Learning Theories Overview
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What is a key concept of social cognitive theory that differentiates it from behaviorist perspectives?

  • Behavior is determined solely by environmental factors.
  • People cannot influence their environment.
  • Learning occurs only through direct reinforcement.
  • Individuals can intentionally shape their circumstances. (correct)

    • Which of the following processes are integral to understanding how learning occurs according to cognitive factors?

  • Fearfulness and aggressiveness.
  • Memory retention and attention. (correct)
  • Natural settings and attitudes.
  • Imitation and modeling.

    • Which term describes the phenomenon where a model's behavior prompts an imitative response?

  • Reciprocal causation.
  • Cognitive reinforcement.
  • Discriminative stimulus. (correct)
  • Generalized imitation.

    • What is self-reinforcement in the context of social cognitive theory?

    <p>Positive outcomes resulting from imitated behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a factor influencing reciprocal causation?

    <p>Subconscious motivation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily differentiates human learning from animal learning?

    <p>Humans can modify actions based on past experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does curiosity play in human learning?

    <p>It is an innate need that drives exploration and understanding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes epistemic curiosity?

    <p>An innate love for knowledge and understanding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are tests and performances important in assessing learning?

    <p>Learning can be kept secret and requires observation to be confirmed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of the human capacity for learning?

    <p>Enhanced adaptability to changing environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the environment influence human learning?

    <p>It influences what knowledge and skills are acquired.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about human learning is accurate?

    <p>Humans exhibit a unique capacity to learn through adaptability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason perceptual curiosity decreases as we grow older?

    <p>Decreased willingness to take risks and challenges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the ultimate aim of learning according to the content?

    <p>To achieve a personal sense of order and comfort in life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do external threats influence the acceptance of learning that threatens self-perception?

    <p>They help individuals to clearly see experiences and learn more effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Carl Rogers, which principle facilitates effective learning?

    <p>Learning is most effective when it is self-initiated and relevant to the individual’s needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best captures the relationship between instinct and experience in human learning?

    <p>Experience leads to increased flexibility and adaptability in learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is emphasized as a key component of learning that lasts?

    <p>Self-initiated experiences involving the whole person</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does self-evaluation affect a learner’s independence and creativity?

    <p>It enhances independence, creativity, and self-reliance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of learning is associated with minimizing perceived threats to self-perception?

    <p>Learning that embraces change and personal growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the phrase 'freedom to learn' imply according to Rogers’ principles?

    <p>Individuals should be free to explore their personal learning needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that we perceive the size of objects based on experience?

    <p>Unconscious inference theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a type of perceptual constancy?

    <p>Distance and direction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do infants demonstrate size constancy?

    <p>By using experience to understand object sizes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of a theory?

    <p>It must be testable and based on evidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT a basic criterion for good theory-building?

    <p>Expressiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the ecological theory, how are objects perceived at different distances?

    <p>They are perceived relative to surrounding objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'figure-ground' perception allow individuals to do?

    <p>Differentiate visually between an object and its background</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is theory-building important in psychology?

    <p>It provides a framework for analysis and applicability to real-world problems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do perceptual illusions usually result from?

    <p>Inaccurate cognitive processing due to expectations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key components of psychology theories?

    <p>They describe behaviors and predict future actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following reflects a unique aspect of a good theory?

    <p>It must include empirical riskiness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the role of imagery in perception?

    <p>Imagery combines perception and memory but is not ongoing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following activities would primarily rely on depth perception?

    <p>Judging distances while driving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a limitation of early psychological perspectives like structuralism?

    <p>They relied heavily on subjective introspection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do we understand by perceptual constancy?

    <p>The consistent perception of objects despite changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'fecundity' in theory-building refer to?

    <p>The ability to yield new ideas and implications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does generalizability in theory-building indicate?

    <p>The theory's findings can be extended to other settings and populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception related to perceptual constancy?

    <p>The brain interprets size based on retinal image alone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about theories of learning is false?

    <p>They are irrelevant to practical applications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect do theories help to identify across different experiences?

    <p>Similarities to increase abstraction levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Learning Theories Overview

    • Learning is a relatively permanent change in behaviour or capacity to behave, resulting from experience.
    • Different theories explain learning through various perspectives, such as behaviourism, cognitivism, and social-cognitive theory.

    Behaviorism

    • Focuses on observable behaviors and environmental influences (stimuli and responses).
    • Learning occurs through conditioning, where associations are formed between stimuli and responses.
    • Key figures include Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, and B.F. Skinner.
    • Classical conditioning involves associating two stimuli (e.g., Pavlov's dogs).
    • Operant conditioning involves associating a behaviour with a consequence (e.g., Skinner's box).

    Cognitivism

    • Focuses on internal mental processes such as memory, attention, and problem-solving.
    • Learning involves the processing of information in the brain.
    • Key figures include Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky.
    • Piaget's theory of cognitive development outlines stages of cognitive development from birth to adolescence.
    • Vygotsky's sociocultural theory focuses on the role of social interaction and cultural tools in learning.

    Social Cognitive Theory

    • Emphasizes the interaction between personal factors (beliefs, attitudes), behavior, and the environment.
    • Learning occurs through observation, imitation, and modeling (e.g., Bandura's Bobo doll experiment).
    • Key figure: Albert Bandura.
    • Learning is a continuous reciprocal interaction between behaviour, personal factors, and environmental factors.
    • There is also a concept of self-efficacy which refers to one's belief in one's own capability to perform specific actions.

    Other Important Concepts

    • Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD): The gap between what a learner can do independently and what they can accomplish with guidance.
    • Scaffolding: Temporary support provided to learners to help them develop the necessary skills to complete tasks independently.
    • Metacognition: Thinking about one's own thinking.

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    Learning Theories PDF

    Description

    This quiz delves into various learning theories, such as behaviorism and cognitivism, exploring how they define learning and the key figures associated with each theory. Understand concepts ranging from classical and operant conditioning to cognitive development processes. Test your knowledge on the principles that shape our understanding of learning.

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