Learning Theories PDF

LEARNING THEORIE S  WHAT IS LEARNING? Take a minute to write down as many answers as you can based on the following prompts: Learning is.... Learning is not....  WHAT IS LEARNING? It involves change. Permanent change in behavior or mental processes. It is a re...

LEARNING THEORIE S  WHAT IS LEARNING? Take a minute to write down as many answers as you can based on the following prompts: Learning is.... Learning is not....  WHAT IS LEARNING? It involves change. Permanent change in behavior or mental processes. It is a result of experience which can either be direct or vicarious. It is different from maturation, a natural process of development and is biologically predetermined. Maturation however helps usher in learning.  LEARNING PERSPECTIVES Behaviorism Learning is a process of reacting to external stimuli. Focused on observable and measurable behaviors. Change in behavior occurs due to practice, experience, and conditioning Cognitivism Learning is internal and a result of the student acquiring, storing, and processing new information. Change in behavior is a reflection of what is in people’s minds. Constructivism Learning is a process of constructing subjective reality based on previous knowledge and objective reality.  EXAMPLES OF LEARNING Habituation – one of the simplest form of learning Decreased response to a stimulus after constant exposure. Learning not to respond to stimulation. Examples: - Salivation responses - Attention to your mother - Getting used to being shouted at by your upperclassmen  EXAMPLES OF LEARNING MERE EXPOSURE EFFECT – acquiring gained preferences for which that are familiar, whether one is made aware or unaware of such stimuli. People tend to develop preferences towards things or people that are familiar  THEORIES OF LEARNING BEHAVIORAL PERSPECTIVE Classical Conditioning. Operant Conditioning Observational Learning CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Ivan Pavlov – Russian physiologist (person who studies the workings of the body) who discovered classical conditioning through his work on digestion in dogs. Classical conditioning - learning to make a reflex (involuntary) response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex.  CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) - a naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response. Unconditioned means “unlearned” or “naturally occurring.” Unconditioned response (UCR) - an involuntary response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus Conditioned stimulus (CS) - stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus. Conditioned means “learned.” A neutral stimulus can become a conditioned stimulus when paired with an unconditioned stimulus. Conditioned response (CR) - learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus. Sometimes called a conditioned reflex. Acquisition - the repeated pairing of the NS and the UCS; the organism is in the process of acquiring learning. Menu  CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Reinforcer - any event or object that, when following a response, increases the likelihood of that response occurring again.  CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Conditioned emotional response (CER) - emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli, such as a fear of dogs or the emotional reaction that occurs when seeing an attractive person. CERs may lead to phobias – irrational fear responses. Menu  CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Vicarious conditioning - classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person. Conditioned taste aversion - development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association. Biological preparedness - the tendency of animals to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea, with only one or few pairings due to the survival value of the learning.  OPERANT CONDITIONING: THORNDIKE Operant conditioning - the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses. Thorndike’s Law of Effect - law stating that if a response is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated.  OPERANT CONDITIONING: SKINNER Behaviorist; wanted to study only observable, measurable behavior. Gave “operant conditioning” its name. Operant - any behavior that is voluntary. Learning depends on what happens after the response — the consequence  PRIMARY & SECONDARY REINFORCER Reinforcement - any event or stimulus, that when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again. Primary reinforcer - any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch. Secondary reinforcer - any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars.  POSITIVE & NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT Positive reinforcement - the reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus. Negative reinforcement - the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus  PUNISHMENT Punishment - any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again. Punishment by application - the punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus. Punishment by removal - the punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus.  COGNITIVE MAPS & LATENT LEARNING Cognitive Maps – mental representations that people have about spatial locations and directions. Behavioral Scripts – refer to the sequence of expected behavior or events that could occur in a given circumstance. Cognitive Learning – focuses on the role of mental processes in learning. COGNITIVE MAPS & LATENT LEARNING a. Tolman’s Latent Learning – learning occurs but behavior is not manifested until the organism has reason to demonstrate it, such as attainment of rewards. b. Tolman and his group of researchers believed that the rats have already learned the structure of the maze or already have in their mind a cognitive map of the maze early on. INSIGHT LEARNING A cognitive type of learning as manifested by sudden reorganization of perceptions or ideas.  OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING Observational learning - learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior. 1. ATTENTION To learn anything through observation, the learner must first pay attention to the model. 2. MEMORY The learner must also be able to retain the memory of what was done, such as remembering the steps in preparing a dish that was first seen on a cooking show. 3. IMITATION The learner must be capable of reproducing, or imitating, the actions of the model. 4. MOTIVATION Finally, the learner must have the desire to perform the action. (An easy way to remember the four elements of modeling is to remember the letters AMIM, which stands for the first letters of each of the four elements). How is observational learning applicable in the cadet corps?  SUMMARY 1. Learning defined 2. Learning perspectives 3. Behavioral perspectives – classical conditioning, operant conditioning and observational learning 4. Cognitive perspectives – latent learning and insight learning 5. Observational Learning LESSON EXAM LESSON EXAM LESSON EXAM