Learning Theories Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is a key concept of social cognitive theory that differentiates it from behaviorist perspectives?

  • Behavior is determined solely by environmental factors.
  • People cannot influence their environment.
  • Learning occurs only through direct reinforcement.
  • Individuals can intentionally shape their circumstances. (correct)

Which of the following processes are integral to understanding how learning occurs according to cognitive factors?

  • Fearfulness and aggressiveness.
  • Memory retention and attention. (correct)
  • Natural settings and attitudes.
  • Imitation and modeling.

Which term describes the phenomenon where a model's behavior prompts an imitative response?

  • Reciprocal causation.
  • Cognitive reinforcement.
  • Discriminative stimulus. (correct)
  • Generalized imitation.

What is self-reinforcement in the context of social cognitive theory?

<p>Positive outcomes resulting from imitated behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a factor influencing reciprocal causation?

<p>Subconscious motivation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily differentiates human learning from animal learning?

<p>Humans can modify actions based on past experiences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does curiosity play in human learning?

<p>It is an innate need that drives exploration and understanding. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes epistemic curiosity?

<p>An innate love for knowledge and understanding. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are tests and performances important in assessing learning?

<p>Learning can be kept secret and requires observation to be confirmed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of the human capacity for learning?

<p>Enhanced adaptability to changing environments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the environment influence human learning?

<p>It influences what knowledge and skills are acquired. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about human learning is accurate?

<p>Humans exhibit a unique capacity to learn through adaptability. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason perceptual curiosity decreases as we grow older?

<p>Decreased willingness to take risks and challenges (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the ultimate aim of learning according to the content?

<p>To achieve a personal sense of order and comfort in life (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do external threats influence the acceptance of learning that threatens self-perception?

<p>They help individuals to clearly see experiences and learn more effectively. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Carl Rogers, which principle facilitates effective learning?

<p>Learning is most effective when it is self-initiated and relevant to the individual’s needs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best captures the relationship between instinct and experience in human learning?

<p>Experience leads to increased flexibility and adaptability in learning. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized as a key component of learning that lasts?

<p>Self-initiated experiences involving the whole person (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does self-evaluation affect a learner’s independence and creativity?

<p>It enhances independence, creativity, and self-reliance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of learning is associated with minimizing perceived threats to self-perception?

<p>Learning that embraces change and personal growth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the phrase 'freedom to learn' imply according to Rogers’ principles?

<p>Individuals should be free to explore their personal learning needs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that we perceive the size of objects based on experience?

<p>Unconscious inference theory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a type of perceptual constancy?

<p>Distance and direction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do infants demonstrate size constancy?

<p>By using experience to understand object sizes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of a theory?

<p>It must be testable and based on evidence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT a basic criterion for good theory-building?

<p>Expressiveness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the ecological theory, how are objects perceived at different distances?

<p>They are perceived relative to surrounding objects. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'figure-ground' perception allow individuals to do?

<p>Differentiate visually between an object and its background (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is theory-building important in psychology?

<p>It provides a framework for analysis and applicability to real-world problems. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do perceptual illusions usually result from?

<p>Inaccurate cognitive processing due to expectations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key components of psychology theories?

<p>They describe behaviors and predict future actions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reflects a unique aspect of a good theory?

<p>It must include empirical riskiness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the role of imagery in perception?

<p>Imagery combines perception and memory but is not ongoing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following activities would primarily rely on depth perception?

<p>Judging distances while driving (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a limitation of early psychological perspectives like structuralism?

<p>They relied heavily on subjective introspection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do we understand by perceptual constancy?

<p>The consistent perception of objects despite changes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'fecundity' in theory-building refer to?

<p>The ability to yield new ideas and implications. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does generalizability in theory-building indicate?

<p>The theory's findings can be extended to other settings and populations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception related to perceptual constancy?

<p>The brain interprets size based on retinal image alone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about theories of learning is false?

<p>They are irrelevant to practical applications. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect do theories help to identify across different experiences?

<p>Similarities to increase abstraction levels. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Observational Learning

Learning can happen by watching others, even if you don't immediately act on it.

Personal Agency

Social cognitive theory says that people can intentionally change their environment.

Reciprocal Causation

The idea that behavior, personal factors, and the environment all influence each other in a constant loop.

Reinforcement in Imitation

People imitate behaviors that are rewarded, either by the model or by others.

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Self-Reinforcement

The individual rewards themselves for imitating a behavior, leading to learning.

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Human Learning

The ability of humans to learn, adapt, and modify their actions based on experiences.

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Epistemic Curiosity

Humans have a strong desire to understand how things work and why they happen, which drives our learning and exploration.

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Human Learning Advantage

The unique learning capacity of humans compared to animals, allowing them to acquire and adapt knowledge across various areas.

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Evidence of Learning

The process of proving that learning has occurred. It can be through observation, tests, performances, or certifications.

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Environmental Influence on Learning

The influence of the environment on what we learn. It shapes our knowledge and skills.

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Curiosity

A natural desire to explore and understand the world around us, a primary motivator for learning.

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Adaptive Learning

The ability to learn from past experiences and apply that knowledge to new situations, leading to growth and adaptation.

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Perceptual Curiosity

The feeling of surprise or confusion when encountering something unexpected or contradictory to prior knowledge.

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Curiosity and Aging

Perceptual curiosity naturally diminishes as we age, leading to less risk-taking and exploration.

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Incidental Learning

The idea that learning is often a byproduct of everyday experiences and challenges, without conscious effort.

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Freedom to Learn

Freedom of learning emphasizes the importance of self-driven exploration and individual relevance.

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Self-Initiated Learning

Learning is most effective when individuals actively participate and take ownership of the process.

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Human Learning and Adaptability

The ability to learn and adapt to changing environments is a defining characteristic of human intelligence.

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Generational Advancement in Knowledge

Each generation possesses the potential to surpass previous generations in their understanding and capabilities.

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Metacognition

The ability to analyze and understand how one learns

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What is a theory?

A framework that provides a testable explanation for a phenomenon. It's based on evidence and supported by repeated testing.

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Domain Limitations

A crucial element of a good theory. It determines the specific area of knowledge the theory aims to explain.

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Generalizability

The ability of a theory to explain a wide range of phenomena or situations.

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Conceptual Definitions

A characteristic of a good theory where its concepts are clearly and precisely defined.

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Parsimony

A theory that uses the simplest explanation possible, without unnecessary complexity.

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Fecundity

A good theory should be able to generate new research questions and areas of investigation.

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Relationship-building

Involves building relationships and connections between different concepts within a theory.

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Predictions

A theory that can predict future outcomes or behaviors with some degree of accuracy.

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Psychology Theories

Theories in psychology aim to explain human thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.

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Internal Consistency

A theory that is consistent with itself, without internal contradictions.

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Depth Perception

The ability to judge distances and perceive depth in the world around us.

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Gibson and Walk's study

A study by Gibson and Walk (1960) suggested that infants develop depth perception around the age they start crawling.

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Perceptual Constancy

The ability to perceive objects as consistent and unchanging even when their appearance changes.

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Brightness and Color Constancy

Type of perceptual constancy that refers to the ability to perceive the brightness and color of objects as constant under different lighting conditions.

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Size and Shape Constancy

Type of perceptual constancy that refers to the ability to perceive the size and shape of objects as constant, even if their retinal image size changes.

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Unconscious Inference Theory

A theory explaining perceptual constancy that suggests we learn the general size of objects through experience and use this knowledge to judge the size of other objects.

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Ecological Theory

A theory explaining perceptual constancy that suggests we perceive objects as the same size because they maintain a consistent size relationship with other objects in the environment.

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Perceptual Illusions

Misconceptions due to perceptual constancy, where the brain uses prior knowledge to interpret sensory information, leading to inaccurate perceptions.

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Figure-Ground Perception

The ability to differentiate between an object and its background.

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Imagery

Mental images formed from memory that do not require an actual sensory input.

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Study Notes

Learning Theories Overview

  • Learning is a relatively permanent change in behaviour or capacity to behave, resulting from experience.
  • Different theories explain learning through various perspectives, such as behaviourism, cognitivism, and social-cognitive theory.

Behaviorism

  • Focuses on observable behaviors and environmental influences (stimuli and responses).
  • Learning occurs through conditioning, where associations are formed between stimuli and responses.
  • Key figures include Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, and B.F. Skinner.
  • Classical conditioning involves associating two stimuli (e.g., Pavlov's dogs).
  • Operant conditioning involves associating a behaviour with a consequence (e.g., Skinner's box).

Cognitivism

  • Focuses on internal mental processes such as memory, attention, and problem-solving.
  • Learning involves the processing of information in the brain.
  • Key figures include Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky.
  • Piaget's theory of cognitive development outlines stages of cognitive development from birth to adolescence.
  • Vygotsky's sociocultural theory focuses on the role of social interaction and cultural tools in learning.

Social Cognitive Theory

  • Emphasizes the interaction between personal factors (beliefs, attitudes), behavior, and the environment.
  • Learning occurs through observation, imitation, and modeling (e.g., Bandura's Bobo doll experiment).
  • Key figure: Albert Bandura.
  • Learning is a continuous reciprocal interaction between behaviour, personal factors, and environmental factors.
  • There is also a concept of self-efficacy which refers to one's belief in one's own capability to perform specific actions.

Other Important Concepts

  • Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD): The gap between what a learner can do independently and what they can accomplish with guidance.
  • Scaffolding: Temporary support provided to learners to help them develop the necessary skills to complete tasks independently.
  • Metacognition: Thinking about one's own thinking.

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Learning Theories PDF

Description

This quiz delves into various learning theories, such as behaviorism and cognitivism, exploring how they define learning and the key figures associated with each theory. Understand concepts ranging from classical and operant conditioning to cognitive development processes. Test your knowledge on the principles that shape our understanding of learning.

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