number of responses?

Variable Ratio Signup and view all the answers

What is the Filipino tradition of greeting elders called?

Mano po Signup and view all the answers

Which term is used to refer to a grandmother in Filipino culture?

Lola Signup and view all the answers

What is a common way Filipinos show hospitality to guests?

Offering pabaon Signup and view all the answers

What behavior demonstrates the cheerful personality of Filipinos?

Smiling despite difficulties Signup and view all the answers

What is a cultural norm regarding family relationships among Filipinos?

Frequent family reunions Signup and view all the answers

What does 'pasalubong' refer to in Filipino culture?

A gift from travels Signup and view all the answers

How do Filipinos typically react during challenging situations, according to cultural attitudes?

By maintaining a positive outlook Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of Filipino culture is reflected in the practice of caring for elders at home?

Family loyalty Signup and view all the answers

What does William James identify as a primary component of the self?

The spiritual self Signup and view all the answers

According to the concept of material self, what is included in a person's possessions?

Clothes, pets, and house Signup and view all the answers

When an immediate family member is successful, how do we typically feel according to the material self concept?

We feel we own their victories Signup and view all the answers

What emotional response may occur if possessions of the material self fade?

A feeling of loss as part of oneself dies Signup and view all the answers

Why do individuals choose certain clothing that may not be necessary for weather conditions?

For fashion and self-expression Signup and view all the answers

In the hierarchy of material self, what is considered to be the innermost part?

The body Signup and view all the answers

How do people typically respond to threats against their immediate family?

By protecting them and feeling emotionally invested Signup and view all the answers

What does the phrase 'Home is where our heart is' imply about the concept of home in relation to self?

It is an emotional anchor related to selfhood Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason humans assemble collections today?

To achieve social status and self-definition Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of pets is highlighted in relation to individual personality?

People infer qualities about themselves from their pets Signup and view all the answers

How does money influence a person's self-perception according to the content?

It can alter evaluating tasks as business or social values Signup and view all the answers

What is one major reason people collect non-necessities?

To engage in a self-defining activity Signup and view all the answers

What role does money play in familial relationships according to the content?

It is necessary for maintaining family duties and care Signup and view all the answers

What is one implication of collecting behaviors in contemporary consumer society?

It reflects a broader accessibility to leisure and financial resources Signup and view all the answers

What does the act of caring for pets signify for individuals?

It indicates a need for companionship and loyalty Signup and view all the answers

What is generally true about the collections that people initiate today?

They often include gifts and other unintended acquisitions Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Intermittent Schedules of Reinforcement

Fixed Interval (FI): Reinforcement is delivered after a constant amount of time passes, regardless of responses.
- Examples: Spelling test every Friday.
Variable Interval (VI): Reinforcement is delivered after varied amounts of time, with an average time period across trials.
- Examples: Surprise Quiz, Checking emails for a response.
Fixed Ratio (FR): Reinforcement is delivered after a fixed number of correct responses.
- Examples: Ten math problems for homework.
Variable Ratio (VR): Reinforcement is delivered after a variable number of correct responses, with an average across trials.
Examples: A student raising his hand to be called on.

Observational Learning

Occurs when individuals learn by observing the responses of others, particularly if the observed behavior is reinforced.
People learn by watching their parents, teachers, or other role models.

Emphasizes how the social environment influences learning, built on observational learning.
People work together in groups, coordinating their efforts to achieve a common goal.

Relationships

Relationships are critical to human well-being.
Familiarity is essential for close relationships to develop.
- People tend to associate with those who share similar attitudes, behaviours, and characteristics.
Attraction is a key element.
- People are drawn to others based on similarities or differences in interests, personality traits, goals, and lifestyles.
Love is a deep affection and emotional attachment characterized by care, concern, and well-being for the loved one.
- It can be directed towards family, friends, romantic partners, or even deities.

Types of Love

Agape: The highest form of love, characterized by selflessness.

The Material Self

Components of the Self
- Material Self: Composed of physical possessions, including one's body, clothes, home, and family.
- Social Self: How one presents themselves to others and how they are perceived in social interactions.
- Spiritual Self: Internal values, beliefs, and experiences that give life meaning.
- Pure Ego: The core of self-awareness, the subjective "I" that experiences the world.
Investment in the Material Self:
- We are deeply attached to our material possessions, viewing them as extensions of ourselves.
- The Body: We care for our bodies and are affected by any ailments or disorders.
- Clothing: We use clothing to express ourselves and reflect our identity.
- Family: We are deeply invested in our immediate family members and their well-being.
- Home: Our homes hold significant memories and experiences that contribute to our sense of self.

Special Cases of the Extended Self

Collections: We gather objects with significance beyond basic needs, for self-definition and distinction.
Pets: We view pets as part of our family, reflecting our characteristics and fostering emotional attachments.

Money and Self-Perception

Social and Business Value:
- People value tasks differently based on social and economic motivations.
- Tasks perceived as socially valuable are seen as part of a duty, while monetary incentives shift focus towards the business value.
Filipino Values:
- Hospitality: Filipinos welcome visitors warmly, share food generously, and anticipate the needs of others.
- Respect for Elders: Filipinos show respect by using respectful language, gestures, and references.
- Close Family Ties: Filipinos maintain strong family connections, often living near each other and holding frequent family gatherings.
- Cheerful Personality: Filipinos tend to smile and laugh frequently as a coping mechanism for stress and hardships.
- Self-Sacrifice: Filipinos go out of their way to help friends, family, and others in need.

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts in psychology, focusing on intermittent schedules of reinforcement, observational learning, and social cognitive theory. Test your understanding of fixed and variable schedules and how learning occurs through observation.