Learning Theories Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is an example of preparedness in learning as described in the content?

  • Understanding a concept after thorough study
  • Taste aversion from a single pairing of UCS and CS (correct)
  • Solving a puzzle after repeated attempts
  • A baby learning to walk
  • How does culture influence learning according to the content?

  • It affects the retention of learned material.
  • It eliminates the need for reinforcement.
  • It can determine the content of learning experiences. (correct)
  • It directly alters biological constraints.
  • Which concept describes the reversion to instinctive behavior that interferes with learning?

  • Instinctive drift (correct)
  • Cultural influence
  • Cognitive dissonance
  • Operant conditioning
  • What is insight learning as described in the content?

    <p>A sudden realization of a solution to a problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does mindset play in learning according to the content?

    <p>A growth mindset encourages resilience and exploration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes operant conditioning?

    <p>Learning that is influenced by consequences of behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of observational learning?

    <p>It relies on cognitive processes such as attention and memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In classical conditioning, what is an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?

    <p>A stimulus that produces a response naturally without prior learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process in operant conditioning involves reinforcing a behavior every time it occurs?

    <p>Continuous reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of behaviorism as a learning theory?

    <p>Observable behavior and external responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In classical conditioning, which term describes the initial learning phase where an association is made?

    <p>Acquisition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of punishment in operant conditioning?

    <p>To reduce or eliminate a behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stimulus in classical conditioning is initially neutral and does not elicit a response?

    <p>Neutral stimulus (NS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a Fixed Interval reinforcement schedule?

    <p>Reinforcement occurs after a specific amount of time has elapsed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of punishment involves removing a rewarding stimulus following a behavior?

    <p>Negative Punishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes immediate reinforcement?

    <p>Reinforcement given shortly after the behavior is exhibited.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first process in Bandura's model of observational learning?

    <p>Attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasize?

    <p>Goals and cognitive maps shape behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements correctly differentiates between positive and negative punishment?

    <p>Positive punishment adds an aversive stimulus while negative punishment removes a pleasant stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the process of motor reproduction in observational learning refer to?

    <p>The capacity to physically imitate the observed behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a Variable Interval schedule of reinforcement?

    <p>Reinforcement occurs after unpredictable time intervals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Latent Learning

    • Learning happens without immediate demonstration, revealed later when motivation or circumstances align.
    • Tolman's example: driving a route daily - understanding locations revealed when needed.

    Insight Learning

    • Sudden understanding of problem solutions, like an "aha!" moment.
    • Wolfgang Kohler's research on chimpanzees.

    Biological Constraints

    • Body structure limits or enables specific behaviours.
    • Instinctive drift: returning to innate behaviours, hindering learning.
    • Preparedness: biological predisposition to learn certain ways, like taste aversion (one pairing for lasting learning).

    Cultural Influences

    • Culture shapes how conditioning and observational learning are used.
    • Cultural context defines what's learned—we cannot learn about unfamiliar experiences.

    Schedules of Reinforcement

    • Fixed Interval (FI): Reinforcement after a set time has passed (e.g., paycheck).
    • Variable Interval (VI): Reinforcement after unpredictable time (e.g., fishing, pop quizzes).

    Punishment

    • Decreases behaviour; positive punishment adds aversive stimulus, negative punishment removes rewarding stimulus.

    Controversy Over Punishment

    • Corporal punishment widely used by parents in the U.S., with potential problems.
    • Discussions on alternatives and the necessity of physical punishment.

    Operant Conditioning

    • Timing of consequences matters: immediate vs. delayed reinforcement and punishment.
    • Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA): using operant conditioning principles to change behaviour.

    Observational Learning

    • Learning by observing and imitating (modelling).
    • Bandura's four processes: attention, retention, motor reproduction, and reinforcement.

    Cognitive Factors in Learning

    • Learning beyond just behaviour-environment connections.
    • Tolman's "Purposive behaviour": emphasis on goals and expectancies acquired through experience.
    • Cognitive Map: mental representation of physical space.

    Types of Learning

    • Learning: permanent behaviour change through experience.
    • Behaviorism: focusing on observable behaviour, excluding mental processes.
    • Two main types of learning: Associative Learning/Conditioning and Observational Learning

    Associative Learning/Conditioning

    • Learning associations between events.
    • Conditioning: learning the association.
    • Two types: classical conditioning and operant conditioning.

    Observational Learning

    • Learning by observing and imitating.
    • Mental processes involved: attention, remembering, and recalling information.

    Classical Conditioning

    • Pavlov's research on digestion in dogs led to the discovery.
    • Dogs salivated to stimuli associated with food (sight, person, sounds).
    • Unlearned components (reflexes) and learned components.

    Classical Conditioning: Terminology

    • Explains involuntary behaviour.
    • Association between a neutral stimulus and meaningful stimulus, leading to a similar response.
    • Stimulus types: Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS), Conditioned Stimulus (CS).
    • Response types: Unconditioned Response (UCR), Conditioned Response (CR).
    • Neutral Stimulus (NS): initially neutral, becomes CS after association.

    Classical Conditioning: Procedure

    • Acquisition: learning the stimulus-response association.

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    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts in learning theories, including latent learning, insight learning, and the influence of biological and cultural factors. Explore various schedules of reinforcement and their effects on behavior. Test your understanding of these important psychological principles.

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