Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is learning?
Permanent change in behavior or mental processes as a result of experience.
What is learning not?
Maturation.
Which of the following is a perspective of learning?
What is habituation?
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Who discovered classical conditioning?
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The stimulus that leads to an involuntary response is called an ______.
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The learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus is known as a ______.
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Vicarious conditioning involves a reflex response by watching another person.
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What is operant conditioning?
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What is Thorndike's Law of Effect?
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Study Notes
What is Learning?
- Learning involves change, specifically a permanent change in behavior or mental processes.
- Learning is a result of experience, which can be direct or vicarious.
- Learning is distinct from maturation, a natural process of development influenced by biological factors.
Learning Perspectives
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Behaviorism: Focuses on observable and measurable behaviors, emphasizing the role of external stimuli in learning.
- Learning is a process of reacting to external stimuli.
- Change in behavior is driven by practice, experience, and conditioning.
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Cognitivism: Emphasizes the internal processes of acquiring, storing, and processing information.
- Learning is internal.
- Change in behavior reflects the mental processes involved.
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Constructivism: Views learning as the construction of subjective reality based on prior knowledge and objective realities.
- Learning involves building upon existing knowledge and experiences.
- The learner actively constructs meaning.
Examples of Learning
- Habituation: A decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated exposure. Examples include salivation responses, attention to a caregiver, and becoming accustomed to being shouted at.
- Mere Exposure Effect: Developing a preference for familiar things or people, regardless of conscious awareness.
Theories of Learning
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Behavioral Perspective:
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Classical Conditioning: A process of learning to associate a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus, leading to a conditioned response.
- Ivan Pavlov: Discovered classical conditioning through his research involving dogs and their digestive processes.
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Key concepts:
- Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): Naturally occurring stimulus that triggers an involuntary response.
- Unconditioned Response (UCR): Involuntary response to a UCS.
- Conditioned Stimulus (CS): Originally neutral stimulus that becomes associated with a UCS and elicits a response.
- Conditioned Response (CR): Learned response to a CS.
- Acquisition: The repeated pairing of a neutral stimulus with a UCS.
- Reinforcer: Any event or object that increases the likelihood of a response occurring again.
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Other examples:
- Conditioned Emotional Response (CER): Learning an emotional reaction to a conditioned stimulus.
- Phobias: Irrational fears developed through CER.
- Vicarious Conditioning: Learning through observing the reactions of others.
- Conditioned Taste Aversion: Developing a dislike for a specific taste due to an association with nausea.
- Biological Preparedness: The tendency to learn certain associations more easily, like taste and nausea, due to their survival value.
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Operant Conditioning:
- Edward Thorndike: Formulated the "Law of Effect," stating that behaviors followed by pleasurable consequences are more likely to be repeated.
- B.F. Skinner: Emphasized observable behavior and named the process "operant conditioning."
- Operant: Any voluntary behavior.
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Learning depends on consequences:
- Reinforcement: Any event or stimulus that follows a response and increases its likelihood.
- Primary Reinforcers: Innately satisfying, like food or water.
- Secondary Reinforcers: Learned through association with primary reinforcers, like money or praise.
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Classical Conditioning: A process of learning to associate a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus, leading to a conditioned response.
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of learning, including behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism. This quiz delves into how learning is achieved through experience and the distinctions from maturation. Test your understanding of these key perspectives and their implications for educational practices.